Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 1,*
N. Zainuddin1, M. S. Rusiman1, A. Karimipour2, M. Ali and R. Roslan
1
Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Najafabad Branch
Islamic Azad University
Najafabad, Iran
e-mail: rozaini@uthm.edu.my
Abstract
Nomenclature
p pressure
P dimensionless pressure
Pr Prandtl number
Re Reynolds number
t dimensionless time
T temperature
Greek Letters
τ time
α thermal diffusivity
μ dynamic viscosity
ν kinematic viscosity
ρ density
θ dimensionless temperature
ψ stream function
Subscripts
c cold wall
h hot wall
s surface
1. Introduction
2. Formulation of Problem
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞ μu
u +v =− + ν⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + gβ(T − Tc ) sin γ − , (2)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ρκ
8 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
u +v =− + ν⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟⎟
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
μu σβ02v
+ gβ(T − Tc ) cos γ − − , (3)
ρκ ρ
∂T ∂T K ⎛⎜ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞⎟
u +v = + 2 ⎟, (4)
∂x ∂y ρCρ ⎜⎝ ∂x 2 ∂y ⎠
where the u and v are the velocity components in the x and y directions,
respectively. The gravitational acceleration, g is acting downward, β is the
coefficient of thermal expansion and γ is the inclination angle. ν is the
reference kinematic viscosity, κ is the permeability of the porous medium,
ρ is the fluid density, μ is fluid viscosity and p is the fluid pressure, σ is
the fluid electrical conductivity, B0 is the magnetic induction, K is the
thermal conductivity and C is the specific heat at constant pressure.
The initial and boundary conditions can be written as follows:
∂T
u = v = 0, = 0 on left and right walls x = 0, H ,
∂y
u = v = 0, T = Th on bottom wall y = 0,
x y u v
X = ,Y = ,U = ,V = ,
L L Us Us
τU s T − Tc p
t = ,θ= ,P= . (6)
L Th − Tc ρU s2
∂U ∂U ∂P 1 ⎛⎜ ∂ 2U ∂ 2U ⎞
⎟
U +V =− + +
∂X ∂Y ∂X Re ⎜⎝ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ⎟
⎠
Gr U
+ 2
θ sin γ − , (8)
Re Da Re
∂V ∂V ∂P 1 ⎛⎜ ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ⎞⎟
U +V =− + +
∂X ∂Y ∂Y Re ⎜⎝ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ⎟⎠
Gr V Ha 2
+ θ cos γ − − V, (9)
Re 2 Da Re Re
∂θ ∂θ 1 ⎛⎜ ∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ ⎞⎟
U +V = + , (10)
∂X ∂Y Pr Re ⎜⎝ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ⎟⎠
where Re, Da, Gr, Ha and Pr are the Reynolds number, Darcy number,
Grashof number, Hartmann number and the Prandtl number, respectively.
UsL κ T −T σB02 L2
Re = , Da = 2 , Gr = gβ H 2 c L3 , Ha 2 = ,
ν L ν ν
ν μ K
Pr = , ν= , α= . (11)
α ρ ρC p
∂T
U = V = 0, = 0 at X = 0,
∂Y
∂T
U = V = 0, = 0 at X = 2,
∂Y
U = V = 0, θ = 1 at Y = 0,
U = 1, V = 0, θ = 0 at Y = 1. (12)
10 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
1 0
Nu = ∫ Nu dX ,
A A x
(13)
∂θ
Nu x = − . (14)
∂Y Y =1
∂ψ ∂ψ
U = , V =− . (15)
∂Y ∂X
3. Numerical Procedure
The finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations (7)-
(10) subjected to the initial and boundary conditions (12). The pressure-
velocity coupling is solved by using the SIMPLE algorithm of Patankar [35].
Meanwhile, the convective discretization is accomplished by using the
power-law scheme. The staggered grid system is used and the algorithm is
implemented in FORTRAN. The convergence criterion is calculated via
∑ j =1 ∑i =1 i , j
ζ k +1 − ζ ik, j
m n
ε= ≤ 10− 7 , (16)
∑ j =1 ∑i =1 ζik, +j1
m n
where ε is the tolerance, m and n are the number grid points in x − and y −
directions, respectively, ζ is any of the computed field variable and k is the
iteration number.
In order to check the grid independency of the numerical simulations, the
simulations are executed by using different grid resolutions: 100 × 50,
160 × 80, 200 × 100 and 260 × 130 on velocity profiles of U with the
Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 11
chosen values of Ri = 0.1, γ = 30, Ha = 25, Da = 0.1 and Pr = 6.0 as
demonstrated in Figure 2. As seen, the grid resolution of 200 × 100 is
adequate in resolving the flow details.
Figure 3. Comparison for local Nusselt number at the hot surface with Sharif
[28] and Teamah et al. [30] results at Re = 408.21 and Pr = 6.
Re = 100
Re = 400
Figure 9. Nusselt number, N u on hot and cold surface, (a) and (b),
respectively, with different inclination angle, γ at Pr = 6.0, Ha = 50,
Da = 0.1 and Re = 1000.
Figure 10. Velocity profiles, U (a) and temperature profile, θ (b) with
different inclination angle, γ at Pr = 6.0, Ha = 50, Da = 0.1 and
Re = 1000.
The effects of inclination on local Nusselt numbers over the hot and cold
walls for Ri = 0.1 are illustrated in Figures 9(a) and (b), respectively. The
increase of Nu is clearly seen in Figure 9(a). However, when γ is within
600 and 90 0 (in which the cavity shape is approaching a vertical enclosure),
there is no significant change in Nu. Meanwhile, the change on Nu at a cold
Hydromagnetic Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Cavity 21
wall is mild as shown in Figure 9(b). The value of Nu over cold lid start with
high value compared to over a hot wall due to the drag force created by the
movement of the upper lid. Lastly, the effects of γ, Ha and Da on velocity
and temperature profiles at the mid-section of cavity are shown in Figures
10-12, respectively. From Figure 10(a), it is observed the velocity increases
significantly as γ increases due to the increase of flow movement inside the
cavity at Ha = 50 and Da = 0.1. However, as shown in Figure 10(b) the
temperature increases up to γ = 30 0 , decreases as γ = 600 and reaches a
Figure 11. Velocity profiles, U (a) and temperature profile, θ (b) with
different Hartmann number at Pr = 6.0, Re = 1000, Da = 0.1, γ = 90 and
Gr = 100.
22 N. Zainuddin, M. S. Rusiman, A. Karimipour, M. Ali and R. Roslan
Figure 12. Velocity profiles, U (a) and temperature profile, θ (b) with
different Darcy number at Pr = 6.0, Re = 1000, Ha = 50, γ = 90 and
Gr = 100.
5. Conclusion
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