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Active Voice:
Simple & Clear!
Passive Voice:
Complicated but Scientific!
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Active voice or
Passive Voice???
However, nowadays, many authorities are going
against this traditional notion and encouraging the
Until recently, “passive voice” was considered
use of the “active voice”: “Academic papers
favorable for scientific writing!
should be easy to read and understand!”
This study investigated… (Objectivity)
(Subjectivity)
both!
investigated the effects of drug X on the serum levels.”
• Here, using the active voice in the second sentence helps the
reader make a clear mental transition from previous
studies to the present study.
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Vancouver Style
References:
What is the “writing • Number all references
style” of EG-MU? • Arrange your list in the order in which the
references appear in your text
• If there are more than 6 authors, list the first 6
authors followed by “et al.”
• Use official abbreviations for journal titles, if
available.
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Slide 15
In-text citations:
For example: Researchers such as Warwick, Taylor, Smith, and
King et al. (7‐9) found that …
Quotation
Direct Quotations:
• Quotations of 3 lines or fewer: place in quotation
marks
• Quotations more than 3 lines: without quotation
marks in an indented paragraph
Examples:
1. “I am only an example!” (3, p. 125)
2. Stene defines quoting as: “ quoting is to avoid stealing
other people’s ideas” (3, p.125)
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Indirect Quotation:
I am a good writer!
• A reformulation of the original text.
• Paraphrase the text: change the grammatical
structures and the terminologies in a way
that the meaning does not change!
Example:
• Original sentence: Studies have shown that there is a
direct relationship between sleeping in class and
dying at very young ages (4).
• Paraphrased sentence (Indirect quotation): A
positive relationship has been demonstrated
between sleeping in class and death in young people
(4).