Faith Kandie

30 January 2018
G/T Independent Research

Annotated Source Bibliography

"10 Cold Cases Solved." ​Forensics Colleges​, Sechel Ventures,

www.forensicscolleges.com/blog/resources/10-cold-cases-solved.

This blog describes how forensic science is helping clarify many gruesome cases and that
there were multiple lawsuits that were settled. The beneficial thing about this is that families will
finally get closure of what happened to their loved ones. Most murder cases extract DNA to
figure out the murderer. There is an abundance of lawsuits that uses DNA to solve cases such as
the case of Krystal Beslanowitch. Krystal Beslanowitch was murdered by a rock, but by using
forensic science technologies, investigators were able to help figure out the murderer. Forensic
science is continuing to develop and unravel more matters today.
This blog was somewhat helpful. Although it did give cases that were solved through
forensic science, it also had cases that were not solved through it. Also, it is a site that would be
hard to write more than half a page summary for. This is difficult because there’s not much to
summarize without giving too many details about a trial. Therefore, this piece would be
favorable to those who need examples of forensic science being used in trials.

Akin, Louis L. "Blood Splatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes."

Blood Splatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes​.​EBSCOhost​,
web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=24&sid=e77d9fc8-5dad-4131-8228-48150d
f9e559%40sessionmgr102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=f5h&AN
=16789125. Accessed 7 Nov. 2018. Originally published in ​FBI Law Enforcement
Bulletin​, Feb. 2005.

This source explains how experts analyze blood splatter in crime scenes. The first step is to
record the data by photographing and measuring the evidence. To record the data, experts should
know how important the evidence is, the location of where the blood splatter came from, the length
and width of a drop, and the distance from the drop to the place from where the blood came. This
examination helps clarify the number of shots or stabs that happened, the type of weapon used, and
the position of the victim and criminal before and after the crime. The higher the velocity, it is
likely it came from a gunshot because it has a greater external force. The lower the velocity, it is
likely it came from a blood-soaked item because of a less external force. If analysts fail to collect
and save the data, it is lost forever. Thus, blood splatter evidence is significant in technological
advances in forensic science.
 This article was very beneficial because it explained blood splatter evidence. It relates to the
overall topic because it shows a way of how cases can be solved using this method. The article
can make an individual investigate more techniques on how to settle crimes. There is no bias
presented since it only explains the facts of a specific kind of evidence.

A Simplified Guide To Bloodstain Pattern Analysis​. www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/blood/Bl

oodstainPatterns.pdf.

This source describes the analysis of bloodstains. There are three different types of
bloodstains: passive stains, transfer stains, and impact stains. Passive stains is drops and flows
that tend to result from gravity acting on an injured body. Transfer stains come from objects that
come into contact with existing bloodstains. Impact stains are usually seen as spatter.
Components of blood spatter is based on the speed of the blood leaving the body and the type of
force applied. There are three kinds of injuries: sharp force injuries, blunt force injuries, and
gunshot injuries. Sharp force injuries are usually caused by an object with small surface area
such as a knife. Blunt force injuries can occur from a bat or hammer. Gunshot injuries are caused
by bullets entering and leaving the body.
This source explains blood spatter analysis. This source is helpful to those who are
researching how experts analyze blood spatter. ​There is no bias shown throughout the source
because of it providing facts on the different types of blood stains and injuries.

