Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(Accreited by NBA & NAAC, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
NH- 47, Salem Main Road, Pallakkapalayam, Komarapalayam Tk, Namakkal District- 637303, Tamilnadu
Prepared by
Mr. R.RAJARAJAN, M.E., (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor/ EEE
Approved by
Dr. G. NALLAKUMARASAMY, M.Tech., Ph.D
HOD - Mech
SRET
Publications
Group Institutions
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KOMARAPALAYAM
Manual
Student Name
Roll No
Department
Year/ Semester
Section
Excel Engineering College
Vision
To create competitive human resources in the field of engineering for the benefit
of society to meet the global challenges.
Mission
To provide the conducive ambience for better learning and to bring creativity in
the students.
To develop sustainable environment for innovative learning to serve the needy.
To meet global demands for excellence in technical education.
To train young minds with values, culture, integrity, innovation and leadership.
Vision
To create competitive man power in the field of mechanical engineering,
for the advantage of mankind.
Mission
To create a conducive learning environment to make students as
competent engineers.
To nurture the entrepreneurial ability among students.
To maintain sustainable development for creative learning to serve the
engineering society.
To inculcate human values and sensitivity.
3
EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Programme Educational Objectives (PEO’s)
I. Have a sound knowledge in mathematical and mechanical engineering aspects for solving
engineering problems.
II. Expertise in the areas of design, thermal, materials and manufacturing.
III. Practice their profession with good communication, leadership, ethics and social responsibility.
Programme Outcomes (PO’s)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and resear ch
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO’s)
1. Ability to apply their knowledge to design and analysis by using software tools.
2. Engage them professionally in industries or as entrepreneurs in the field of manufacturing and
design. 4
Excel Engineering College, Komarapalayam
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ASSESSMENT OF ATTAINMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES
After the completion of this course, students should be able to [Blooms Taxonomy]
C116.1 Ability to determine the speed characteristic of different electrical machines
C116.2 Ability to design simple circuits involving diodes and transistors
C116.3 Ability to use operational amplifiers
CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
C116.1 3
C116.2 3
C116.3 3
C116 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
MAKING CONNECTIONS:
Get circuit diagram approval from your staff in charge.
Go to the respective worktable and start to give connection as per the circuit diagram
from source side.
Make series circuit connections before the parallel circuits like voltmeter connections.
Before switch on the power, get circuit connection approval from the staff in charge.
CALCULATION:
Calculate the required quantities by suitable formulae and tabulate them with units.
Draw the necessary graphs and write the result with reference.
Get verification of observation and calculation from your staff in charge.
RECORD:
Record is show the equipment’s and your performance. It will be very useful for future
reference. So keep it as follows.
Enter the things in the record notebook those have been written in your observation.
Units should be written for all quantities.
Draw necessary graphs and complete the record before coming to the next lab class.
Don’t forget to write the theory with precaution and inference of each experiment.
SAFETY RULES
Don’t carry unnecessary item with you during performance (like water bottle, bags etc)
Before connecting any leads/wires makes sure power is switch off.
In case of emergency, push the nearby red color emergency switch of any panel or
immediately call the laboratory staff.
In case of electricity fire, never put water on it as it will further worse the condition; use
the class C fire extinguisher.
GENERAL
1. THINK SAFETY. Every machine in this lab is potentially lethal. Be aware of hazards
and use common sense. Don’t be afraid to ask questions. Your personal safety is always
the most important consideration.
2. FAMILIARIZE yourself with the specific safety rules concerning the machine you are
running.
3. DO NOT leave any running machine or experimental apparatus unattended.
4. NO HORSEPLAY.
5. NEVER put your hands into any mold or die while the machine is under power (this
includes air and electricity).
6. ALWAYS lock out (turn OFF the electricity to the machine and place a lock on the
circuit breaker panel with a sign that work is being done) any machine before working on
it.
7. If any machine is not functioning properly, shut it down and seek assistance at once.
8. DO NOT attempt to repair any machine yourself unless you are authorized by lab
supervisor to do so.
9. DO NOT attempt to repair any cable yourself unless you are authorized by lab supervisor
to do so.
10. DO NO ATTEMPT to lift or move anything beyond your capabilities - stop and get help.
11. NEVER WORK ALONE.
12. KNOW the location of the emergency stops, circuit breakers, and hydraulic controls and
how to use them.
13. DO NOT force any part of the machine beyond the limits that are specified by the
manufacturer.
8
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
INDEX
Marks
S. No. Date Name of Experiments Page No. Signature
Obtained
Load test on separately excited DC
01 11
generator
Load test on Single phase
02 19
Transformer
Expt.No:1 Date:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-20)A 1
3 Voltmeter MC (0-50)V 1
4 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 300 ,1.7A 1
6 Rheostat Wire wound 300 ,2A 1
7 Resistive load - 3KW 1
8 Tachometer Digital - 1
9 Connecting wires - - Req
FORMULAE:
1. Eg = V + Ia Ra, Volts.
2. Ra =Va/ Ia , Ohms.
3. Critical field resistance = ΔE0 / ΔIf
Where,
Eg - Generated emf at load condition, (Volts).
V - Terminal voltage, (Volts).
Ia - Armature current, (Amps).
Ra - Armature resistance, (Ohms).
