Installation of a 54 km 18” Ameron Bondstrand®

brine pipe line near Berlin

By Ronald Hofstede, Jan Steen & Jeroen van Brakel

Ameron Fiberglass-Composite Pipe Group/Europe

P.O. Box 6, 4190 CA Geldermalsen, The Netherlands,
Phone:+31 345 587309
www.ameron-fpg.nl

E-mail: r.hofstede@ameron-fpg.nl / j.steen@ameron-fpg.nl / j.vanbrakel@ameron-fpg.nl

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1. Introduction:

In 2001, Ameron FPG Europe obtained a contract to supply and install an 18” GRE brine
transport line with a working pressure of 20 bar for a total length of 54.400 meters.
The German gas company EWE (Elbe Weser Ems) planned to create 4 caverns, at a depth of
1200 meters, with a height up to 450 meters and a diameter of 100 meters, of up to 700.000m3
each in the underground salt layers of Rüdersdorf, 30km east of Berlin. [6] These caverns
were created for the express purpose of storaging natural gas.

In these caverns the gas will be stored at high pressure up to 180 bar, allowing EWE to store
gas during summer, creating a large buffer for the winter period. The advantage is that the gas
supplier to EWE will be able to supply a more or less equal quantity of gas throughout the
year. EWE on the other hand will be able to continue to meet their clients increased demands
without relying on increases in supply of gas. These underground salt layers provide excellent
conditions for this type of storage.

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Figure 1. Pipe ready for transport to Germany, EWE project.

The caverns are shaped by controlled water injection. The salt water that is produced during
this process is transport over a distance of 54.400 meter to Heckelberg, where it is injected in
the underground rock layers at 1000mtr depth.
A total of over 6 million tons of brine with a specific gravity of 1200 kg/m3 will be pumped
through this line. Salt content is 300 kilogram per cubic meter. Working temperature ranging
from +2 to +60 degree C. Besides the salt, some additional chemicals are added such as HCl
(950 tons per year) and citric acid (95 tons per year). Due to the very corrosive nature of this
fluid, EWE has chosen for Ameron corrosion resistant fiberglass pipe

The 54.4 km route runs through a developed and rural area with a large variety of landscapes
and obstacles. The total installation window was restricted to 6 months from start of
excavation.
Due to environmental restrictions, a leak detection cable was buried underneath the pipe. It is
the first leak detection system of this size in the world and is able to detect a 0.5 litre per
minute leakage. This cable consists of a small bore PE line containing a number of glass
fibers. A local change in temperature due to a leakage can be detected and located with this
system.

10/26/04 3
2.0 Companies involved.

Ameron was chosen as pipe supplier, but as per contract, also responsible for the complete
installation. KUSIMEX, our agent for Germany was an important intermediary during the
preparation and execution of this project. As Ameron is not a contracting company, the
Germany based contractor BOHLEN & DOYEN was chosen as the contractor. Bohlen &
Doyen is a Wiesmoor (North West Germany) based company who is experienced in large pipe
line installation projects.
PLECON controlled the construction of the pipeline during the entire installation period on
behalf of the client EWE.
The survey and marking of the route was done by ECB. GESO supplied the leak detection
system.
A company called FINKE, specialists in large lengths pipe transport, transported the pipes
from the various offloading locations to the actual installation site.
TÜV from Munich reviewed all the calculations, material specifications and procedures.
During the installation a TÜV representative in collaboration with Ameron field service
engineers and the Ameron related material manager supervised the complete installation.

3.0 Why EWE chooses GRE?

Due to the very corrosive nature of the fluid the following was considered:

o Choose higher alloyed steel (e.g. 13CR, Duplex)

o Glassfiber reinforced epoxy
o Thermoplastic lined carbon steel.

Remark: one of the largest advantages of GRE pipe is that it is corrosion resistant to a
wide range of fluids and chemicals.

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Advantages:
x Light weight (density 15% till 25% of steel)
x Corrosion resistant
x Reduced pump cost, internal roughness of the pipe does not change over time
x Durable (fatigue resistant)

Disadvantages:
x Damage susceptible (see Figure 14
x Limited range in pressure ratings/diameters (although continually improving)
x Limited temperature range (<120°C).

Above statements are valid in general. When focusing on the EWE project, following project
requirements can be extracted.

Table 1. Overview project requirement EWE versus tailor made solution.