A Simplified Guide to Fingerprint Analysis,

www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/prints/Fingerprints.pdf

This article explains fingerprint analysis in the forensic field. Fingerprints can be found
on any solid surface. Those on soft surfaces are identified as three-dimensional plastic prints,
those on hard surfaces are either patent (visible) or latent (invisible). Visible prints are created
when blood, dirt, etc., is moved from a finger to a surface. Latent prints are formed when the
natural body’s oil and sweat are located on a surface. They are collected by high-resolution
photography at different angles. However, there are various ways to collect patent prints. The
most commonly used method is by dusting a smooth surface with fingerprint powder, taking a
photo of the evidence, and transferring the print, using tape, to a latent card to preserve it. The
other three main ways to gather patent prints are by an alternate light source, cyanoacrylate, and
chemical developers. Investigators use alternate light source by using lasers to expose the
fingerprints. Cyanoacrylate is superglue processing and is used by releasing fumes of
cyanoacrylate to reveal the fingerprint under a white light source. Finally, the use of chemicals
such as ninhydrin and physical developer can identify fingerprints. After collecting data, there
are computerized systems that search databases to match fingerprints to an individual.
Fingerprint examiners use a technique called ACE-V. A stands for analysis where the print is
determined if it can be used for comparison. The comparison is determining if the characteristics
and location of the print match. E stands for evaluation where it decides if the prints are from the
same source and V stands for verification which verifies the conclusions of the original
examiner.
This article is very beneficial because it gives well-explained details about fingerprint
analysis. There is no bias since it only discusses facts. Individuals who are researching
fingerprint analysis could find this source helpful.

Dunning, Hayley. “Analysing the Bones: What Can a Skeleton Tell You?” ​Natural History
Museum​, 31 May 2017, www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/analysing-the-bones-what-can-a-
skeleton-tell-you.html.

This article describes what a skeleton can tell an individual when analyzing bones. When
analyzing bones, the first thing to know is the sex of the person. The two parts that are most
useful for determining the sex is the pelvis and the skull. Females have wider pelvises than men.
The next thing to determine is the age of the person. To determine this, analysts look at the teeth.
It is more difficult to determine the age of adult teeth that are fully developed rather than for a
child because the stages at which different teeth emerge from the gums are well-known. An easy
thing to determine is if the individual had a disease because there are markers in the teeth and
bones that can be looked at by looking at patterns of diseases across time. There are three types
of trauma: fractures, sharp force, and blunt force. Fractures is where there are stresses on the
bone which causes them to break. Sharp force trauma is when a sharp object is used against a
bone while blunt force trauma is caused by impact from a blunt object.
This article explains the different ways in analyzing skeletons of an individual. This
source is beneficial to those who want to learn more about what an anthropologist does. There is
no bias shown because it is providing facts about analyzing bones.

“Fingerprints.” ​Crime Museum​,

www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/forensic-investigation/fing
erprints/.

This source explains the analysis of fingerprints. There are three types of fingerprints:
latent, patent, and plastic. Latent fingerprints that cannot be seen by eye and needs careful
examination in order to be seen. Patent fingerprints can be seen by eye and so can plastic. These
fingerprints can be found on surfaces such as porous, non-porous smooth, and non-porous rough.
Porous surfaces are surfaces that absorb liquid while non-porous surfaces don’t absorb liquid.
The difference between non-porous smooth and non-porous rough are that non-porous smooth
surfaces consist of plastic and glass while non-porous rough surfaces include leather and vinyl.
When determining fingerprint class types, they could be identified as arches, loops, and whorls.
After determining the fingerprint type, it is compared to the suspect’s fingerprint at the crime
scene.
This source explains fingerprint analysis. This source is helpful to those who are
researching the different methods of forensic science. ​There is no bias shown throughout the
source because of it providing facts on the analysis of fingerprints.

Flavin, Brianna. "Criminology vs. Criminal Justice vs. Criminalistics: Your

Guide to Finding the Right Field." ​Rasmussen College​, 3 May 2017,
www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/justice-studies/blog/
criminology-vs-criminal-justice-vs-criminalistics-guide/. Accessed 24 Oct.
2018

This article evaluates the ideas of criminology, criminal justice, and criminalistics and
what an individual can do to obtain a job in those fields. Criminology is the study of crime where
behavioral sciences are used to investigate the causes of crime and create ways to prevent the
crime from occurring again. Most jobs in this field are based on government, research or
teaching. The best degree to achieve is an advanced degree in criminology or a similar field in
order to get a job. Additionally, the source claims that criminal justice is broad and covers the
subdivisions of criminology and criminalistics. Careers that can be acquired in this area are
attorneys, bailiffs, correctional officers, and Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents,
and they each require different levels of education. Finally, criminalistics refers to a specific area
of forensic science. This division analyzes firearms and tool marks, trace evidence, DNA and
serology, drugs, alcohol, and toxicology in laboratories. In order to become specialized in this
interest, an individual would need a bachelor’s degree in one of the natural sciences.
Although it does not talk much about forensic science, it clarifies a specific section of the
area. The article helps one figure out their focus in the field of crime and what they can do to
achieve that goal, which deepens research.

