Mto Module 1 Notes

MACHINE TOOLS AND OPERATIONS
MODULE 1: MACHINE TOOLS
DEFINITION OF MACHINE TOOL:

A machine tool is a machine on which metal cutting operations using a cutting tool can be performed
on a part (work piece) to achieve the desired final shape and size by bringing about relative motion
between the tool and the work piece thereby removing metal in the form of chips.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS:

1. According to the desired purpose:
(a) Single purpose machine tool
(b) Multi purpose machine tool
(c) Special purpose machine tool
2. According to the size of chip removed:
(a) Machine tools producing larger sized chips as in case of lathes, drilling machine, milling
machine, etc.
(b) Machine tools producing smaller sized chips as in case of grinding, honing, lapping, etc.
3. According to the degree of automation:
(a) Manual control machine tools
(b) Semiautomatic machine tools
(c) Automatic machine tools
4. According to the weight:
(a) Light duty machine tools
(b) Medium duty machine tools
(c) Heavy duty machine tools
LATHE:
A lathe is a machine tool for carrying out the turning operations.

This is accomplished by holding the work securely and rigidly on the machine and then rotating it
against a cutting tool which will remove metal from the work piece in the form of chips.
Classification of Lathes:
1. Bench lathe
2. Speed lathe
3. Engine lathe or centre lathe
4. Tool room lathe
5. Capstan and turret lathe
6. Special purpose lathes
(a) Wheel lathe
(b) Gap bed lathe
(c) T- lathe
(d) Duplicating lathe
7. Automatic lathe
NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

SRINIVAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VALACHIL, MANGALURU Page 1
Engine lathe or Centre lathe:

It is the most widely used lathe.
Constructional features of centre lathe:

The centre lathe consists of the following parts:
─ Bed
─ Headstock
─ Tailstock
─ Carriage
─ Feed rod
─ Lead screw
Figure 1: Centre lathe

Bed:
 It forms the base of the machine.
 The headstock and tailstock are located at either end of the bed.
 The carriage rests over the bed and slides on it.
 The bed is made of cast iron alloyed with nickel and chromium.
 It is seasoned naturally to avoid distortion or warp that may develop when it is cooled after
being cast.
 In order to resist the twisting stress set up due to cutting forces, the bed is made of box section
with diagonal ribbing.
 On the top of the bed there are two sets of slides or guide ways- outer ways and inner ways.
 The outer guide ways provide bearing and sliding surfaces for the carriage and the inner ways
for the tailstock.
 The guiding surfaces are accurately machined to make them parallel to the lathe axis and also
horizontal.
 The guide ways may be flat or inverted V with included angle of 90º.
 Each set of guide way consists of both V and flat ways.

Head stock:
 It is secured permanently on the inner ways at the left hand end of the lathe bed.
 It consists of the following main parts:
- Main spindle
- Driving mechanism for the work piece with provision for giving multiple speeds to the
spindle.
 The head stock spindle which is hollow is made of carbon steel or nickel chrome steel.
 It is usually of a large diameter to resist bending.
 It revolves on two large bearings housed in the head stock casting.
 The front end of the spindle hole is tapered into which a tapered sleeve fits in.
 A live centre fits into the sleeve.
 It supports the work piece and revolves with it.
 The spindle nose is threaded so as to enable the mounting of chuck, driving plate or face plate
which may be required to hold certain types of work pieces.
 The head stock may be of the following designs in order to obtain different speeds of the head
stock spindle:
- Belt driven spindle which receives its power from an overhead line shaft through a cone
pulley with a back gear arrangement.
- An all geared head stock which gets its power from a constant speed motor and all the speed
changes are obtained by shifting various gears located in the head stock.
- By means of a variable speed motor.
Tail stock:
 It is located at the right end of the bed and performs the following functions:
- To support the other end of the work piece when it is being machined between centres.
- To hold a tool for performing operations such as drilling, reaming, tapping, etc.
- To turn a taper on the work piece by using tail stock set over method
 The tail stock can be moved on the inner ways of the bed and can be clamped at the desired
position by plates and bolts.
 This is done to accommodate work pieces of different lengths.
 The upper casting of the body can be moved toward or away from the operator by means of
adjusting screws to offset the tail stock for taper turning by set over method.
 The body of the tail stock is bored to act as a barrel which carries the tail stock spindle.
 The spindle moves in and out of the barrel by means of a screw when the tail stock handle is
turned.
 The spindle is hollow and its front portion is tapered into which a dead centre or other tools fit.
Carriage:
 It consists of the following parts:
- Saddle
- Cross slide
- Compound rest
- Tool post
- Apron

Saddle:
 The saddle is an H- shaped casting that fits over the bed and slides along the ways.
 It carries cross slide, compound rest and tool post.
Cross slide:
 The cross slide comprises a casting, machined on the underside for attachment to the saddle.
 It carries locations on the upper face for the compound rest.
 The cross slide is given a transverse movement by rotating a hand wheel.
 This causes the feed screw to move in engagement with the cross slide nut.
 The nut is held in place by a binder screw.
 Automatic movement of the cross slide is obtained when the pinion keyed to the cross feed
screw is in mesh with the apron gearing.
Compound rest or compound slide:

 The compound rest is mounted on the top of the cross slide.
 It is used for obtaining angular cuts and short tapers as well as for convenient positioning of the
tool to the work.
 It has a circular base graduated in degrees.
 By loosening two set screws, it is possible to swivel the rest to any angle within a circle.
Tool post:
 The tool post is located on top of the compound rest to hold the tool and to enable it to be
adjusted to a convenient working position.
 The common types of tool post are:
- Single screw tool post
- Four bolt tool post
- Open side tool post
- Four-way tool post
Apron:
 The apron is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed.
 It contains gears, clutches and levers for operating the carriage by hand and by automatic
means.
 There is a split nut which engages when required with the lead screw, while cutting external
and internal threads.
 There is an interlocking device which prevents the simultaneous engagement of the feed rod
and the lead screw.
 The apron hand wheel can be turned to move the carriage back and forth longitudinally by
hand.
 The hand wheel is connected through a pinion to a series of spur gears and then to a pinion
meshing with a rack fitted to the lathe bed.
Feed rod:
 The feed rod is a long shaft that has a keyway extending from the feed box across and in front
of the bed.
 It serves to transmit power from the lathe spindle to the apron gears through a large number of
gears.

