STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION

Summary Reviewer

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
 A body acted upon by a balanced force system is in equilibrium
 Resultant is equal to zero
 Action and reaction forces between two particles are always equal and oppositely directed

FORCE
 Is the action of one body upon another
 Due to direct contact
 Due to magnetic or gravitational attraction
 Generated by moving bodies - inertia force

Important characteristic of a force

 Magnitude
 Position or the point of application
 Direction

FORCE SYSTEM – is an arrangement of any two or more forces that act on a body or on a group of
related bodies. (Coplanar & Spatial – Both Concurrent, Parallel, and non-conc, non-par.)

RESULTANT – Is a single force, a couple, or a force and a couple which acting alone will produce the
same effect as the force system

Principle of Transmissibility – states that the external effect of a force on a body acted upon is
independent of the point of application of the force but the same for all points along its line of action.

AXIAL DEFORMATION – Load is acting parallel to member axis. Stress is uniform for homogenous
sections

COMPRESSION - tends to SHORTEN the body

TENSION - tends to ELONGATE the body

BENDING – Stress due to a bending moment about the perpendicular axis of the member.

SHEAR – Stress due to a load acting perpendicular to member axis.

TORSION – Stress due to MOMENT about the member axis

TRUSS – articulated structure composed of links or bars connected by frictionless pins at the joints and
subdivided by bars into geometric figures which are usually triangles.

(ROOF TRUSSES – Pratt, howe, fink (& modified), bowstring, crescent)

ALLOWABLE DEFLECTIONS

L/180 for members carrying flat roofs not supporting or attached to non-structural elements
likely to be damaged by large deflections

L/240 for members supporting or attached to non-structural elements not likely to be

damaged by large deflection

L/360 for members NOT supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be

damaged by large deflections (immediate deflection due to live load only)
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L/480 for members roof or floor construction supporting or attached to non-structural

elements likely to be damaged by large deflections

Types of Beams According to its Function

 Purlin – carries the roof load between trusses or rafters

 Rafter – usually a sloping beam carrying the reaction of purlins
 Lintel – carries the masonry across the opening made by a door or window
 Joist – closely spaced beams supporting the floor of a building
 Stringer – similar to a joist, it carries the flooring of a bridge
 Girder – large-sized beams usually carrying the floor beams
 Spandrel – spans between columns and support the floors and curtain walls
 Grade Beam – lowermost spandrel of a building that has no basement.
 Shaft – circular beam that transmits power to the machinery. Also carries torsion in addition to
shear and flexure

COLUMNS : Prevailing design load is axial and failure may be initiated by

 overstressing of the material
 buckling about the weak axis

Concrete is a mixture of sand and gravel held together in a rock like mass with a paste of cement and
water.

Reinforced Concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides
the tensile strength lacking in the concrete.

Three categories of columns:

1. Pedestal or Short Compression Blocks - height is less than three times the least dimension

2. Long or Slender Column - strength of the column is significantly reduced due to slenderness

3. Short Column - failure is initiated by material failure

Code Requirements

1. Steel ratio = As/Ag may not be less than 1 percent and greater than 8 percent

2. Minimum number of bar is 4 for rectangular, 6 for circular, 3 for triangular. Clear distance of
longitudinal bar should not be less 1.5bd or 40 mm.

3. Minimum dimension may be at least 200 mm to provide enough concrete cover of bars

4. Tie shall be 10mm for longitudinal bar 32mm and smaller, and 12mm for longitudinal bar larger
than 32mm .

5. Ties shall be spaced not more than 16 times the diameter of dimension of the column.

6. Corner and alternate longitudinal bar must have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie and
no bars shall be located more than 150 mm on either side from such laterally supported bar.
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6. Clear spacing of spirals may not be less than 25mm or greater than 75 mm
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Building Frame Systems: Six (6) Basic Structural Systems

1. Bearing Wall System

A structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or
bracing systems provide support for all or most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or brace frame.

2. Building Frame System

A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity
loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or brace frames.

3. Moment-Resisting Frame System

A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided primarily by FLEXURAL ACTION of members.