"Forensic Science History." ​New York State Police​, www.troopers.ny.gov/

Crime_Laboratory_System/History/Forensic_Science_History/.

This article discusses how forensic science developed over the years. Science,
technology, and crime-solving come together in this branch of law enforcement. The first-ever
recording of it was in the 700’s. The knowledge of this subject was enhancing in the 1800’s
when they were using DNA and questioned document analysis. To help improve this field,
researchers and instructors were teaching it in universities. During the 1900’s, DNA became an
enormous part in science, and there was improvement almost every year. Forensic science is
exceedingly important today and is continuing to grow to help solve further unsolvable crimes.
Without it, police and law enforcement would not be able to unravel crimes.
 This article is very beneficial because it describes every advancement of the department
from the 700’s to today. The author is able to thoroughly explain each century and the phases of
forensic science in those years. Although it states the progress of this field, it is a brief
explanation of how it started. An individual can question how forensic science really came to be.

Gannon, Megan. "Amazing DNA Tool Gives Cops a New Way to Crack Cold Cases." Science
News, 12 July 2017, www.iupui.edu/~walshlab/Media/
Offline%20Webpages/Amazing%20DNA%20Tool%20Gives%20Cops%20a%20New%2
0Wa%20to%20Crack%20Cold%20Cases%20_%20NBC%20News.html.

This article discusses a future innovation of forensic science. Scientists were previously
content with the idea of DNA fingerprinting, however, now there is a new technique involving
DNA but focused on DNA phenotyping. DNA phenotyping is the ability to use DNA to
determine an anonymous person’s physical characteristics. An unsolved case of a double-murder
was unsolved for three years until a company named Parabon NanoLabs used DNA phenotyping
to know what the criminal looks like. Investigators have always relied on DNA, but the DNA
tests provided were sometimes never sufficient. DNA phenotyping allows them to obtain a better
understanding of what the culprit’s physical characteristics are. However, the sketch made by
this system could give the family false hope, and it could also lead the police to the wrong
person. To add on, DNA phenotyping cannot notice changes in a person’s appearance due to
smoking, drinking, and injuries. Investigators hope this new technology provides a brighter
future for unsolved cases.
This source explains a new innovation in the forensic science department. This article is
beneficial to those who are researching new methods on how to solve unsolved cases. There is
no bias demonstrated because it is providing facts of DNA phenotyping and its progress in the
field.

Gerbis, Nicholas. “What Exactly Do They Do During an Autopsy?” ​LiveScience​, Purch, 26 Aug.
2010, www.livescience.com/32789-forensic-pathologist-perform-autopsy-csi-effect.html.

This source provides information on what a forensic pathologist does during an autopsy.
They first start by performing an external examination. This consists of inspecting the body by
measuring and weighing the body, observing the individual’s characteristics, looking for injuries
and deposits such as gunpowder residue. If necessary, an internal examination is done by
removing organs from the body. Pathologists then examine the organs and tissue samples are
taken from the organs. After examining the body, the organs are either returned back to the body
or cremated according to the family’s wishes.
 This source explains the examinations performed during an autopsy. This source is
helpful to those who are researching what a pathologist does in an autopsy. ​There is no bias
shown throughout the source because of it providing facts on how autopsies are executed.

Hammond, Sarah. "The DNA factor: lawmakers are expanding the use of forensic technology to
battle crime." State Legislatures, June 2010, p. 12+. Student Resources in Context,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A227945536/GPS?u=elli85889&sid=GPS&xid=3be5
3662. Accessed 10 Dec. 2018