 It is used to move the carriage or cross slide for operations like turning, facing, boring, etc.
except thread cutting.
Lead screw:
 The lead screw is a long threaded shaft used as a master screw and is brought into operation
only when threads have to be cut.
 At all other times the lead screw is disengaged from the gear box and remains stationary.
Feed mechanism:
 The movement of the tool relative to the work is termed as feed.
 A lathe tool can have three types of feed- longitudinal, cross and angular.
 Longitudinal feed is obtained by the movement of the carriage.
 Cross feed is obtained by the movement of the cross slide.
 Angular feed is obtained by the movement of the compound rest in swivelled position.
 Both longitudinal and cross feeds can be operated by both hand and power while the angular
feed is only hand operated.
 The feed mechanism has different units through which motion is transmitted from the head
stock spindle to the carriage.
 These units are:
- End of bed gearing
- Feed gear box
- Feed rod and Lead screw
- Apron mechanism
Bench lathe:
 This is a small lathe usually mounted on a bench.
 It has all the parts of a centre lathe and it performs almost all the operations except that it is
small in size.
 It is used for small and precision work.
Speed lathe:
 The speed lathe consists of a bed, a head stock, tail-stock and a tool-post mounted on an
adjustable slide.
 There is no feed box, lead screw or conventional type of carriage.
 The spindle speed in the range of 1200 to 3600 rpm which supposed to be high.
 Only two or three spindle speeds are available because of the simple construction of the head
stock.
 The tool is controlled by hand so that only light cuts are possible.
 Hence it is used in operations involving minimum cutting force such as in wood working,
spinning, centring, polishing, etc.
Tool Room lathe:

 A tool room lathe has features similar to an engine lathe but is more accurately built.
 It has spindle speeds ranging from very low to quite high speed up to 2500 rpm.
 This lathe is used mainly for precision work on tools, dies, gauges and in machining work
where accuracy is needed.

Capstan and Turret lathes:

 In these lathes, the tail stock of an engine lathe is replaced by a hexagonal turret.
 The turret holds multiple tools on its face which can be fed into the work in proper sequence.
 Different types of operations can be done on a work piece without re-setting of work or tools
and a number of identical parts can be produced in the minimum time.
Constructional features of Capstan and Turret Lathes:

 The capstan and turret lathe consists of a bed, all geared head stock and a saddle on which a
four station tool post is mounted.
 There is one more tool post at the rear of the carriage which can hold a parting tool.
 In place of the tail stock, there is a hexagonal turret.
 Each face of the turret can hold one or more tools.
 The indexing of turret brings each tool in line with the lathe axis in a regular sequence.
 The work pieces are held in collets or chucks.
 The longitudinal and cross feed movement of the turret saddle and cross slide are regulated by
adjustable stops.
 These stops enable different tools set at different stations to be moved by a predetermined
amount for performing the various operations on repetitive work pieces without taking
measurements.
Differences between centre lathe and capstan and turret lathes:
Centre lathe Capstan and turret lathes

Needs less power Need more power
Only one tool can be held in the tool post Many tools can be held -six or more tools in the
turret, four tools in the tool post and one tool in the
rear tool post.
Involves skilled labour and hence more cost A semi skilled worker can operate the machine
once setting by a skilled worker is done. Hence
labour cost is less.
Involves more operational time Involves less operational time since combination
cuts can be taken
Suitable for odd jobs having different shapes Suitable for producing large number of identical
and sizes pieces in a minimum time
Types of capstan and turret lathes:
Capstan or ram type lathe:

 In a capstan lathe the hexagonal turret is mounted on a ram or a short slide.
 The ram slides longitudinally on a saddle positioned and clamped on lathe bed ways.
 The movement of the ram gives the feed.
 This type of machine is lighter in construction and is suitable for machining bars of small
diameter.

Figure 2: Capstan lathe
Turret lathe or saddle type lathe:
Tray
Figure 3: Turret lathe
 In a turret lathe, the hexagonal turret is mounted directly on a saddle and the whole unit moves
back and forth on the bed ways to apply feed.
 This type of machine is heavier in construction and is adopted for larger diameter bar work and
chucking work.

Differences between Capstan lathe and Turret lathe:
Capstan lathe Turret lathe

The turret is mounted on a ram which slides The turret is mounted directly on the saddle
on the guide ways provided on the saddle. which slides on the bed ways.
The saddle is fixed at a convenient distance The entire saddle unit is moved manually for
from the work and the tools are fed by feeding the tools.
moving the ram.
The overhanging of the ram from the The tool post is provided with rigidity as the
stationary saddle presents a non-rigid cutting forces are directly transferred to the
construction which is subjected to bending, bed.
deflection or vibration under heavy cut.
It is capable for turning work pieces up to It is capable for turning work pieces up to
60 mm diameter due to lack of rigidity 200 mm diameter because of high rigidity.
Special purpose lathes:

 As the name implies, these lathes are used for special purposes and for jobs that cannot be
accommodated or conveniently machined on a standard lathe.
 The wheel lathe is made for finishing the journals and turning the thread on railroad car and
locomotive wheels.
 The gap bed lathe, in which a section of the bed adjacent to the head stock is recoverable, is
used to swing extra – large diameter pieces.
 The T- lathe has its axis of bed at right angles to the axis of the head stock spindle in the form
of a T.
 The duplicating lathe duplicates the shape of a flat or round template on to the work piece.
Automatic lathes:
 These are high speed, heavy duty, mass production lathes with complete automatic control.
 Once the tools are set and the machine is started, it performs automatically all the operations to
finish the job.
 The changing of tools, speeds and feeds are also done automatically.
 After the job is complete, the machine will continue to repeat the cycles producing identical
parts even without the attention of the operator.
Specifications of lathe:
 Height of centres: It is the vertical distance between the lathe axis and the lathe bed. (H in fig.)
 Swing diameter over bed: It is the largest diameter of the work that can rotate without touching
the bed and is twice the height of centres. (D in fig.)
 Swing diameter over carriage: It is the largest diameter of the work that will rotate over the
lathe saddle. (D1 in fig.). D1 is always less than D
 Maximum bar diameter: It is the maximum diameter of the bar stock that will pass through the
hole of head stock spindle.
 Length between centres: It is the maximum length of the work that can be mounted between
lathe centres. (L in fig.)