Requirement Value
Design pressure: 20 bar
Diameter: 18”
Temperature range: 2-60 °C
Medium: Water + 250 kg salt/m3
Lifetime: 20 years
Because of environmental reasons no
leakage permitted and no regular
maintenance allowed
Solution:
x Optimized wall thickness for this application, approved by TĥV, 7.3 mm
structural wall and a liner of 0.5 mm. This pipe can be custom-made because
of the winding techniques, this is possible for every application in general. See
addendum 1 for detailed manufacturing aspects.
x An adhesive bonded joint ( Taper/Taper) for maximum integrity for the
pressure of 20 bar and insurance for zero leakage.
x Corrosion and temperature is not an issue of any importance for GRE pipe in
this case. Internal roughness of the pipe will not change, inner surface of the
pipe will remain smooth over time. This has a positive impact on the pipe
flow, less turbulence, less friction. This property is completely different
compared to steel.

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4.0 TĥV
Before a technical approval could be obtained from TĥV, several tests had to be performed.
To determine the influence of a wheel load on the pipe, a calculation should be made. In this
calculation the value of the pipe stiffness is important. Therefore an ASTM D-2412-87 test
was executed on three samples of 18” pipe sections to determine this value.

In order to understand the wording in the tables a brief explanation of the build up of the pipe
is given in figure 2.

GLASS EPOXY WALL THICKNESS

TOPCOAT 0% 100% 0.3mm

WALL 70% E 30% 7.3mm

LINER 30% C 70% 0.5mm

W=54°

Figure 2. Schematic view of build-up of wall of glass reinforced epoxy pipe.

The results of the test performed at TNO-industry, are given in table 2.

The calculated values by TĥV, in the Netherlands are given in Table 3

Table 2: Stiffness test results TNO

Test acc. ASTM D-2412-87 Specimen number
1 2 3
Average diameter dI [mm] 434 434 434
Average wall thickness sw [mm] 7.9 8.0 7.9
Specimen length l [mm] 298 298 298
Specimen weight [g] 6440 6444 6430
PS as received
5% deflection (ǻȖ = 21.7 mm) [kPa] 619 610 610
10% deflection (ǻȖ = 43.4 mm) [kPa] 564 558 559

Because the values above can not be used, as presented, in the ATV calculation, the E-
modulus was calculated on basis of these test by TĥV acc. DIN 53769 T3. By using DIN
16869 T2 the “Nennsteifigkeit” can be determined as a value of > SN10000.

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Table 3: Stiffness calculations TĥV
Specimen Stiffness acc. Din E-modulus acc. Din Nennsteifigkeit acc.
53769 T3 [N/mm2] 53769 T3 [N/mm2] Din 16869 T2
1 0.0901 22794 SN10000
2 0.0940 23785 SN10000
3 0.0979 24776 SN10000

Based on these tests the pipe was accepted for this application

Figure 3. Stiffness test acc. ASTM D 2412-87, witnessed by TĥV

Qualification of product
To prove that the configuration as proposed by Ameron is suitable for this project, (design
pressure 20 bar) it is widely accepted to perform a 1000 hrs test according ASTM 1598. This
test is conducted at 66ºC and at a pressure of 2.5 times design pressure with water as the
medium. In figures 4 and 5 the specimens are shown, including the taper taper adhesive
bonded joint. The whole configuration is tested at Becetel in Belgium. The configurations
tested are: pipe with taper taper joint and a pipespool including an elbow and reducing Tee.
Two components
adhesive

Figure 4. Test spool tested 1000hrs at 50 bar Figure 5. Schematic view of taper-
at Becetel Belgium taper adhesive bonded joint

Based on the above tests, review of calculations, material specifications, test and inspection
plan and procedures, TĥV could give the go ahead.

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5.0 Inspection/field service

TĥV and Ameron's actions

During the installation, a TÜV representative checked:

x Ameron procedures
x Layout, trenching, backfilling
x Hydro-testing

Ameron checked:
x Bonding procedures (see figures 6 till 9)
x Handling of pipe
x Trenching – sand-bedding, curvatures, elevations, backfilling
x Hydro-testing

Figure 6. Mixing of two-component adhesive Figure 7. Applying adhesive on sand-

papered spigot

Figure 8. Applying adhesive on a prepared Figure 9. Marking for traceability of joint

bell-end .