This source examines the effect DNA has on forensic science with dealing with crime. As
states become more expansive with DNA, it becomes more likely that there is already a DNA
sample in the FBI’s Combined DNA Index database. The first, the convicted offender index,
permits criminal justice officers to collect evidence from the crime scene to find a match from
DNA from qualifying criminals. The second, the forensic index, allows samples from those
criminals to be compared to DNA from unsolved crimes. DNA is the most beneficial method in
the field of forensics, but there is room for error. It is likely for the mislabeling, misreporting or
contaminating of samples. Although it may seem as DNA is used to serve criminals justice, it is
also used to remove those wrongfully convicted and solve cases of missing or unidentified
people. However, there is backlog which delays analysis of forensic science. Casework sample
backlog is the samples collected from crime scenes, suspects, and victims. Convicted offender
backlog are samples of those who have been previously arrested. A program, the Forensic DNA
Backlog Reduction, helps develop new technologies and remove backlog.
This article is very beneficial because it gives a deeper analyzation of DNA and forensic
science. There is no bias displayed since it discusses the positive and negative effects of DNA.
Individuals who want to get a better understanding of this method would be able to use this
piece.

Hussung, Tricia. "Crime Scene Investigator: Job Description and Responsibilities." ​West
Virginia State University,​ 27 Feb. 2017, online.wvstateu.edu/news/criminal-justice/
crime-scene-investigator-job-description/.

This article explains what a crime scene investigator does for his or her job. These
examiners play a huge role in this field. There are many tasks to complete for other officials in
clarifying a lawsuit. The main job is to investigate and collect the weapon or other evidence,
often. In order to become successful, an individual needs to be able to have strong critical and
analytical thinking skills. These agents usually work in cases by having to investigate what
happened, how it happened, and who was involved. They could either be working on-site or
doing administrative work at offices, either way, being an investigator required hard work and
focus. They work with any type of crime in almost all areas. To become an inspector, an
individual would have to get a bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice.
This article gives a deep understanding of what crime scene investigators do. Although it
is not the same as a forensic scientist, it is very similar because both have to use scientific data or
proof to help solve misconduct, both are huge jobs of law enforcement. Fortunately, there is no
bias because the author is simply stating facts. This piece can be used to compare and contrast
what a forensic scientist does and what crime scene investigator does. The article raises
questions on what an analyst does in the field of forensic does and what courses they need to take
in order to become an expert. Not only that but also what degree is needed.

Koppl, Roger. "Breaking up the forensics monopoly: eight ways to fix a broken system." Reason,
Nov. 2007, p. 44+. Student Resources in Context,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A169677470/GPS?u=elli85889&sid=GPS&xid=c0fd
de18. Accessed 13 Dec. 2018.

This source addresses the problems with the forensic system and how it can be fixed.
There are many possibilities of error that could happen such as, false fingerprint identification
and misreading of evidence, which can lead to false convictions. The main problem is monopoly.
When evidence is sent to a lab, it is not sent to another lab to be reviewed which increases the
risk of error. The article provides eight steps to make the system better. The first step is to send
evidence to multiple labs to decrease the rate of error. Secondly, crime labs should be arranged
by the courts instead of the police. The third step that should be made is for statistics of data to
be reviewed by an officer of the court. Also, when analyzing forensics, scientists should be
protected from domain-irrelevant information which can cause bias. Another step is allowing
defendants to have the right to a forensic scientist to help interpret evidence. Similar to the
previous step, a suspect should have the right to forensic counsel and a government voucher to
assist with the pay. To add on, there should be a division of forensic analysis and interpretation
to prevent challenges of errors of interpretation. Finally, private labs could provide beneficial
work. If these steps are taken, the costs of the system will be reduced.
This source is useful to those who are researching the forensic system and improvements
that can be made. There is mild bias displayed because it only discusses the negatives of the
system.

Lundy, and John K. “Forensic Anthropology: What Bones Can Tell Us.” ​OUP Academic,​
Oxford
University Press, 1 July 1998, academic.oup.com/labmed/article/29/7/423/2504031.