Figure 4: Lathe specifications

.
 Spindle nose diameter
 Spindle speed
 Lead screw pitch
 Motor horse power and RPM
BORING MACHINES:
 A boring machine is one of the most versatile machine tools used to bore holes in large and
heavy parts which cannot be easily held and rotated in a centre lathe or a drilling machine.
 In addition to boring, the machine can perform other operations like drilling, milling and
facing.
Classification of boring machines:

1. Horizontal boring machine
(a) Table type
(b) Floor type
(c) Planer type
(d) Multiple type
2. Vertical boring machine
(a) Vertical turret lathe
(b) Standard vertical boring machine
3. Jig boring machine
Constructional features of Horizontal boring machine:

The horizontal boring machine consists of the following parts:
─ Bed
─ End supporting column
─ Head stock
─ Saddle and table
─ Boring bar

Figure 5: Horizontal boring machine
Bed:
 The bed is that part of the machine which is a box like casting and fitted on the floor of the
shop.
 The bed supports the columns, tables and other parts of the machine.
Head stock supporting column:
 This is situated at one end of the bed and provides support to the head stock.
 The head stock can move up and down the guide ways provided on the face of the column.
 The column is hollow and is heavily ribbed to add rigidity.
End supporting column:

 This is situated at the other end of the bed.
 It houses the bearing block for supporting a long boring bar.
 The column may be adjusted on the sideways of the bed towards or away from the spindle for
supporting a long boring bar.
Head stock:
 The head stock mounted on the column supports drives and feeds the tool.
 The spindle revolves within a quill which is held in the head stock.
 The revolving spindle provides rotary motion to the tool while the longitudinal movement of
the quill provides feeding movement to the tool.
 The spindle nose is provided with a taper hole for receiving the taper shanks of different tools.
 The head stock may be moved up and down on the column for setting the tool for different
heights of the work.
 The head stock and the end supporting bearing block are raised or lowered in unison by the
help of screws.

Saddle and Table:

 The saddle is mounted on the bed ways and the table is mounted on the saddle.
 The saddle permits the work to be moved longitudinally on the bed.
 The table supports the work and is therefore provided with T- slots for clamping the work
piece.
 The table may be moved crosswise on the saddle.
Boring bar:
 The boring bar supports the cutter for boring operations on jobs having large bore diameters.
 For short holes, the bar may be supported on the head stock spindle end only whereas for long
work the bar is supported on the spindle end on the column bearing block.
Table type horizontal boring machine:
Figure 6: Table type horizontal boring machine
 In this machine, the work is mounted on the table which is adjustable.

 The feed is given by hand or power, lengthwise or crosswise with respect to the bed of the
machine.
 The head stock may be adjusted vertically on the column.
 The spindle has a horizontal feed motion.
 This type of machine is suitable for general purpose work.
Floor type horizontal boring machine:

 In this machine there is no table.
 Instead there is a floor plate on which T- slots are provided to hold the work
 The head stock supporting column and the end supporting column are mounted on the runways
which are placed at right angles to the spindle axis.

Figure 7: Floor type horizontal boring machine
 Thus any crosswise adjustment is provided by the spindle itself while the work remains
stationary.
 This type of machine is suitable for holding very large and heavy work pieces.
Planer type horizontal boring machine:
Figure 8:Planer type horizontal boring machine
 In this machine, the table slides directly on the bed instead of on a saddle.
 The table reciprocates at right angles to the spindle as in a planer.
 The head stock supporting column and the end supporting column may be adjusted towards or
away from the table for accommodating work pieces of different widths.
 This type of machine is suitable for supporting long work pieces.

Multiple head type horizontal boring machine:
Figure 9: Multiple type horizontal boring machine
 This machine resembles a plano-miller.

 The table is supported on a long bed on which it reciprocates.
 There are two vertical columns at the two sides of the bed nearly at the middle of the bed.
 The two columns are bridged by a cross rail.
 There can be two, three or four head stocks.
 This machine can be used both as a horizontal and a vertical machine.
 The machining operations can be performed simultaneously at different work surfaces.
Specifications of Horizontal Boring machine:

 The size of a Horizontal Boring machine is specified by the diameter of its spindle which varies
from 75mm to 355mm.
 The other aspects related to size include column heights, size of the table or size of the floor
plate, floor space required and weight of machine.
 The other specifications include spindle speeds, feeds and motor horse power.
Constructional features of Vertical Boring Machine:

A standard vertical boring machine consists of the following parts:
Bed:
 The bed is a hollow circular casting grouted on the floor.
 The top of the bed is finished to provide a bearing surface for the table.
Table:
 The table is a circular casting mounted on top of the bed.
 Its horizontal surface is finished and is provided with T- slots or chuck jaws for holding and
clamping the work..
 The rotation of the table is possible through a bevel gear and pinion arrangement.
Columns:
 There are two vertical columns on the sides of the bed which are bridged together by a cross
rail.
 The vertical front faces of the columns are accurately machined to form guide ways on which
the cross rail slides.
Figure 10: Vertical Boring Machine
Cross rail:
 The cross rail is a horizontal member mounted on the front faces of the two columns.
 It may be moved up and down for accommodating different heights of work.
Tool heads:
 There are two tool heads mounted on the cross rail.
 Apart from this two more tool heads are mounted one on each column.
Vertical Turret Lathe:
Figure 11: Vertical Turret Lathe

 It is a vertical boring machine of smaller size.

 One or two indexable turrets are mounted on the cross rail, for multiple tooling.
 The turrets may be moved crosswise and also in the vertical plane.
 One or two side tool posts are mounted on the columns.
Jig Boring machine:

 A jig boring machine is used for locating accurately and making the numerous holes necessary
for jigs, fixtures, gauges and other precision parts.
 This machine is rugged enough for heavy cuts and sensitive enough for light cuts.
 It has a bed or base which supports a massive column.
 The bed also supports a saddle which moves in and out from the operator to the column.
 A table is mounted on the saddle and moves to the right or left.
 The column supports the spindle head which moves up and down on the column ways.
 The spindle moves inside a quill and is supported by the spindle head.
Figure 12: Jig boring machine
Specifications of Vertical boring machine:

 The size of a vertical boring machine is specified by the diameter of its table or chuck.
 It can also be specified by the swing diameter of the largest work which can be accommodated
in the machine.
 For a standard vertical boring machine the size can be as high as 6000 mm.
 For a vertical turret lathe the size varies from 600 mm to 2000 mm.

