again, and, because, consequently, however, or, therefore, yet, whereas

 To show similarity: similarly, likewise, in a similar manner, like, in the same way, analogously
 To compare or show contrast: however, nevertheless, rather, whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, on the
contrary, by comparison, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, although, conversely, but,
meanwhile, in contrast, after all, otherwise, alternatively.
 To express an alternative: or, either . . . or, whether . . . or
 To express concession: granted, naturally, of course, one may object that . . .
 To introduce a new point: furthermore, moreover, in addition
 To place what you have just said in a particular context: in this connection, in this perspective
 To add something: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, next, what is
more, moreover, as well as, in addition, first (second, etc.), not only . . . but
 To prove your point: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, indeed, in fact, in any case,
that is, demonstrably.
 To show cause and effect: as a result, consequently, hence, due to, in view of, on account of, accordingly, for
this reason, therefore.
 To give an example or an illustration: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, take the case of,
to illustrate, as an illustration, to take another example, namely, that is, as shown by, as illustrated by, as
expressed by.
 To repeat, insist and/or refer back to an earlier point: as I have said, in brief, as I have noted, as suggested
above, as has been noted
 To emphasize: definitely, extremely, indeed, absolutely, positively, obviously, naturally, always, never,
surprisingly, emphatically, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation, perenially, forever.
 To conclude a paragraph or an essay: thus, lastly, in brief, in short, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude, in
conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said
 The words listed in each section have different meanings and are not interchangeable. If you have doubts as
to the exact meaning of a connective, check them in your dictionary and/or in the "Essay writing" section of
your Robert & Collins.

Type of transition
Addition additionally, and, also, as well as, furthermore, in addition, moreover
Comparison correspondingly, equally, identically, in comparison, in the same way, likewise, similarly
Exemplifying and illustrating e.g., for example, for instance, including, markedly, specifically, such as, to illustrate
Contrast alternatively, but, contrarily, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the one hand … on the other
hand, yet
Emphasis above all, again, certainly, especially, in fact, indeed, most importantly, of course, particularly
Concession although, even though, despite, nevertheless, notwithstanding, whereas, while
Cause or effect as a result, because, consequently, due to, hence, since, subsequently, therefore, thus
Concluding or summarising all in all, in conclusion, in short, finally, in summary, to review, to sum up, on the whole
Clarification or restatement i.e., in essence, in other words, namely, that is

LINKING IDEA CONNECTIVES

Addition - and, also, moreover, furthermore, additionally
Similarity similarly, likewise, equally, in the same way
Opposition or contrast - but, alternatively, on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, even
though, conversely, however, whereas
Concession - admittedly, obviously, however, although, indeed, even though
Cause or effect - because, thus, since, accordingly, consequently, therefore, for this reason, as a result, in
conclusion, otherwise,