This source describes what bones can tell an anthropologist. When determining the
gender, the human pelvis is the most helpful. Females have a wider pelvis for extra space when
giving childbirth. The skull is also useful in identifying the gender. A female’s skull is smoother
while a male’s skull has larger muscle attachment areas. To determine an individual’s age,
anthropologists look at the length of bones and the teeth. The ends of bones are separated by
cartilage plates which disappear and the end of the bones combine at different ages. To identify
the height of the skeleton, anthropologists measure a leg bone and use an equation for the
appropriate gender and race. Another way to determine the height is measuring the skull, some
parts of the spine, and lengths of the leg bone.
This source explains the task of a forensic anthropologist. This source is helpful to those
who are researching what a forensic anthropologist does. ​There is no bias shown throughout the
source because of it providing facts on what anthropologists do.

Miller, Ron. "The truth is in there: sleuthing for data with digital forensics." ​EContent,​ Mar.
2007, p.38+. ​Professional Collection​,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A160167537/GPS?u=elli85889&sid=GPS&xid=1787
35a5. Accessed 17 Jan. 2019.

This article describes digital forensics and its role in the forensics field. Digital forensics
is where investigators can research a hard drive or network to find evidence of wrong-doing.
There are two investigative scenarios: people using a computer to accuse others of a crime and
people using a computer to hack other computers. They can be either criminal or corporal
investigations. A corporate investigator may want to track a hacking incident while a criminal
investigator may use messaging threads to form a case of a murder investigation. Corporations
want their final results hidden to force out the employee or to make them stop the behavior. If
they discover something, they have the right to decide whether to prosecute or not. If they do
want to prosecute, they need to prove it by gathering evidence with a certain process. There are
five steps to a digital forensics investigation. The first step is to obtain all of the data and make a
copy of it. After gathering the data, investigators preserve it. The next step is for analysts to
analyze what is on the drive and dividing it into specific sections. After analyzing, the analyst
should be able to conduct reports from it. Finally, the last step is to corroborate the information
and confirm the findings. Analysts use a special tool called dtSearch which does an advanced
search and finds missing data.
This source explains digital forensics and its contribution to forensics. This source is
helpful to those who are researching the different methods of forensics. ​There is no bias shown
throughout the source because of it providing facts on what digital forensics is about.

Moore, Carole. "Scientific Sleuths." ​Scientific Sleuths.​ ​EBSCOhost,​

 web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=21&sid=69c13cd4-49bc-48e8-80ac-833399
8fdd71%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=238875
27&db=f5h. Accessed 5 Nov. 2018. Originally published in ​Career World​.

This article focuses on forensic science and the four types of professions in the field. It
states that the department continuously advances and is important in solving crimes. Forensic
artists analyze the skeleton and create a similar structure that resembles what the person looks
like. To acquire this job, a college degree is not necessary, but knowledge of human anatomy and
art is. Another profession, forensic anthropologists, help identify the body. Forensic
entomologists study the kinds of insects in an area and how their life cycles work to aid officers
in discovering how the victim died and if the body is moved before or after the death. This
position also needs a doctoral degree. Finally, a forensic document examiner analyzes
handwriting to catch the criminal in the crime. Qualifications for this career are a four-year
degree, science-related, and a two-three-year apprenticeship with FDE.
This article is helpful since it describes four different positions in the division of forensic
science. There is no bias shown throughout the source because of it providing facts on what each
career does and the expectation for that career. The piece provides a starting point for those
individuals who are investigating the specific career they have interest for.

Murray, Louise. "Forensic Science: New Technology, New Techniques."

​Engineering and Technology,​ 15 Feb. 2016, eandt.theiet.org/content/
articles/2016/02/forensic-science-new-technology-new-techniques/.

This article addresses the new machinery and techniques in the field of forensic science
in the United Kingdom. It briefly compares forensic science to how it is now to how it was
before. The writer experiences how some of the methods are handled in laboratories. An
anthropologist, Dr. Chris Rynn, shows the author a software that is 3D and allows an expert to
feel the digital clay as it is placed on the skull. The virtual autopsy and crime scene
reconstruction and mapping are seen visually and are also advancements in automation, and
another improvement in machinery is the virtual reality headsets that could transform a
courtroom into the location of the crime. Many upgrades of forensic science has to deal with
virtual reality and being able to see and feel things that are not really there.
This source was mild because it explains the growth in technology and what each
software does to help with the solution of a case. This connects to past research because it
displays how much this science has developed since the 1800s. The site gives many
advancements, however, this field is not done advancing yet. There is no bias shown, it gives a
lot of detail about the new machines and what it does. The author wants to inform others of the
real meaning behind forensic science. This article provides a starting point for those who desire
to continue to improve this department.
Naish, John. "The science of deduction: breakthroughs in forensics promise to make crimes
easier to solve. What tragedy will it take for the government to invest?" ​New Statesman,​
15 Nov. 2010, p. 36+. ​Student Resources in Context,​
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A243724778/GPS?u=elli85889&sid=GPS&xid=26f4
f2a7. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.