SHAPER:
 The shaper or a shaping machine is a reciprocating type of machine tool intended primarily to
produce flat surfaces which may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
 It makes use of a single point cutting tool.
Constructional features of shaper:

A standard shaper is made up of the following parts:
─ Base
─ Column
─ Cross rail
─ Saddle
─ Table
─ Ram
─ Tool head
Figure 13: Shaper
Base:
 It is made of cast iron and is rigidly bolted to the shop floor.
 It is designed to take up the entire load of the machine and the forces set up by the cutting tool
over the work.
Column:
 The column is a box like casting mounted upon the base.
 It encloses the ram driving mechanism.
 Two accurately machined guide ways are provided on the top of the column on which the ram
reciprocates.

 The front vertical face of the column which serves as the guide ways for the cross rail is also
accurately machined.
 One side of the column contains levers, handles, etc. for operating the machine.
Cross rail:
 The cross rail is mounted on the front vertical guide ways of the column.
 It can be moved up and down the column guide ways by means of an elevating screw.
 It has two parallel guide ways on its top in the vertical plane that are perpendicular to the ram
axis.
Saddle:
Table:
The table is a box like casting having T-slots both on the top and sides for clamping the work.
It receives cross wise movement from the saddle and vertical movements from the cross rail.
Ram:
 The ram is the reciprocating member of the shaper.
 It is semi cylindrical in form and heavily ribbed inside.
 It slides on accurately machined dovetail guide ways on the top of the column.
 It is connected to the reciprocating mechanism contained within the column.
 It holds the tool head at the extreme forward end.
Tool head:
 The tool head holds the tool rigidly and provides feed movement of the tool.
 The vertical slide of the tool head has a swivel base which is held on a circular seat on the ram.
 The swivel base is graduated in degrees so that the vertical slide can be set perpendicular to the
work surface or at any desired angle.
 Apron consisting of clapper box, clapper block and tool post is clamped upon the vertical slide
by a screw.
 The clapper block is housed in the clapper box and is connected to it by a hinge pin.
 The tool post is mounted on the clapper block .
 On the forward cutting stroke , the clapper block fits securely to the clapper box to make a
rigid tool support.
 On the return stroke, the block hinges outwards swinging on the hinge pin.
 This prevents the tool cutting edge from dragging and consequent wear.
Classification of shapers:
1. According to the type of mechanism used for giving reciprocating motion to the ram:
a) Crank type
b) Geared type
c) Hydraulic type
2. According to the position and travel of the ram:
a) Horizontal type
b) Vertical type
c) travelling head type
3. According to the type of design of the table:
a) Standard shaper

b) Universal shaper
4. According to the type of cutting stroke:
a) Push type
b) Draw type
Crank shaper:
 This is the most common type of shaper.
 A crank mechanism is employed to change the circular motion of a bull gear into a
reciprocating motion of the ram.
Geared shaper:
In this shaper the circular motion is converted into reciprocating motion of the ram by means of a rack
and pinion.
Horizontal shaper:
In this shaper, the ram holding the tool reciprocates in a horizontal axis.
Vertical shaper:
In this shaper, the ram holding the tool reciprocates in a vertical axis.
Travelling head shaper:
In this shaper, the ram carrying the tool while it reciprocating moves crosswise to give the required
feed.
Standard shaper:
In this shaper, there are only two movements – vertical and horizontal to give the feed.
Universal shaper:
 In this shaper, in addition to the two movements provided to the table there is a provision for
two other movements:
 Swivelling of the table about an axis parallel to the ram ways.
 Tilting of the upper portion of the table about a second horizontal axis perpendicular to the first
axis.
Push type shaper:

In this shaper, the metal is removed when the ram moves away from the column, that is, pushes the
work.
Draw type shaper:
In this shaper, the metal is removed when the ram moves towards the column of the machine, that is
draws the work towards the machine.
Specifications of Shaping machine:

 The size of the shaper is determined by the maximum length of stroke or cut it can make.
 The usual size ranges from 175 to 900 mm.
 The other specifications include :
- Type of drive: belt drive or individual motor drive
- Power input
- Cutting stroke to return stroke ratio
- Floor space required
- Weight of the machine

PLANER:
The planer or planing machine is a machine tool primarily intended to produce plane and flat surfaces
by a single point cutting tool as in the case of a shaper.
Differences between shaper and planer:
Shaper Planer
It can accommodate only light and small It can accommodate heavy and large work
work pieces pieces
The tool which is mounted on the ram The work which is supported on the table
reciprocates while the work piece is reciprocates past the stationary tool.
stationary.
Feed is given by the crosswise movement of Feed is supplied by the lateral movement of
the table. the tool.
Constructional features of planer:

The planer has the following parts:
─ Base
─ Table
─ Housings
─ Cross rail
─ Tool heads
Figure 14:Planer

Base:
 The bed is a box like casting which is large in size and heavy in weight.
 It supports the column and all other moving parts.
 The bed is slightly longer than twice the length of the table.
 It is provided with guide ways on top over which the table slides.
Table:
 The table supports the work and reciprocates along the ways of the bed.
 T-slots are provided on the entire length of the table so that the work or work holding devices
may be bolted upon it.
 On its sides, the table carries adjustable stops to reverse its motion at the end of each stroke.
 There are some form of safety devices to prevent the heavily loaded reciprocating table from
running away in case of failure.
Housings:
 Housings also called columns are vertical members fixed on both sides of the bed.
 The front face of each housing is accurately machined to provide guide ways on which the
cross rail slides up and down for accommodating work pieces of different heights.
 Two side- tool heads also slide upon it.
 The housings contain cross rail elevating screw, vertical and cross feed screws for tool head,
etc.
Cross rail:
 The cross rail is a rigid box-like casting connecting the two columns.
 The cross rail may be raised or lowered on the face of the columns by means of elevating
screws and can be clamped at any desired position.
 The front face of the cross rail is accurately machined to provide guide ways for the tool heads.
 The cross rail has screws for vertical and cross feed of the tool heads.
Tool heads:
 Tool heads are mounted on the cross rail by a saddle.
 The transverse movement of the saddle gives cross feed to the cross rail.
 The swivel base may be swivelled to any desired angle.
 The tool is held by an apron fitted to a vertical slide.
 Movement of the down feed screw causes the vertical slide to move up and down.
Classification of Planers:
1. Double housing planer
2. Open side planer
3. Pit planer
4. Edge or plate planer
5. Divided table planer
Double housing planer (standard planer):

This type of planer is most widely used in workshops.