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An important issue around the bonding is that a pipe fitter also takes care of the traceability of
the joint. This was checked by TÜV.

x During curing, registration of temperature or control

x Starting time of the cure
x Pipe fitter number
x Batch number. Adhesive/heating blanket number
x Measured temperature
x Temperature surrounding
x Date
x End time of the cure

6.0 Site situation

The routing of the pipeline had taken several years to be established. As the pipe is running
through a rural area, one of the obstacles that surveyors had to overcome was to get
permission of the many landowners, whose properties had to be crossed. Besides the many
properties owned by farmers, also church communities, railroad companies, local communities
and privately owned properties had to be crossed.
Wherever possible the pipeline routing was following the borders of the many properties. As
most properties are rectangular, it was in most cases not possible to use the natural flexibility
of the pipe for direction changes. This resulted in the use of over 250 elbows, of which many
were tailor made (mitered).(see figure 10) The production facilities in the Netherlands
(making the pipe and special elbows) were pushed to the limit in order to produce and supply
these elbows in time.

Figure 10. Tailor made mitered elbow

7.0 Elevations

The pipe followed the terrain resulting in many elevation changes. It would be impossible
without special techniques to drain the line in case of emergency. To be able to empty the line
in emergencies it was decided to install vent valves at high points and drain valves at low
points.

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Each of the total 114 vents and drain valves were installed in a concrete pit. Besides the 2” and
4”vent and drain valves, a total of 5 remote controlled isolation valves (18” gate valves) were
installed.
The pipe flexibility was used to overcome the elevation changes.
To reduce the number of the costly “high and deep points” the trenches were dug in such a
way that there was always a minimum slope. Slopes of 1 cm per joint (12 meters) were
realised with the aid of laser-guided excavators. This approach of trench preparation
sometimes resulted in trench depths of more than 5 meters. (see figure 11).

Figure 11. Sometimes quite extensive excavations were required to meet the slope
requirements.

8.0 Obstacles.

Many natural and man made obstacles had to be crossed, 10 small rivers and ditches, 4 main
rural roads, 12 main roads (blacktop), 2 railroad tracks, 4 main oil and gas lines, woods and
nature reserves. Most of these obstacles were crossed by means of thrust boring techniques.
Where possible, the GRE pipe was not installed in the steel sleeve used for the thrust boring.
In these cases the steel sleeve was pushed out with the GRE pipe. A maximum thrust force of
30 tons was calculated as maximum allowable thrust force. This method saved material and
thus money.
At one location a small river, considered as an environmental sensitive area, had to be crossed.
To achieve this with minimal damage to the environment, a 450 meter long section of GRE
pipe was pulled through a bentonite filled bore hole made by horizontal drilling technique.
The GRE pipe section was pulled through without a protection sleeve. To minimise the
damage of the pipe during pulling operation, the pipe section was filled with water. This
created a zero buoyancy situation allowing the pipe section to be pulled through with
minimum friction and contact with hidden rocks and other sharp objects.

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Figure 12 . Drain techniques to cross small streams

The two small streams “Muhlenflies and the Sophienflies” took a lot of efforts to cross. Areas
next to the stream were very swampy and had to be drained in order to be
able to dig the trench and install the crossing pipe sections. Special drain techniques were
needed to get the job done. (see figure 12)

9.0 Environment

Two biologists surveyed the pipe line routing before activities took place. During the
construction they monitored all the activities. In some cases the pipeline had to be re-routed
because trees or other landmarks could not be crossed. However, the pipeline routing through
a forested area could not be avoided. A 1.5 km long right of way had to be cleared through this
forest. All kind of precautions had been taken to keep the damage to the surrounding nature to
an absolute minimum. Trees had been covered with protective material. Thrust boring
techniques were used to cross sensitive areas and biodegradable hydraulic oil was used in all
hydraulic equipment. All the waste was collected and disposed of in a proper way. At the end
all landscapes have been restored as much as possible. Part of the pipeline runs through a
protected piece of woodland under an existing forest road. As the right of way was extremely
narrow, down sized equipment had to be used and all soil from trenching had to be transported
to a lay-by area. All the adjacent trees had to be protected with wood.

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Figure 13. Environmental area

10.0 Battlegrounds

The area were the pipeline was installed was the scene of the battle between the Russian army
and the German army defending Berlin in the last days of the 2nd world war. Before any
excavation work could start, the route had to be checked for life ammunition in order to ensure
a save installation. Nothing but several pieces of World War 2 scrap was found.