This source discusses the advancements of forensic science. Experts and courts agree that
there should be advancements in forensic science. Many juries want more evidence but scientists
can not provide them with more evidence due to the lack of advanced technology. Researchers
say that the funding for forensic science isn’t strong enough to expand this department. This
article also discusses the CSI effect and how jurors believe that guilty or innocence is obvious
when it is not. Fortunately, scientists are currently studying better ways on disproving jurors
views. A new method called isotope ratio mass spectrometry allows experts to figure out where
people were based on their hair if bacteria is not left behind. Also, cell phones are a common
way of executing crimes. A scientist named Volker Dellwo realized that there is a rhythmic
pattern in voices, even if someone were to disguise their voice. The author thinks that a disaster
would have to occur in order for more advancements to happen in this field.
This article was helpful because it explained new advancements of forensic science. This
relates to past research because it discusses the methods used and the growth of the science.
Anyone who is wondering how scientists have advanced in the use of this department can use
this article. There is no bias displayed because it simply states facts.

Oaklander, Mandy. "A Strange New Way to Solve Crimes." ​Time,​ 2015. ​EBSCOhost,​
web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/
detail?vid=13&sid=a8695a55-c8bb-45a1-8d48-8d33b6111b10%40sdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=J
nNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=109010579&db=ulh. Accessed 24 Oct. 2018.
Originally published in ​Time.​

This source discusses the scientific research and the contributions made in order to
improve forensic science. A detective, Bill Stewart, acts like a robber and breaks into a home of
one of the scientists studying this division. After Stewart “breaks in,” scientists enter the house
and investigate and collect as much data as possible. Instead of searching for DNA or
fingerprints, they look for bacterial tracings. Bacteria can trace many aspects such as diseases
they might have, their ethnicity, and the type of person the suspect is. They conduct their
research by collecting bacteria from multiple volunteers to help further the investigation. After
assembling all the data from the “break-in,” the scientists found two factors that related to
Stewart and to the owners of the house, which shows evidence of an intruder breaking in. These
researchers hope that this new science will be adopted in future years.
 This article expands the research on forensic science. This connects to past research
because instead of the evolution of forensic science, it gives ideas on how to advance this field.
There is no bias displayed throughout the piece because it is only researching improved ways of
solving crimes. This source is beneficial to those who are also researching different ways to
solve cases and can also expand from this research.

Simon Fraser University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. “Anthropology.” ​Resources |

INVESTIGATING FORENSICS,​ 14 Jan. 2011,
www.sfu.museum/forensics/eng/pg_media-media_pg/anthropologie-anthropology/.

This article analyzes forensic anthropology which is the application of anthropology to

criminal investigations. The first step is to verify if it is bone by cleaning the object and
examining it closely. Then, they decide whether or not the bone is from an animal or a human. If
the bone is human, an anthropologist must identify which bones are there and which ones that
are not. This allows people to figure out which ones they are missing. Another important step is
to determine if there are multiple people involved or just one person. Anthropologists do this by
comparing two of the same type of bones such as two right femora (thigh bones). Additionally,
they determine whether the remains are recent or ancient. Anthropologists need to also develop a
biological profile. The first step in doing so is determining the gender. This can be done by
analyzing the skull if the skull is larger then it is a male. They also estimate the age of the person
around the death by looking at the growth of bones and teeth. They evaluate the height and the
ancestry of the individual. Forensic anthropologists are also trained to determine the cause and
time of death by analyzing the injuries of the person. Finally, anthropologists confirm the
identity of the individual and write a report that explains the data they have found.
This article explains what a forensic anthropologist does for the forensic field. There is
no bias displayed because it simply states facts of a forensic anthropologist. ​This article is
helpful to those who are analyzing different methods of forensic science that corresponds to
different fields.