Open side planer:

 This type of planer has a housing only on one side of the base and the cross rail is suspended
from the housing as a cantilever.
 Hence larger work pieces may be loaded and reciprocated past the cutting tool without
interference by a column .
 This machine can accommodate three tool heads- two on the cross rail and one on the existing
column.
Figure 15: Open side planer
Pit planer:
 A pit planer is massive in construction.
 It differs from an ordinary planer in that the table is stationary and the column carrying the
cross rail reciprocates on horizontal rails mounted on both sides of the table.
 This type of planer is suitable for very large work and the design saves a lot of floor space.

Figure 16: Pit planer
Edge or plate planer:

 The design of a plate planer is totally different from that of an ordinary planer.
 In this machine, the bed and the table is a fixed unit and the work piece is mounted on the table.
 The tool head is mounted on a movable carriage which can travel longitudinally along the bed.
 The operator can stand on a platform extending from the carriage and travels along with it.
 Thus the wok piece is stationary while the tool reciprocates.
 It is a single purpose machine constructed for a specific work like boiler plates, ship plates, etc.
Specifications of a planer:
 The size of a standard planer is specified by the size of the largest rectangular solid that can
reciprocate under the tool.
 The size of the largest solid is known by the distance between the two housings, the height
from the top of the table to the cross rail in its uppermost position and the maximum length of
table travel.
 Usually the first two dimensions are equal so that the planer may be roughly specified as a 750
mm planer or a 3000 mm planer.
 The other specifications include the type of drive, the speeds and feeds available, power input,
floor space required and net weight of the machine.

DRILLING MACHINES:
 A drilling machine is a machine tool which produces a cylindrical hole in a solid work piece by
means of a rotating tool called the twist drill.
 It can also perform other operations like reaming, tapping, counter-boring, counter-sinking,
spot facing, trepanning , etc. using special tools.
Classification of drilling machines:

1. Portable drilling machine
2. Sensitive drilling machine
3. Upright drilling machine
4. Radial drilling machine
5. Gang drilling machine
6. Multi-spindle drilling machine
7. Deep hole drilling machine
8. Automatic drilling machine
Portable drilling machine:

 This type of machine can be used for drilling holes in work pieces in any position.
 These machines are driven by AC or DC motor or sometimes by pneumatic power.
 The maximum size of the drill bit that can be held in these machines is 12 mm to 18 mm.
Sensitive drilling machine:

This type of machine can be used for drilling small holes at high speeds in light jobs.
It consists of the following parts:
─ Base
─ Vertical column
─ Work table
─ Drill head
Figure 17: Sensitive drilling machine

Base:
The base is made up of cast iron and is mounted on the bench or on the floor.
Vertical column:
 The column is a hollow steel pipe mounted on the base.
 It supports the drill head and the work table.
Work table:
 It supports the work piece to be drilled.
 It is usually provided with T- slots for clamping the work piece rigidly on the table.
 The table can be raised or lowered and can be clamped to the vertical column at any desired
position.
 This helps in accommodating work pieces of different heights.
Drill head:
 The drill head is fixed at the top end of the vertical column.
 It houses the spindle carrying the drill bit within a sleeve.
 The sleeve can be made to slide up and down inside the drill head by means of a rack and
pinion arrangement.
 The top end of the spindle is connected to a stepped cone pulley which is driven by a motor
through a V- belt drive.
 There is no arrangement for automatic feed of the drill spindle and the bit is fed into the work
piece only by hand.
 This enables the operator to sense or feel the movement of the drill bit into the work piece.
 Hence it is called sensitive drilling machine.
Upright drilling machine:

 The upright drilling machine is designed for handling medium sized work pieces.
 In construction, it is similar to a sensitive drilling machine for having a vertical column on the
base.
 But it is larger and heavier than the sensitive drilling machine.
 Moreover, it is supplied with power feed arrangement.
Constructional features of Upright drilling machine:

The machine consists of the following parts:
─ Base
─ Column
─ Table
─ Drill head

Figure 18: Upright drilling machine
Base:
 The base is rigid in construction and rests on the floor.
 It supports a vertical column
Column:
 The column supports the head containing all the driving mechanisms.
 It also supports the table attached to a table arm which can be raised or lowered on the face of
the column by a rack and pinion arrangement
Table:
 The table which is supported by the table arm has T- slots for clamping the work piece.
 The table can be swivelled in an arc up to 180˚ about the vertical column and can be clamped
at any desired position.
 Apart from this radial adjustment, the table can rotate about its own axis by 360˚.
Drill head:
 The drill head is mounted on top of the column.
 It houses the driving and feeding mechanism for the spindle.
Radial drilling machine:
 The radial drilling machine is intended for drilling medium to large and heavy work pieces.
 The machine consists of a heavy, round column mounted on a large base.
 The column supports a radial arm which can be raised or lowered to accommodate work pieces
of different heights.
 The arm may be swung to any position over the work bed.
 The drill head containing mechanism for rotating and feeding the drill is mounted on the radial
arm.
 It can be moved horizontally on the guide ways and clamped at any desired position.
 These three movements when combined together permit the drill to be located at any desired
point on a large work piece for drilling a hole.

 When several holes are to be drilled on a large work piece, the position of the arm and drill
head is altered so that the drill spindle may be moved from one position to the other after
drilling the hole without altering the work setting.
 The work may be mounted on the table or if very large, it may be placed on the bed or floor or
in a pit.
Constructional features of Radial drilling machine:

The following are the principal parts of this machine:
─ Base
─ Column
─ Radial arm
─ Drill head
Figure 19: Radial drilling machine
Base:
 The base is a large rectangular casting that is finished on its top to support a column on its one
end and to hold the work table at the other end.
 In some machines, T- slots are provided on the base for clamping work when it serves as a
table.
Column:
 The column is a cylindrical casting that is mounted vertically at one end of the base.
 It supports the radial arm which may slide up or down on its face.
 An electric motor mounted on the top of the column imparts vertical adjustment of the arm by
rotating a screw passing through a nut attached to the arm.
Radial arm:
 It is a massive casting mounted on the column and extending horizontally over the base.
 The front vertical face is accurately machined to provide guide ways on which the drill head
may be made to slide.
 The arm can be rotated (swivelled) in a complete circle around the column.