11 Archaeology

The area is known for archaeological findings. Some parts of the route were known to be of
historical interest. The installation of this pipeline made it necessary to examine the known
sites, as they would be destroyed during the installation work. One large and a few smaller
sites of interest were found. A large prehistoric settlement was found of over 400 meters in
length. Many remains of buildings and fireplaces were found including a nearly finished and
polished stone axe. These archaeological surveys had to be completed before the installation
could start.

12 Groundwater table

Part of the route survey was the to map ground water levels. Before trench excavation started a
small hole was dug every 100 meters to see if there was ground water present at a depth of 1.8
meter. Despite these surveys, ground water was still found in unexpected locations and even at
hilltops. To fight the water, additional measures had to be taken in order to manage the water
by means of pumps and drainage tubing. At some times over 40 diesel powered pump units
were in use divided over several locations.

10/26/04 12
13 Soil type

Over the whole route the soil contained large amounts of stones ranging from the size of an
egg up to the size of a minivan. The risk of damage by falling stones and the fact that a trench
could not be left open for a long period in a habited area, was the reason that the trenches were
closed immediately after the pipe was lowered. Special self-propelled screening plants had to
be hired to produce the first layer of clean back-fill material. Despite these actions several
impact damages due to falling stones had to be repaired using the tie-inn method.

Sieved sand
no rocks

Figure 14. Special self-propelled screening machine

14 Logistics:

The pipes were transported by truck from the factory in Holland to the oof-load areas near the
jobsite. (see also picture 1) Each truck could haul 25 pipes per trip. A total of 4700 pipes had
to be transported by 188 truckloads. Upon arrival a German company named FINKE unloaded
the pipes. This company is specialised in pipe transport and handling. They used a 4 axle all
terrain truck equipped with a vacuum device to lift the pipes. The pipes were picked up with a
large saddle that was vacumized, so holding the pipe. This equipment made it possible to
handle the pipe with a single person. Finke was able to unload 5 truckloads of 25 pipes per
day. They also transported and strung the pipe on site with 1 truck and a crew of 2 persons of
which one person handled the wooden sleepers.

The pipes where strung along the pipeline route without using intermediate storage. To
minimise the transport distance on site, a large number of unload locations were used such as
public parking spaces, farms, farmland etc. Although more than 4700 pipes were handled not a
single pipe got damaged as a result of transport and handling.

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 Vacuum

Figure 15. Transporting pipe to site

Installation
First the final route was clearly marked by the surveyors. After this the fertile top layer was
removed over the full width of the right of way and stored separately.
Three installation crews were active. The first crew making double pipe joints. The second
crew then followed bonding the remaining joints and creating a pipe string of 1000 meter.
After trenching the leak detection cable was placed in the sand bed at the bottom of the trench
and covered with about 1 inch of sand. Then the pipe string was lowered by means of three
excavators equipped with cradles.
A pipe line padder first backfilled the trench at the sides of the pipe. This first part of the
backfill was compacted with a hydraulic driven compactor attached to an excavator. Before
continuation of the backfill a 2” polyethylene pipe was laid next to the GRE pipeline followed
by the final backfill.

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Figure 16. Lowering of pipe into the trench

Figure 17. Compaction of the soil.

10/26/04 15
Conclusion

A lot of credit must also be given to the contractor, BOHLEN & DOYEN for the successful
installation of this pipeline. They showed to be a reliable partner working closely together as a
team with Ameron and the other companies involved.

Although the job was completed successful also here lessons were learned:

The geological situation learned that no matter how thorough or exact a survey is, it will not
show all the obstacles that mother earth can put in your way.
1. Once more it was proven that complicated jobs can be completed successfully with the
right people and equipment.
2. The bonded joint is a reliable joint which proved to be easily made under all
circumstances.
3. Installation speed could be maintained even under difficult weather and terrain conditions.
4. Ameron manufacturing proved to be most flexible, making last minute orders come in
time.

When designed well, produced well and installed well GRE proves to be a reliable material
which meets its expectations.