Emphasis - in fact, indeed, most importantly, to repeat, again, truly

Clarification - in particular, specifically, to put it another way, namely, for example, in other words, such as
Time relation or sequence - first, second, third (etc), next, before, later, earlier, subsequently, while, then,
meanwhile, finally, to conclude, given the above, following
 Consequently Rejecting
TO ADD AN IDEA Additionally Draws our attention
In addition Contrastingly Draws us
Another reason/aspect/example Conversely Eluding - Make a disguised
Furthermore Similarly reference to
Moreover Presumably Alluding
Alternatively Evoke
TO INTRODUCE A CONTRAST Remarkably Elicit
Compare this with Essentially Enkindle
In contrast Provoke
However Arouse
In spite of Analysis Vocab Gains our respect
Although Adjectives – Add emphasis Guilt
Notwithstanding Admits Hinting
Even though Adopts Stultification - Derision of
Advances the argument someone or something as foolish
TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE Advocates - Speak, plead, or or absurd or inconsistent, The act
For example argue in favour of of making something futile and
An example of this is Aggrandises - Add details to useless (as by routine)
A further instance of this is Asserts Educating us to reconsider
Appeals Employs… humour
TO POINT TO EVIDENCE Attempts Encourages
It can be seen that Cajoling - Influence or urge by Engages
The evidence is that gentle urging, caressing, or Exaggerates
In support of this flattering Examine
Challenges Exemplify - Clarify by giving an
TO MAKE A TENTATIVE Claims example of, Be characteristic of
STATEMENT Concentrates on Illustrate
Studies suggest that Condemns Explores
Perhaps Confronts Expresses
It would seem that Contends Highlights
It tends to be the case that Convinces Implies
Communicates Invites the reader to…
TO INTRODUCE A RESULT Credentials Labels
Accordingly Denigrates - attack the good Leading us to…. Oppose
As a consequence name and reputation of Likens
As a result someone, play down Maintains
In view of the above Asperse Makes a point that…
Calumniate Manipulates
TO INTRODUCE A LOGICAL Defames Mocks
CONCLUSION Besmirches Overtly (adj.)… Open and
Thus Denouncing observable; not secret or hidden
Therefore Discredit Patronising - Treat
It could be concluded that Dismisses condescendingly
Consequently Debases the validity… Plays upon our fears…
Finally Degrade Pleads
Belittle Points out
TO CONCLUDE Derisive (adj.) - Abusing vocally; Portray
In conclusion expressing contempt or ridicule Positions us to agree
To sum up Deride (verb) Provokes us…
To review Ridicule Professionalism
Debunk Puts forward the view that…
Describes Reassuring
Disregard Recognises
Adverbs Dismiss Rejects
Reflects Trivialise - Make trivial or In contrast
Relies on … insignificant Nevertheless
Reminds Derogates – play down Nonetheless
Reminisces Urges Nor do/does
Rouses Undermines Still
Seeks to… undermine support Vilifies the opponent Unlike
Shows Whereas
Submits Yet
Subtly While
Suggests Despite
Sympathises Even so
Tries However
Furthermore
Unlike…
In contrast…

• Unlike Writer Y, Steven X draws upon his own experience as a health professional to argue the case for …………
• In contrast to the rather hyperbolic tones of Z, X adopts a far more measured and analytical approach to the issue
of ……
• Keen to distance himself from the rather self-serving approach of Y, Z appeals to the readers’ sense of fair play
and compassion.
• A appeals to her readers’ sense of pride by citing example of ………….
• In contrast to the rather optimistic approach taken by X, Y stressed the need for …
• Adopting similar tones of outraged disbelief to X, Z argued the case for …………….. X appeals to our sense of ...
• Y seeks to position her audience as loyal supporters of …
• Z invites his readers to share his sense of outrage/horror/disgust at...
• X plays upon our fears of …
• Y draws our attention to our shared love for …
• Z maximises the impact of her story by her adroit use of phrases such as ‘…’ and ‘….’
• X seeks to undermine the position of those who would…by citing specific examples of how they have …
• Y engages the sympathies of his audience with his heartfelt recollections of ...
• Z dismisses the claims of her opponent with her quite scathing attack on …
• X draws us into a shared sense of outrage with his disturbing examples of how

Reporting words
VERB ALTERNATIVES
show - demonstrate, establish
persuade - assure, convince, satisfy
argue - reason, discuss, debate, consider
propose - advance, propound, suggest
advise - suggest, recommend, advocate, exhort, encourage, urge
believe - hold, profess (the view that …)
emphasise - accentuate, stress, underscore
support - uphold, advocate
state - express, comment, remark, de clare, articulate, describe, instruct, inform, report
examine - discuss, explore, investigate, scrutinise
evaluate - appraise, assess
hypothesise - speculate, postulate
claim - allege, assert, affirm, contend, maintain
disagree - dispute, refute, contradict, object, dissent
reject - refute, repudiate, remonstrate (against), discard, dismiss, disclaim