Drill head:
 The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and drives the drill spindle.
 It contains all the mechanisms for driving the drill at multiple speeds and different feeds.
 It can be made to slide on the guide ways of the arm for adjusting the position of the drill
spindle with respect to the work.
 It can be clamped on the radial arm after the spindle has been properly adjusted in position.
 A vertical motor is fitted directly on the drill head and through a gear box, multiple speeds and
feed of the spindle can be obtained.
Gang drilling machine:

 When several related operations such as drilling of holes of different sizes, reaming, tapping,
etc. must be done on a single work piece, the gang milling is used.
 The machine consists of independent columns, heads and spindles mounted rigidly on a
common base.
 In some machines, the spindles are permanently spaced on the work table while in others, the
columns are adjusted so that the space between the spindles may be varied.
 The speeds and feeds of the spindles are controlled independently.
 The table may be of stationary type or adjustable type.
 A series of operations may be performed on the work by simply shifting the work from one
position to the other on the work table.
Figure 20: Gang drilling machine

Automatic drilling machine:
 The automatic drilling machine consists of a number of unit heads with single or multiple
spindles arranged in vertical, horizontal or angular positions or in various combinations on a
special base.
 The sequence of operations along with the cutting speeds and feeds, start and finish of
operations etc. are so arranged and synchronised that once the work piece is loaded at the first
station, it automatically switches on to the next position for the next operation till the work
piece undergoes the last operation.
Deep hole drilling machine:

 A deep hole drilling machine is used for drilling deep holes (a deep hole is one which is longer
than four times its diameter) in parts such as rifle barrels, crankshafts, long spindles, etc.
 This machine can be of the horizontal type or vertical type.
 The horizontal type of machine which is commonly used is described below.
 The machine consists of a head stock at one end.
 The head stock houses the spindle and drive units.
 A chuck is attached to the head stock spindle and rotates with it.
 The work piece to be drilled is held in the chuck at one end and by a guide bushing aat the
other.
 It is also supported in between by steady rests.
 The drill bit is held in the carriage which is at the end opposite to the head stock.
 The drill bit is also supported by the steady rests.
 The work piece rotates at high speeds while the stationary drill bit is fed into the work piece at
low feeds.
 The support by steady rests helps the drill bit to follow a straight path.
 There is provision for circulation of coolant and disposal of chips.
Figure 21: Deep hole drilling machine
Specifications of a drilling machine:

 A portable drilling machine is specified by the maximum diameter of the drill that it can hold.
 The sensitive and upright drilling machines are specified by the diameter of the largest piece
that can be centred under the spindle.
 The radial drilling machine is specified by the diameter of the column, length of the arm and
drilling radius (maximum and minimum).
 All types of drilling machines need to be specified in terms of the maximum drill size, the table
diameter, the maximum spindle travel, number of spindle speeds and feeds available, Morse
taper number of the drill spindle, power input, floor space and weight of the machine.

MILLING MACHINES:
 A milling machine is a machine tool that removes metal as the work is fed against a rotating
multipoint cutter.
 The cutter rotates at a high speed and because of the multiple cutting edges, it removes metal at
a very fast rate.
Classification of milling machines:

1. Column and knee type milling machine
(a) Plain or Horizontal milling machine
(b) Universal milling machine
(c) Vertical milling machine
2. Fixed bed type:

(a) Simplex milling machine
(b) Duplex milling machine
(c) Triplex milling machine
3. Planer type milling machine
4. Special type milling machine

(a) Rotary table milling machine
(b) Drum milling machine
(c) Planetary milling machine
(d) Pantograph milling machine
(e) Profile milling machine
(f) Tracer controlled milling machine

Constructional features of Plain type (Horizontal) Column and knee type milling machine:
Figure 22: Plain type (Horizontal) Column and knee type milling machine
The following are the principal parts:

Base:
 The base serves as the foundation for all other parts.
 It is made of cast iron and is accurately machined on both top and bottom surfaces.
 It carries the column at its one end.
Column:
 The column is the main supporting frame mounted vertically on the base.
 It is box shaped, heavily ribbed inside and houses all the driving mechanisms for the
spindle and table feed.
 The front vertical face of the column is accurately machined and is provided with dovetail
guide ways for supporting the knee.
 The top of the column is finished to hold an over-arm that extends outward at the front of
the machine.
Knee:
 The knee is a rigid casting that slides up and down on the vertical ways of the column face.
 The adjustment of the height is effected by an elevating screw mounted on the base that
also supports the knee.
 The knee houses the table feed mechanism and different controls to operate it.
 The top face of the knee forms a slide way for the saddle to provide cross travel of the
table.

Saddle:
 The saddle is mounted on the knee and supports the table.
 The bottom surface of the saddle is provided with a slide which fits into the slide way on
top of the knee.
 The top surface of the saddle is provided with a slide at right angles to the one on the
bottom surface which fits into the slide way on the bottom surface of the table.
Table:
 The table rests on the saddle and travels longitudinally.
 The top of the table is accurately finished and T- slots are provided for clamping the work
and other fixtures on it.
 A lead screw under the table engages a nut on the saddle to move the table horizontally by
hand or power.
Over- arm:
 The over-arm is a hanging arm that is mounted on the top of the column and extends
beyond the column face.
 It drops down at the outer end to form a yoke which serves as a bearing support for the
other end of an arbor.
Spindle:
 The spindle is located in the upper part of the column and receives power from the motor
through belts, gears and clutches.
 The front face of the spindle just projects from the column face
 This end of the spindle is provided with a tapered hole into which the arbor fits.
Arbor:
 An arbor may be considered an extension of the machine spindle on which the milling
cutter is securely mounted and rotated.
 The arbour shank which is tapered fits into the tapered hole in the spindle.
 The cutter is set at the required position of the arbor by spacing collars.
Front brace:
 The front brace is an extra support that is fitted between the knee and the over-arm to
ensure further rigidity to the arbor and the knee.
Constructional features of Vertical type Column and knee type milling machine:
 The vertical type of column and knee type milling machine also has parts like base, column,
knee and table which are similar to the ones in the horizontal machine.
 The over –arm is made integral with the vertical column.
 This portion of the column carries the spindle head which holds the spindle.