Stanojevich, Vanessa. “The Role of a Forensic Anthropologist in a Death Investigation.” ​The

Role of a Forensic Anthropologist in a Death Investigation,​ 18 June 2012,
www.omicsonline.org/the-role-of-a-forensic-anthropologist-in-a-death-investigation-215
7-7145.1000154.pdf.

This article describes the job of a forensic anthropologist. With their knowledge of the
human body, they help law enforcement with answering questions and conclusions. In crime
scenes, they contribute by identifying human remains and setting a screening area and a stage
area for excavation. When examining remains, the first thing they have to do is to determine if
the remains are bone or not and from there, determine if it is human bone or not. After this,
forensic anthropologists perform a taphonomic assessment which interprets all events that
occurred between death and discovery. They also perform a soft tissue examination. The first
step to developing a biological profile is to decide the age of the remains. After this, they also
depend on the dental development, which helps with figuring out the age of the remains. When
determining the gender, experts look at the hip bone. Forensic anthropologists classify events
resulting from sharp forces, gunshot or blunt forces. These help other forensic experts by
determining the entrance and exit wounds and the amount of shots fired. Anthropologists come
with the evidence to the courts.
This source explains in detail what a forensic anthropologist does. There is no bias shown
because it simply states facts of a profession in the justice system. This source is beneficial to
those examining the different professions in the justice system.

Tesler, Pearl. "Shadows of Doubt: CSI science isn't as solid as the TV shows lead us to believe."
Current Science, a Weekly Reader publication,​ 8 Jan. 2010, p. 8+. ​Science in Context​,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A216360677/GPS?u=elli85889&sid=GPS&xid=b11e
7e3b. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.

This article addresses how the use of forensic science in the show Crime Scene
Investigation (CSI) is different than the science we use in real crimes. Experts know that every
piece of evidence, something is left behind. To find that clue, scientists have to find evidence and
analyze it to get a certain print. The author believes that DNA is the best method in this
department because it distinguishes evidence. However, forensic science can take wrong turns.
Although it individualizes evidence, it does not specify where exactly the evidence came from.
Methods and tools can be used, but they don’t distinguish the data. For example, trace evidence
examines the tiny materials, such as hairs. They might figure out the hair, but they can’t
individualize it to one specific person. Also, everybody makes mistakes. Many investigators
hope for more studies to aid with the use of forensic science in trials. If more studies are created,
then the CSI effect, where the show portrays an expectation of the field, will be made smaller.
This source is related to the topic because it exposes the real truth behind forensic science
and briefly explains the best method in the department. Individuals can use this piece if they are
investigating the CSI effect and its accurateness. There is some bias displayed because although
it provides facts, it seems against the CSI effect which is so largely known.

"The Science behind Forensics." ​OpenLearn​, 10 Jan. 2006, www.open.edu/openlearn/

history-the-arts/history/the-science-behind-forensics#. Accessed 10 Oct.
2018.

This article discusses what forensic science is and what steps it goes through in order to
solve the crime. The forensic department examines a part of the past that would never be thought
to be discovered. Subjects such as biology, geology and math aid to administer our past. The
source gives an example of an investigation of the death of Otiz who died over 5,000 years ago.
Investigators used various sciences to help settle this case. Some of the techniques used in this
research are palynology, odontology, DNA profiling, and isotopic analysis. The author of this
study interpreted how these methods were used in the case of Otiz and many questions were
exposed when figuring out this crime. The experts have to analyze carefully all the evidence they
have and if possible, create a story that is valid about the crime scene that took place. This
department opens up a whole new field of science.
This article is convenient because it analyzes the phases of forensic science. By reading
this study, one will be able to learn the real meaning of this art and how many steps it really
takes to solve a case. The writer did an excellent job of explaining the acts taken for each form of
forensic science with the example of the death of Otiz. The research will be beneficial in
answering questions about the depth of forensic science. This piece makes an individual question
on how difficult it really is to be in this subject and the many different techniques involved with
this discipline.

