DISEASE

One of the main diseases and probably the most harmful of all
is the Hepatocellular carcinoma / HCC (liver cancer). This
disease started off as fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, then
Hepatocellular carcinoma. During Fibrosis, other diseases
may develop also, such as hepatic encephalopathy.

Causes of Cirrhosis
- Infection with hepatitis B or C
- Long term alcohol drinking
- Inherited diseases
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)

Causes of fibrosis:
The hepatocyte cells are located
next to the stellate cells, and when
the hepatocyte cells are injured,
the stellate cells activated and
produce collagen, along with other
factors that eventually lead to
scarring or fibrosis.

List of other diseases:

- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Asterixis
- Jaundice/Icterus
- Portal hypertension
- Biliary atresia
- Hemochromatosis
(secondary)
TREATMENT
Cirrhosis
- Long term alcohol drinking, you should stop drinking alcohol.
- For nonalcoholic fatty liver, you should lose weight and
control your sugar level.
- For infected by Hepatitis B you can take vaccinations and
medications.
- For infected by Hepatitis C, you can take medications.

Jaundice
- Anemia > consume iron
supplements or iron-rich foods
- Hepatitis > Antiviral or steroids
medications.
- Obstruction > remove the
obstruction through surgery.

Biliary atresia
- Kasai procedure > damaged
ducts outside the liver are
removed.
Secondary hemochromatosis
- Consume less iron.
Hepatic encephalopathy
- Lactulose > medication
- Rifaximin > medication
- Injected with
Flumazenil
Portal hypertension
- Endoscopic therapy >
uses rubber band to block
the blood vessel from
bleeding.
- Medications > To lower
the pressure of the varices
and decrease the risk of
bleeding.
 SHAPE-
SHAPE-
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
Change in shape = Change in function
Varieties changes depend on which part of the cell have changed

Example

- Shape differs depending on proximity to periportal or

perivenous areas. Periportal type are often smaller, but have
larger mitochondria, and a larger Golgi apparatus.
Perivenous hepatocytes have larger endoplasmic reticulum.

- Functionally, periportal hepatocytes are more involved in

gluconeogenesis, while perivenous are involved in
glycolysis.

- Formation of stress fibers were suppressed and they

continued to have a compact shape.

- In the compact-shaped hepatocytes,

the ability to induce tyrosine
aminotransferase with dexamethasone
remained high for longer periods of
time
FUNCTIONS
Synthesizing protein, lipid, cholesterol, bile salts,
fibrinogen, phospholipids, glycoproteins and
low-density lipoprotein.

Detoxification and excretion of

Protein storage
substances

Metabolism of
carbohydrate, lipid and
protein

Start of the formation

and secretion of bile
and urea

Activate innate immunity by secreting innate immunity

proteins

Produce serum proteins such as albumin and

coagulation factors
 ORGANELLES
Nucleus
normally mononuclear only some
is multinucleate.
- stores the DNA
- coordinates the cell's activities Lysosome Golgi apparatus
Contains membrane-bound
Ribosomes digestive organelle
floating within the cytoplasm or enzymes - modifying, sorting and
attached to the RER. Its makes packaging of proteins for
protein Vacuole secretion.
storage - Involved in the
structure in transport of lipids
Cytoplasm around the cell, and the
the cell.
Its contains all organelles creation of lysosomes.

Cytoskeleton Smooth Endoplasmic

- make the cell has a Reticulum
stable shape Its shape like tube and
- support the cell abundance in liver cell.
- Facilitates - Involved in lipid
movement synthesis.
- Produce enzymes for
detoxification.
- Host a lot of
Vesicles
carbohydrate
Form naturally
metabolism
- transport of
materials within the
plasma membrane. Bile canaliculus : Thin tube that merge and form bile
ductules, which collects bile secreted by hepatocytes

Mitochondria :
- metabolism of proteins,
carbohydrates, and lipids.
- involved in the site of cellular
respiration, energy
homeostasis.
- Produce energy for the
synthesis of ATP.
Peroxisomes
- detoxify various toxic substances that
enter the blood
- Converts hydrogen peroxide
- Transfer hydrogen from the ethanol or
alcohol molecules to oxygen
- Assist in reactions that produce bile acids
and cholesterol.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

- Involved in change proteins to lipids
- Forms plasma proteins, which used in blood clotting and keeping the blood
plasma constant.
 Hepatic encephalopathy
Treatments: Medications, lactulose and
rifaximin, injection, flumazenil.
SHAPE
SHAPE AND
AND LOCATION
LOCATION
The cells are in polygonal shape.

Hepatocyte located in the liver

(radiating cords (hepatic cords)).
 APA Citation

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http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/histo_hcyt
es.html
https://sciencing.com/functions-liver-cell-5106552.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/cmi201597#t1 secrete protein for activate
innate immune
https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/vethisto/chapter/9-cells-of-the-liver/
Shape
https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/digestive/liver_hepatocyte.php
microvilli
https://www.ijrpb.org/papers/v4-i8/3.pdf shape affect function
https://www.innerbody.com/image_digeov/card10-new2.html
https://prezi.com/q86fi2ecysbe/hepatocyte-the-liver-cell/ function
https://scopeheal.com/hepatocytes/

https://www.docsity.com/en/generalized-animal-cell-introduction-to-biolo
gy-lecture-slides/238165/ animal cell
https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/lmexer1a.htm plant cell
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943859/
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ellular-carcinoma
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165749.php
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-hemochromatosis#1
https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatic-encephalopathy-2#types