4. Dual System
Is a combination of moment-resisting frames & shear walls or braced frames. Moment-
resisting frame shall be designed to resist 25 % of the base shear & 75 % for the shear
walls/braced frame.

5. Cantilevered Column Building System

A structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral resistance.

6. Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System

A combination of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their
relative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels.

Building Frame Systems: Five (5) Vertical Structural Irregularities

1. Stiffness Irregularity / SOFT STORY

Lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the story above or less than 80 percent of
the average stiffness of the three stories above.
“Soft Story” stiffness < 70% of story stiffness above
“Soft Story” stiffness < 80% of average stiffness 3 stories above

2. Discontinuity in Capacity / WEAK STORY

The story strength is less than 80 percent of that in the story above. The story strength is the
total strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing the story for the direction under
consideration.
Story strength < 80% of the story strength above

3. Weight (mass) Irregularity

The effective mass of any story is more than 150 percent of the effective mass of an adjacent
story. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered.

4. Vertical Geometric Irregularity

The horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story is more than 130
percent of that in an adjacent story. One-story penthouses need not be considered.

5. In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting Element

An in-plane offset of the lateral-load-resisting elements greater than the length of those
elements.
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Building Frame Systems: Five (5) Plan Structural Irregularities

1. Torsional Irregularity (to be considered if diaphragm is not flexible)

The maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure
transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts of the two ends of the
structure.

2. Re-Entrant Corners
Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system contain re-entrant
corners, where both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than 15
percent of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction.

3. Diaphragm Discontinuity
Diaphragm with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cutout or
open areas greater than 50 percent of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in
effective diaphragm stiffness or more than 50 percent from one story to the next.

4. Out-of-Plane Offsets
Discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements.

5. Nonparallel System
The vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes of the lateral-force systems.

Reinforced concrete structures in high seismic risk must have STD

(Strength, Toughness, Ductility)

The Performance Criteria of RC Members Resisting Earthquake:

Serviceability Limit State – material remains in the elastic range and no damage is expected.

Minor - Magnitude 1 - 4 < 10 yrs

Control Limit – some yielding may occur and may have minor structural damage.

Moderate - Mag. 4 - 6 -10-20 years

Survival Limit State – inelastic behavior and may have major structural damage.

Major - Magnitude 7 and up - 100-500 years

STEEL REINFORCEMENT:

ASTM A706M Low-alloy steel deformed bars (Grade 60). welding and bending is important

ASTM A615M Grade 275 and Grade 420 are allowed if: fu/fy 1.25. shall not exceed 20 MPa

LIMITATIONS ON MATERIAL STRENGTH: Concrete compressive strength

f'c  21 MPa | f'c  17 MPa ( for footings )

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LAP SPLICES REQUIREMENT

Lap length must be provided with a hoops/spiral with Smin= d/4 or 100 mm

Hoop spacing must be the lesser of;

H/4
6db (longitudinal bar)
s = 100 + (350-H)/3, 100 mm  s  150 mm

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

First hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting element

Crossties or legs of hoops shall not be spaced farther than 350 mm on center in the
direction perpendicular to axis of longitudinal bar.

The maximum spacing = (1/4) minimum column dimension or 150 mm.

LIMITATION ON SECTION DIMENSIONS

Least cross-sectional dimension  300mm
Least dimension /  dimension  0.4
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DETAILS OF BARS

Standard Hooks for Primary Reinforcement

90-degree bend plus 12bd extension at free end of the bar
180-degree bend plus 4bd extension, but not less than 60mm

Minimum Finished Bend Diameter are as follows:

6bd for bar 25mm and smaller
8bd for bar 28mm through 36mm

Standard Hooks for Stirrups and Ties

90-degree bend plus 6bd extension at free end of the bar for 16mm and smaller
90-degree bend plus 12bd extension at free end of the bar for 20 and 25mm
135-degree bend plus 6bd extension at free end of the bar for 25mm  and smaller

Minimum Finished Bend Diameter are as follows:

4bd for bar 16mm and smaller (INSIDE DIAMETER 4db)
6bd for bar 20mm and 25mm

For seismic hook, 135-degree bend plus 6bd or 75 mm extension at free end of the bar