Literature
1. Technical bulletin 1, Introduction into glass reinforced plastics, Ameron BV FPD-Europe,
March 1997.
2. Becetel Report No. 5166, Hydrostatic pressure test on glass-fibre reinforced test spool
18”for EWE.
3. Bureau Veritas Inspection Report No. RTD.001. rev. 0 18” spool series 3400
4. TĥV Report Fremdüberwachung des Scheiteldruckversuches der Fa. Ameron bei TNO
Eindhoven, NL, am 11.9.2001 und Besprechung bei Ameron am 12.9.2001
5. TNO Report BU4.01/040463-2/MS Ring stiffness of a 18”GRE pipe
6. 3 R International, Zeitschrift für die Rohrleitungspraxis, Schwerpunkt 3/2002, page
173/176 “Planung einder 54 km langen GfK-Rohrleitung für den Solprozess des
Brandenburger Gasspeichers Rüdersdorf”

10/26/04 16
Addendum 1

Introduction

In order to understand the glass reinforced thermosetting plastics, a brief introduction is

included in this addendum:

x Manufacturing of pipes and fittings;

x Differences between the several resin systems epoxy/polyester/ vinylester/phenolic;
x Reasons why glass reinforced thermosetting plastics are selected;
x Pressure capabilities and the chemical resistance.

Introduction to glass reinforced plastic pipes.

Common used abbreviations

GRP is the common abbreviation that is used as an umbrella for Glass Reinforced Plastic
piping. When specifying certain resins, the abbreviations below are used:

1. GRE = Glassfiber Reinforced Epoxy

2. GRVE = Glassfiber Reinforced Vinylester
3. GRP = Glassfiber Reinforced Polyester or Glassfiber Reinforced Plastics
4. GRPH = Glassfiber Reinforced Phenolic

10/26/04 17
Filament Winding

Filament winding is the name for the process by which Ameron composite pipe work is
manufactured, but which also has the potential to be used for large complex structures [1].
There are several configurations; the most common one is shown in Figure 2. Here,
continuous tows of reinforcement are drawn through a resin bath to wet them and are then
applied, via a transverse feed eye, to a rotating mandrel. The speed of the feed eye relative to
that of the mandrel determines the winding angle. For pressure piping, a winding angle of ±
55° is commonly used. Modern winding machines are numerically controlled to lay down a
precisely controlled pattern of reinforcement. For chemical resistance, the pipes are usually
provided with a resin rich inner liner. This is applied onto the mandrel in the form of a non-
woven scrim, soaked in resin. The reinforcement in the scrim may be either C-glass of non-
woven polyester fabric.

Figure 1. Winding of a pipe at Ameron BV FCPD-Europe (40ft plant)

Filament winding is not limited to simple cylindrical shapes: pipes with bell ends may be
wound, as well as pressure vessels or storage tanks with wound-in ends. Large structures such
as storage tanks and silos may also be produced by filament winding. In some cases, as with
large tanks, the process may be simplified to a process of hoop winding, to minimise the rate
at which the feed eye must transverse the mandrel. When this is done, spray lay-up of
randomly oriented fibres is often employed in addition to the hoop winding to give the
structure the necessary transverse strength.

10/26/04 18
The process is not limited to axi-symmetric structures: prismatic shapes and more complex
parts, such as tee-joints may be wound on machines equipped with the appropriate number of
freedom degrees. Complex shapes, which have been successfully filament wound, include
rocket motor casings, aircraft fuselages and railroad hopper cars.

In the introduction of pipe work, impregnated tows are wound onto waxed, preheated steel
mandrels. After winding these mandrels are removed from the machine to an oven for curing
and post curing, during which the mandrel is continuously rotated to maintain uniformity of
resin content around the circumference. After curing, the pipe is removed from the mandrel
either by a hydraulic extractor or by the application of internal pressure. Although most
filament winding operations are batch processes, it is possible to filament wind continuous
pipe work.
After the removal of the mandrel the pipe can be machined. A hydro-test of the pipe in the
plant will be the final step for transportation.

Figure 2. Schematic overview winding process.

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Figure 3. Machining spigot on GRE pipe.

Design parameters

Glass reinforced epoxy pipes are widely used in industrial industry, marine, oil & gas market,
offshore and fuel market.

For applications where corrosion is an important factor, glass reinforced epoxy pipes are the
best choice, as the GRE pipe is resistant against a wide range of chemicals. It can, therefore,
be used for salinated water, acids, caustics, CO2, H2O and many other applications. GRE can
even be used for potable water applications.
Important issues for engineering companies and end-users to choose for GRE pipes are the
following properties of the pipe:

x No need for maintenance

x No coating required
x No cathodic protection required

Another typical property of the pipe is its low weight. The specific gravity of GRE is
1,800 kg/m3, resulting immediately in a lower weight of total pipe compared with steel
(roughly about 1 / 4 to 1/6). Therefore, the pipe is easy to handle.