Figure 23: Vertical type Column and knee type milling machine
Differences between Horizontal and Vertical milling machines:
Horizontal milling machine Vertical milling machine

1 The spindle is horizontal and is in the The spindle is vertical and is in a plane
same plane as that of the work table perpendicular to that of the work table
2 The cutter is mounted on an arbour The cutter is mounted on to the spindle
supported by an over-arm directly
3 The spindle can only rotate about its axis The spindle can be tilted to the left or right
and no tilting is possible. for specific applications
4 Operations like gear cutting, plain milling, Operations like angular milling, T-slot
form milling, etc. are possible milling, keyway milling, etc. are possible
Universal milling machine:

 This machine differs from the plain milling machine in that its table is mounted on a circular
swivelling base which has degree graduations.
 Hence it is possible to swivel the table about a vertical axis and set at any angle to the spindle.
 This additional movement enables it to perform helical milling operation.

Differences between plain milling machine and universal milling machine:
Plain milling machine Universal milling machine

1 The machine is provided with three table The machine has the fourth movement
movements- longitudinal, cross and namely swivelling horizontally.
vertical
2 It is more rigid and heavier in It is less rigid and is suitable for tool room
construction and is intended for heavier operations.
milling operations.
3 Helical milling is not possible without a Helical milling is possible so that tool room
special attachment. operations like manufacturing of twist
drills, reamers, milling cutters can be done.
Fixed bed type milling machine:

 This type of machine is comparatively large, heavy and rigid.
 The table is mounted directly on the ways of the fixed bed.
 The table movement is restricted to reciprocation at right angles to the spindle axis with no
provision for cross or vertical adjustment.
 The cutter mounted on the spindle head may be moved vertically on the column and the spindle
may be adjusted horizontally to provide cross adjustment.
 Depending upon the number of spindle heads the machine can be simplex, duplex or triplex.
Planer type milling machine (Plano miller):

 It is a massive machine built for heavy duty work.
 It has spindle heads adjustable in vertical and transverse directions.
 It resembles a planing machine and has a cross rail like in a planing machine.
 The cross rail can be raised or lowered and carries two spindle heads.
 The spindle heads can be traversed in the horizontal direction on the cross rail.
 Two more spindle heads are mounted on the vertical columns which can be moved in the
vertical direction.
 The four spindle heads carry cutters enabling machining of a number of work surfaces
simultaneously.
Difference between a planer and a plano miller :

 In a planer, the table movement gives cutting stroke against a stationary tool.
 In a plano miller, the cutting is effected by the rotating tool in the spindle and the table
movement is used only for giving the proper feed.
Specifications of milling machine:

 A column and knee type milling machine is specified by the dimensions of the working surface
of the table and the maximum length of longitudinal, cross and vertical travel of the table.
 The other specifications are the number of spindle speeds, feeds, spindle nose taper, net weight
and floor space required.

BROACHING MACHINES:
 A broaching machine is a machine tool which makes use of a cutting tool called broach for
removing metal from either the internal or external surface of a work piece by pulling or
pushing action.
 A broaching machine basically consists of a work holding fixture, a broach, a drive mechanism
and a suitable supporting frame.
Classification of broaching machines:

1. Based on the direction of broach travel :
(a) Horizontal broaching machine
(b) Vertical broaching machine
2. Based on method of operation:
(a) Pull type broaching machine
(b) Push type broaching machine
(c) Continuous surface type broaching machine
3. Based on application:
(a) Internal broaching machine
(b) External broaching machine
Horizontal broaching machine:

 In a horizontal broaching machine, the broach is reciprocated in a horizontal direction relative
to the work piece.
 Nearly all horizontal machines are of pull type.
 The machine consists of a bed or a base, a little more than twice the length of the broaching
stroke, work holder (fixture), pulling head and a hydraulic drive mechanism for pulling the
broach at a predetermined speed.
 In operation, the work piece is clamped in the fixture while the broach held rigidly in the
pulling head is pulled against the work piece resulting in metal removal.
 This type of machine is used primarily for broaching keyways, splines, slots, round holes and
other internal shapes or contours.
Figure 24: Horizontal broaching machine

Vertical broaching machine:

 In a vertical broaching machine, the broach is reciprocated in a vertical direction relative to the
work piece.
 The machine consists of a box shaped column that houses the drive unit.
 The broach is mounted on a slide which is hydraulically driven and accurately guided on the
column ways.
 The work table is mounted on the base in front of the column.
 The work piece is clamped in a fixture mounted on the work table while broaching external
surfaces.
 In case internal broaching of splines is to be carried out, the work piece may be placed on the
work table as it will get aligned with the broach pilot.
 In case of the pull down type machine carrying out internal broaching, the broach is lowered to
pass its pilot through the work piece.
 The pilot is held by the pulling head attached at the top of the ram which is enclosed in the bed.
 The ram pulls the broach down and the desired profile is produced in the work piece.
 Taking into consideration the height of the machine, sometimes a pit needs to be dug to
accommodate the machine below the floor level.
Figure 25: Vertical broaching machine
Continuous surface type broaching machine:

 A continuous surface type of broaching machine may be of the rotary type or of the horizontal
type (chain type).
 A rotary type continuous broaching machine consists of a table which rotates continuously
about a vertical axis.
 The work pieces are held in fixtures mounted on the table.
 The broach is held rigidly in a broach holder above the table.
 The shape of the broach is similar to that of the table.
 As the table rotates, the broaching operation takes place and new work pieces are loaded.
Figure 26: Rotary type continuous broaching machine
 A horizontal type continuous broaching machine consists of two sprockets on which an

endless chain travels.
 The sprockets are mounted in a box- shaped base.
 The broach is fixed horizontally above the chain under a bracket mounted on the base.
 Fixtures for holding the work pieces are mounted at regular intervals on the chain.
 A rigid guiding member is arranged under the chain in the zone where the work pieces pass
under the broach.
 In operation, the work pieces are loaded into the fixtures at station point A, where they are
clamped manually or automatically.
 As the work pieces on the travelling chain pass between the broach and the guiding plate, the
broaching operation takes place.
 The finished pieces are ejected at station point B.
Figure 27: Horizontal type continuous broaching machine

Specifications of Broaching machine:

 A broaching machine is specified mainly by the length of stroke in mm and the force in tonnes
that can be applied to the broach.
 The other specifications include broaching speed, return speed and machine horse power.
GRINDING MACHINES:
A grinding machine is a machine tool that makes use of an abrasive wheel to remove very small
amounts of metal from the work piece for achieving close dimensions and surface finish.
Classification of grinding machines:

1. Cylindrical grinding machines
(a) Plain cylindrical grinding machine
(b) Universal cylindrical grinding machine
(c) Centre less grinding machine
2. Internal grinding machine

3. Surface grinding machines
(a) Reciprocating table with horizontal spindle
(b) Reciprocating table with vertical spindle
(c) Rotary table with horizontal spindle
(d) Rotary table with vertical spindle
Plain cylindrical grinding machine:
A plain cylindrical grinding machine is essentially a lathe on which a grinding wheel has been
substituted for a single point tool.
It consists of the following parts:
─ Base
─ Tables
─ Head stock
─ Tail stock
─ Wheel head
Base:
 The base or the bed is the main casting that rests on the floor and supports the parts mounted on
it.
 On top of the base, two horizontal guide ways are precision machined to enable the table to
slide on.
 The base also houses the table drive mechanism.
Tables:
 There are two tables- lower table and upper table.
 The lower table slides on the bed guide ways and provides traverse of the work past the
grinding wheel.
 It can be moved by hand or power within desired limits.
 The upper table that is pivoted at the centre is mounted on top of the lower table.
 It has T-slots for securing the head stock and tailstock.

 In order to accommodate work pieces of different lengths, the head stock and tail stock can be
accordingly moved on the table.
Figure 28: Plain cylindrical grinding machine
Head stock:
 The head stock supports the work piece by means of a dead centre and drives it by means of a
dog.
Tail stock:
 The tail stock supports the other end of the work piece.
Wheel head:
 The wheel head carries the grinding wheel which is driven by a motor.
 The wheel head may be moved perpendicular to the table ways by hand or power to feed the
wheel to the work.
Centre less grinding machine:

 The machine consists of a heavy base and two wheel heads – one carrying the grinding wheel
and the other carrying the regulating wheel.
 The wheel head carrying the grinding wheel is fixed to the bed of the machine.
 Each wheel has a separate truing mechanism.
 The work piece rests on the blade of the work rest and between the two wheels.
 The work rest is positioned such that the centre line of the work piece is higher than the centre
line of the two wheels.
 There are two slides- upper and lower.
 The upper slide which carries the regulating wheel can be operated to bring the wheel towards
the work rest.
 The upper slide in turn is mounted on the lower slide which holds the work rest.
 By moving the lower slide, the work piece supported between the regulating wheel and the
work rest can be brought towards or away from the grinding wheel.
Figure 29: Centre less grinding machine
Reciprocating table surface grinder with horizontal spindle:

This machine consists of the following main parts:
─ Base
─ Wheel head
─ Work table
Figure 30: Reciprocating table surface grinder with horizontal spindle
Base:
 It supports a saddle and a vertical column.
 It also contains the drive mechanisms

Wheel head:
 The spindle carrying the wheel is mounted within the wheel head.
 The wheel head is mounted on the vertical guide way of the column so that it can be raised or
lowered to accommodate work pieces of different heights.
 This also enables to set the wheel to the desired depth of cut.
Work table:
 The work table is mounted on a saddle which can cross travel on guide ways provided on top of
the base.
 The table reciprocates on guide ways provided on top of the saddle to get longitudinal
movement.
 T- slots are provided on the table surface for clamping grinding fixtures or a magnetic chuck.
Rotary table surface grinder with vertical spindle:

The machine consists of the following main parts:
─ Base
─ Wheel head
─ Work table
Figure 31: Rotary table surface grinder with vertical spindle
Base:
 The base supports a vertical column and a rotary table.

Table:
 The table has a magnetic chuck attached to the top of the surface on which a number of similar
work pieces can be clamped.
 The magnetic chuck rotates about a vertical axis.
Column:
 The column is a vertical member on which the wheel head is mounted vertically.
Wheel head:
 The wheel head carries the spindle with the grinding wheel.
 Its rotation is in a fixed position feeding only along its axis.
Specifications of grinding machine:
 The size of a grinding machine is specified according to the size of the largest work piece that
can be mounted on the machine.
 For a cylindrical grinder, both length and diameter of the work piece that can be accommodated
between the centres is considered.
 For an internal centre type grinder the diameter of the work piece that can be swung and the
maximum length of the stroke of the wheel is considered.
 For all types of surface grinders, especially the reciprocating type, the size is generally
expressed in terms of table area and maximum height from table to wheel.


Mto Module 1 Notes

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Mto Module 1 Notes

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

MACHINE TOOLS AND OPERATIONS

MODULE 1: MACHINE TOOLS

DEFINITION OF MACHINE TOOL:

CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS:

A lathe is a machine tool for carrying out the turning operations.

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Engine lathe or Centre lathe:

Constructional features of centre lathe:

Figure 1: Centre lathe

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Compound rest or compound slide:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Tool Room lathe:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Capstan and Turret lathes:

Constructional features of Capstan and Turret Lathes:

Differences between centre lathe and capstan and turret lathes:

Centre lathe Capstan and turret lathes

Types of capstan and turret lathes:

Capstan or ram type lathe:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Figure 2: Capstan lathe

Turret lathe or saddle type lathe:

Figure 3: Turret lathe

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Differences between Capstan lathe and Turret lathe:

Capstan lathe Turret lathe

Special purpose lathes:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Figure 4: Lathe specifications

Classification of boring machines:

Constructional features of Horizontal boring machine:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Figure 5: Horizontal boring machine

End supporting column:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Saddle and Table:

Table type horizontal boring machine:

Figure 6: Table type horizontal boring machine

 In this machine, the work is mounted on the table which is adjustable.

Floor type horizontal boring machine:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Figure 7: Floor type horizontal boring machine

Planer type horizontal boring machine:

Figure 8:Planer type horizontal boring machine

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Multiple head type horizontal boring machine:

Figure 9: Multiple type horizontal boring machine

 This machine resembles a plano-miller.

Specifications of Horizontal Boring machine:

Constructional features of Vertical Boring Machine:

Figure 10: Vertical Boring Machine

Vertical Turret Lathe:

Figure 11: Vertical Turret Lathe

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

 It is a vertical boring machine of smaller size.

Jig Boring machine:

Figure 12: Jig boring machine

Specifications of Vertical boring machine:

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

Constructional features of shaper:

Figure 13: Shaper

NOTES BY SANDESH M PRABHU, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,