Vibration Analyst Category IV Equations: Forces Mass Unbalance

Vibration Analyst Category IV Equations
FORCES
Mass Unbalance
2
 2N 
F  Me  
 60 
M = W/g
W = weight of rotor or balance weight, lb
e = rotor eccentricity or radius of balance weight, in
g = gravitational constant, 386.1 in/s2
N = RPM
Spring Force
F = Kx
K = stiffness of spring, lb/in
x = relative deflection, in
Damping Force
F = Cx
C = damping constant, lb-s/in
x = relative velocity
Inertia Force
F = Mx
M = mass, lb-s2/in
2
x = acceleration, in/s
MOTIONS
Velocity (in/s)
V = D(2f)
D = peak displacement, in
f = frequency, cycles/s (CPS)
 = 3.14
Acceleration
A = V(2f)
A = acceleration, in/s2
1 g = 386.1 in/s2
Copyright © 2011 by the Vibration Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be
reproduced without express written permission of the Vibration Institute.
Vibration Analyst: Category IV Equations 1 Approved: D. Corelli
Revision: 0 2011-09-15 English/EU Page 1 of 8
FREQUENCIES
Bearing Frequencies
 B 
FTF    1    cos CA 
 2  P 
N  B 
BPFI     1    cos CA 
2  P 
N  B 
BPFO   1    cos CA 
2  P 
 P   
2
B
BSF     1    cos 2 CA 
 2B   P 
FTF = fundamental train frequency CA = contact angle

BPFI = ball pass frequency, inner race  = machine speed
BPFO = ball pass frequency, outer race N = number of rolling elements
BSF = ball spin frequency P = pitch diameter, in
B = ball or roller diameter, in
Natural Frequency
1 k
fn 
2 m
k = stiffness, lb/in
m = w/g
w = weight, lb
g = gravitational constant, 386.1 in/s2
fn = natural frequency of a single-degree-of-freedom system, Hz
Vibration Analyst: Category IV Equations Approved: D. Corelli
2
Roll Frequency
V
f 
5D
V = web velocity, ft/min

D = roll diameter, in
f = frequency, Hz
SIGNAL PROCESSING
Dynamic Range
Vm
dB  20 log
Vr
dB
Vm
 10 20
Vr
Vm  voltage measured
Vr  voltage reference
dB  decibels
RMS
peak = 1.414 rms
Resolution
Resolution = (frequency span x window noise factor x 2)/#FFT lines
window noise factor =

1.0 for uniform window
1.5 for Hanning window
3.8 for flat top window
Data Acquisition Time (DAT)
DAT = # FFT lines/frequency span
Revision: 0 2011-09-15 English/EU 3 Page 3 of 8
VIBRATION RESPONSE
Rotor Vibration Response

2
 f 
e 
r  fn 
2
  f  
2
 f
2
1      2 

  fn    fn 
r = rotor vibration response, in peak

e = eccentricity of mass, in
f = forcing frequency, Hz
fn = natural frequency, Hz
 = ratio of damping to critical damping
Phase
f
2
fn
tan   2
f 
1 
 fn 
  phase, deg
Force Transmission/Base Motion

2
 
1  2 
X FTR  n 
 
Y F0 
2
  
2 2
 
1      2 
  n    n 
 
Base Motion
FTR = transmitted force, lb
F0 = exciting force, lb
 = forcing frequency, rad/s
n = natural frequency, rad/s
 = damping ratio
k = spring stiffness, lb/in
X = mass motion, inches peak
Y = base motion, inches peak
Forced Vibration Response
F0
X k
2
   
2
 
2
1       2  

  n    n 
FTR = transmitted force, lb

F0 = exciting force, lb
 = forcing frequency, rad/s
n = natural frequency, rad/s
 = damping ratio
k = spring stiffness, lb/in
X = mass motion, inches peak
Y = base motion, inches peak
Forced Vibration Response
STABILITY THRESHOLD
c
S  0
g
s = dimensionless stability threshold

0 = journal operating speed, rad/s
c = bearing radial clearance, in
g = gravitational constant
AMPLIFICATION FACTOR
Half Power
NCR
AF 
N2  N1
AF = amplification factor
NCR = critical speed, RPM
N2, N1 = half power points, RPM
5
Phase Change
NCR 
AF 
360 N
NCR = critical speed, RPM
 = phase change, degrees
N = speed change, RPM
DAMPING RATIO – TIME DOMAIN

1 x
  log decrement  n 0
n xn
c 
  damping ratio
cc 2
n  number of cycles
x0
 amplitude ratio in n cycles
xn
c 1
  damping ratio
cc 2AF
where C = damping constant, lb s/in

lb  sec
CC = 2 mn critical damping,
in.
lb sec 2
M = system mass,
in.
rad
n = system natural frequency,
sec
DUAL CONSTANT – DUAL CHANNEL

2
Damping Calculation Q
 fa / fb  1
 fa / fb 2 1
where fa = frequency above resonance, where the real or imaginary part of

the transfer function reaches a peak
fb = frequency below resonance, where the real or imaginary part of

the transfer function reaches a peak of opposite sign
TABLE OF SPRING STIFFNESS
k1 k2
1
k
1 / k1  1 / k 2
k1
k  k1  k 2
k2
I = moment of inertia of circular

cross-sectional area
EI D 4
k  I
64
l = total length
EA
l k  A = cross-sectional area
J = torsion constant of circular

GJ
k  cross section
l
 D4
J =
32
Gd4
k  n = number of turns
2R 64nR 3
d
3EI
k  3
l
load
48EI
k  3
2 192EI
k  3
768EI
2 k 
7 3
a b 3EI
k 
a2b2
x ab
12EI
k 
EI l 3
3EI
k 
l a
  a  a2
24 EI
k
a (6  8a)
2
l a

Vibration Analyst Category IV Equations: Forces Mass Unbalance

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Vibration Analyst Category IV Equations: Forces Mass Unbalance

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Vibration Analyst Category IV Equations

FTF = fundamental train frequency CA = contact angle

V = web velocity, ft/min

peak = 1.414 rms

Resolution = (frequency span x window noise factor x 2)/#FFT lines

window noise factor =

Data Acquisition Time (DAT)

DAT = # FFT lines/frequency span

Rotor Vibration Response

r = rotor vibration response, in peak

Force Transmission/Base Motion

FTR = transmitted force, lb

s = dimensionless stability threshold

DAMPING RATIO – TIME DOMAIN

where C = damping constant, lb s/in

DUAL CONSTANT – DUAL CHANNEL

where fa = frequency above resonance, where the real or imaginary part of

fb = frequency below resonance, where the real or imaginary part of

I = moment of inertia of circular

J = torsion constant of circular

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