“What Is Forensic Linguistics?” ​Language Matters!​, 12 Dec. 2016, lama.hypotheses.org/

70.

This article defines forensic linguistics and the contributions it makes to law. Forensic
linguistics carefully analyzes language. Police officers can use this method to solve crimes and
question witness and suspects more accurately. Lawyers, judges, and jury members use it by
assessing whether suspects are guilty or innocent. A man named Timothy Evans was convicted
of murdering his wife and baby daughter, but a linguistic expert named Jan Svartvik discovered
that he was not guilty of the crime. Svartvik was able to compare the grammatical view of parts
of the transcript of a police interview and the rest of the transcript and courts ruled that Evans
was wrongly convicted, however, he was executed before he was found innocent. However,
forensic linguistics also protects the innocents. For example, the Miranda Warnings, which is
what police officers say before arresting a person. This informs the people about their rights
under the law. There are two main sections of forensic linguistics: spoken language and written
language. Linguists focus on accent, the tone of voice, the rhythm of speech for spoken language
and they focus on spelling, word choice, and punctuation for written language. Forensic
linguistics is a developing field and significant to the law and justice field.
This source explains what a forensic linguist is and how beneficial it is to law and justice.
There is no bias displayed because it describes forensic linguistics and its background. This
article is helpful to those who are analyzing different methods of forensic science that
corresponds to different fields.

"What Is a Forensic Pathologist?" School of Medicine, omi.unm.edu/about/faq/

Forensic-pathologist.html.
 This source talks about what a forensic pathologist is, what they do, and what is required
in order to get this job. A forensic pathologist analyzes the death of people and the cause and
manner of the death. They are trained to know many forensic sciences such as trace evidence,
DNA technology, and toxicology. By examining the body and figuring out when the person died,
interpreting the injuries on the body, and clarifying the crime scene. The first step that is taken is
to evaluate the history and cause of death. After that, the forensic pathologist will examine the
body, which is also known as an autopsy. Once the body is examined, they will write a report
stating the cause and manner of the death which can then be later used to aid police officers and
investigators. Autopsies are helpful to the medical field because it leads to new strategies on
preventing disease and injury. Forensic autopsies can identify diseases that could possibly be lent
down to the next of kin. In order to become a forensic pathologist, you need to receive a
bachelor’s degree and spend four years in medical school. There are many different pathways an
individual can take such as clinical pathology, anatomic pathology, and forensic pathology. This
will most likely require more years of study.
Although this article is not specifically about forensic science, it discusses another
pathway that is similar to the forensic department. Bias is not shown because it only states facts
about the job. Individuals who are searching for another route to take in the forensic field can use
this source.

Yeatts, Tabatha. "Forensics in the Future: Trends and Technology." ​Forensics in

​the Future: Trends and Technology​. ​EBSCOhost,​ web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/
detail?vid=9&sid=1b4a2b38-5216-49e2-82f8-aeeb3eddd28b%40pdc-v-sessmgr06&bdata=Jn
N
pdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=15721156&db=sch. Excerpt originally published
in ​Forensics: Solving the Crime,​ 2001.

This article examines the clever methods forensic scientists use in order to settle cases
and what is needed to improve the technology. One method is analyzing images and videos;
scientists in this field can use photos and videos to determine the suspect or evidence in the
crime. Although there are times where images could be considered invalid and some companies
are coming up with a system to decide whether images are accurate or not. Another form used is
mass spectroscopes which can identify the kinds of particles in an item, discover the presence of
an object, and find out details of fingerprints. Sometimes, help is needed to aid the solution of a
case. Agents can approach other fields like odontology, the study of teeth, that can study bite
marks on a victim and anonymous human remains. A benefit to law enforcement is the use of
computers, they help organize and search for the data needed. Despite all the ways of solving
crimes, there are still many possibilities out there and forensic science is continuing to expand.
 This article is essential since it addresses the different approaches to unravel suits and
describes ways on how to improve technology that already exists. This source expands the depth
of research by exposing new ways to solve trials. There is no bias displayed throughout the piece
because it simply states facts of the forensic department.