Once at a certain yard, the workers were impressed and even stopped working when
they saw a guy lifting a 6" pipe by himself. How could that be possible, unless this
was an extremely strong guy? It turned out to be an Ameron GRE 6”pipe, the
confusion being caused by the fact that Ameron pipes are black coloured.

Due to lighter installation equipment total installation cost of a GRE system is lower
compared to a steel installation.

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The lower weight of GRE is an advantage in structures where weight is an important issue, for
example on offshore platforms or even on pipe bridges.

GRE pipes have a very smooth inside surface. The internal roughness of the pipe is
0.0000053 m and the Hazen Williams factor is 150. These values do not change over time,
because there is no corrosion. These low values reduce pressure loss dramatically, resulting
immediately in reduction of pumping costs and very often in smaller diameter than initially
required by the customer.

The life expectation of the pipe is well beyond 20 years. There are installations known to us
that have been in operation for over 30 years. One example is a pipeline in Delft, the
Netherlands, which has been installed in 1969 and which has been in operation ever since.

Allowable pressure ratings of GRE pipes

Pressure ratings that can be achieved with filament wound GRE pipes are shown in table 1.

Table 1: Examples pressure ratings GRE pipes

Diameter Pressure rating

2" – 12" 75 bar
14" – 20" 50 bar
24" – 40" 25 bar

Under certain conditions, pressures in the lower diameters up to 200 bar are possible.

10/26/04 21
Jointing types

Examples of commonly used jointing systems in GRE pipe systems.

1. Bonded joints
Taper/Taper (see figure 4)

Figure 4. Taper/Taper joint.

Taper/Taper adhesive bonded joints are used for pressure ratings from 10 to 75 bar
(depending on pipe size). Pipe sizes are available in the range 2" to 40". Spigots and bell
ends are tapered. Due to the conical shape of both bell and spigot, axial force is equally
divided into all laminate layers. The contact surface is bonded with a two-component
adhesive Using matching male and female ends, this offers a controlled adhesive
thickness.

10/26/04 22
2. Mechanical Joint

For example the Key-Lock joint (see figure 5).

Figure 5. Key-lock joint with one O-ring and two nylon locking keys

A 'Key-Lock' connection is a restrained mechanical joint, which is fast and easy to install.
Sealing is achieved by means of a rubber O-ring that is installed on the Key-Lock male
end. After the pipe insertion, a nylon key that is introduced from the outside of the female
end will lock the joint connection. Depending on size and pressure class, one or two keys
are used. The Key-Lock pipe system, in combination with tapered bonded fittings is
available in size 2"-40".

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3. Threaded Joint

For example the Centron joint (see figure 6).

Figure 6. Threaded joint with an O-ring.

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4. Coil-Lock joint (see figures 7 and 8)

The Coil-Lock joint is in fact an extended Key-Lock connection, but instead of using one
nylon key (rod), a spiral of nylon is used functioning as the thread for female and male.

Figure 7. Coil-Lock joint with two O-rings and a helical nylon key.

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Figure 8. Overview of part used in Coil-Lock joint.

10/26/04 26
Comparison between resin types

In table 2 a comparison is given on the physical properties of epoxy versus polyester and
vinylester. From a mechanical properties point of view, epoxy is superior. Also the pressure
ratings that can be achieved for the pipes are higher with GRE pipes than with the others.
Ameron produces all three types as well as a phenolic type.

Table 2. COMPARISON EPOXY VERSUS POLYESTER/VINYLESTER

EPOXY
1 Limited shrinkage stresses
2 High reproducibility
3 Suitable for (high) pressure applications
4 Maximum temperature at design pressure
110°-130° C.
POLYESTER/VINYLESTER
Shrinkage stresses will cause
delaminations
Lower reproducibility
Low pressure applications at lower
temperature. Sensitive for shear under
stress; lower mechanical properties
Maximum temperature 110° C
-130° C reduced mechanical properties

5 Wide scale of chemical resistance Good behaviour in chlorine

(also hydrocarbons)
6 Fast and reliable jointing systems,
correlating with the pressure rating
(bell/spigot and/or mechanical joints
up to 40”)
environments, not in solvents
Low pressure bell/spigot joints and
laminated joints at larger diameters
(hand laminates in the field are
influenced by e.g. humidity,
workmanship, etc.)
Styrene emission during laminating.

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