 3” (75mm) – minimum cover for steel reinforcement when concrete is cast against and permanently
exposed to earth
 75mm – required minimum spacing of stirrups if the d=300mm
 0.20 (150-200mm) – minimum thickness of the Front and Side Walls of a Smoke Chamber of a
Fireplace as per National Building Code
 0.10 (100-200mm) – minimum wall thickness of Fireplace Chimneys with flue lining as per
NBC
– minimum thickness of reinforced concrete wall for Masonry Chimneys for residential
Type Appliances
 20mm – min. clearance of concrete slab
 db but not less than 15 mm and need not exceed 40 mm – minimum concrete cover for primary
reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to earth or weather for precast manufactured
under plant control conditions
 4db – minimum inside diameter of a standard hook for stirrups and ties for a 16m bar and smaller in
diameter
 200mm – Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal outside diameter of
not less than 200mm
 250mm – minimum outside diameter of pipe piles when used
 L / 360 – allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load only
 L / 240 – allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load and live load only
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AGGREGATES

Fine aggregates- sand

are those that passes through a No.4 sieve (about 6mm in size)

Coarse aggregate -gravel or crushed stone

Coarse aggregate shall not be less than:
 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms
 1/3 the depth of slabs

¾ minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundle of bars or prestressing
tendons or ducts

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT

75 mm -for concrete cast and permanently exposed to earth such as footings

40-50 mm for concrete members exposed to weather

40 mm concrete cover of pipes, conduits or fittings and exposed to weather

40 mm for beams and columns

20 mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, such as slabs, walls
and joists

FOR BUNDLED BARS

a. groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact as a unit shall be limited to 4 in any one bundle
b. bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
c. bars larger than 32mm shall not be bundled in beams (36mm)
d. individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should terminate at a different
points at least 40db stagger

The minimum concrete cover for bundled bars shall be:

 Equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle but not exceeding 50 mm

 75 mm- for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth

STANDARD HOOKS

A. 180º bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end

B. 90º bend plus 12db extension, at free end of bar

C. for stirrups and tie hooks:

 16 mm bar and smaller, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
 20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
 25 mm bar and smaller, 135º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER

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The diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar shall not be less than the following:

(a.) 6db for 10 mm to 25 mm bar

(b.) 8db for 10 mm to 28 mm bar
(c.) 10db for 10 mm to 36 mm bar

4db minimum inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter

ONE- WAY SLAB

A one-way slab is considered as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is usually spaced uniformly
over its width. The flexural reinforcement of a one-way slab extends in one direction only.

Maximum flexural reinforcement spacing:

3 times the slab thickness or 450 mm

Minimum thickness of one-way slab:

Solid one-way slab
L/20 - simply supported
L/24 - one end continuous
L/28 - both end continuous
L/10 - cantilever (min. cantilever slab thickness)
* Span length L is in millimeter

Ribbed one-way slab

L/16 - simply supported
L/18.5 - one end continuous
L/21 - both end continuous
L/8 - cantilever

LOAD FACTORS

Dead load, DL……………………………………………….. 1.40

Live load, LL…………………………….…………………… 1.70

Wind load, WL………...…………………………………….. 1.70

Earthquake, E……………………………………….………. 1.87

Earth or water pressure, H……………………...……….… 1.70

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ø

Flexure w/o axial load……………………………………………….. 0.90

Axial tension & axial tension w/ flexure……………………………. 0.90

Shear and torsion ……………………………………………………. 0.85

Axial compression & axial compression w/ flexure

a. spiral reinforcement ……………………………………… 0.75

b. tie reinforcement …………………………………………. 0.70

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Bearing on concrete ………………………………………………….. 0.70

SIZE AND SPACING OF MAIN BARS AND TIES

1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than

1.5 db nor 40 mm

2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least

12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars

3. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:

a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)
b. 48 x tie diameter
c. least dimension of columns

4. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided
by the corner of the tie with an included angle of not more than 135º and no bar shall be farther than 150 mm
clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located
around the perimeter of a circle tie is allowed.