Va - Armature Voltage,(Volts).
PRECAUTIONS:
11
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
MODEL GRAPH:
Magnetization curve
E0(V)
Residual
Volatge
If(A)
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
Armature reaction
drop
Eg, V IavsEg
Armature resistance
(V)
ILvs V drop
Ia,IL(A)
Excel Engineering College, Komarapalayam
12
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
13
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
TABULATION:
I. Open circuit test:
Sl. Field current Open Circuit Voltage
No
If (A) Eo (V)
Terminal Armature
S. Armature Generated EMF
Voltage (VL) in Current (Ia) in
No Resistance IaRa (Eg) in Volts
Volts Amps
14
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
THEORY:
The consideration of the magnetization characteristic will set the stage for
determining the performance of DC machines. A typical magnetization characteristic
is shown in Fig.
E0(V)
Residual
Volatge
If (A)
In conducting the OCC test, field current must be raised gradually only in the
forward direction otherwise the curve would exhibit local hysteresis loops. Further, as
the machine would have been previously subjected to magnetization, a small residual
voltage would be present with field unexcited.
The extension of the linear portion of the magnetization curve, shown dotted
in Fig. is known as the air gap line as it represents mainly the magnetic behavior of
the machines air gap, the iron being unsaturated in this region consumes negligible
ampere turns.
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BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
Ra(ave) =
Ra = 1.3 * Ra(ave)
MODEL CALCULATION:
16
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
APPLICATIONS:
Because of their ability of giving wide range of voltage output, they are
generally used for testing purpose in the laboratories.
Separately excited generators operate in a stable condition with any variation
in field excitation. Because of this property they are used as supply source of
dc motors, whose speeds are to be controlled for various applications.
Example- Ward Leonard Systems of speed control.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What do you mean by separately excited DC Generator?
In a separately excited DC Generator, a separate DC source is needed for
excitation purpose. The separately excited machine is most flexible as full and
independent control of both armature and field circuits.
RESULT:
Thus the load characteristics of DC Separately excited Shunt Generator were drawn
by conducting open circuit test and load test.
17
18
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
Excel Engineering College, Komarapalayam
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
Expt.No:2 Date:
1. Ammeter MI (0-10) A 2
2. Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 2
3. Wattmeter UPF (300V, 10A) 2
4. Auto Transformer 1 230/(0-270V) 1
5. Resistive load - 3kW 1
6. Connecting wires - - Req
FORMULAE:
1. Percentage efficiency % η = (Output / Input) × 100
= (Ws / Wp) × 100
2. Percentage regulation up = (( oV2– V2) / V2) × 100
3. Percentage regulation down = (( oV2– V2) / oV2) × 100
Wattmeter Multiplication Factor:
1. M.F = (V×I× cos ) / maximum no. of divisions on the scale.
2. Actual power measured = M.F. × No. of divisions
where,
Vp – Primary voltage, (Volts).
Vs – Secondary voltage, (Volts).
Ip – Primary current, (Amps).
Is – Secondary current, (Amps).
Wp – Primary input power, (Watts)
MODEL GRAPH:
Regulation Up
% Efficiency η
Wo (W)
Wo (W)
TABULATION:
Multiplication Factor =
Sl. Vp Ip Wp Vs Is Ws % %
Actual Actual %η Reg. Reg.
No. (V) (A) Div (V) (A) Div
(W)) (W)
Up Down
PRECAUTIONS:
In a practical transformer however, R1, X1, R2,, X2 are present as well as some core
losses are also present. The transformer draws a small current from the supply to create
magnetic flux in the core. This current is called the magnetizing current of the transformer.
MODEL CALCULATION:
For an ideal transformer, regulation is 0% since voltage drops, due to R1, X1, R2,, X2
are negligible.
For a practical transformer regulation has a +ve value. It can be considered that ,
less regulation is a better regulation . 0% regulation is the best.
APPLICATIONS
Main purpose of the transformer is step UP or step down AC supply. These are used
many application depends on requirement.
(v) In control equipment for single phase and 3 phase elective locomotives.
RESULT:
Thus the variation in the efficiency and regulation of single phase transformer for a
resistive load were determined by conducting the load test.
Wattmeter
150/ 300V
S
(0- 300V)
MI
T
S
R2
Rotor Brake Drum
S1
S2
Fuse
26
BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
Expt.No:3 Date:
AIM:
To conduct the load test on single-phase capacitor start /capacitor run induction motor
and draw following characteristics,
a) Output Vs Percentage of efficiency
b) Output Vs Speed
c) Output Vs Line current IB
d) Output Vs Slip
e) Output Vs Power factor
f) Mechanical characteristics (Torque Vs Speed)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2 0-300 Volts MI 1
Voltmeter
3 Wattmeter 10Amps,300Volts UPF 1
Tachometer
4 - - 1
FORMULAE USED:
2NT
1) Output power Po = Watts
60
2) Input power Pi = W Watts
3) Torque T = S 1 S 2 R t
2
9.81 Nm
= 9.81F 1 F 2 rref Nm
Inputpower
4) Power factor Cos o
VL IL
120 f
5) Synchronous speed Ns rpm
p
TABULATION:
Model Calculation:
Ns N
6) Percentage of slip S = o 100 %
Ns
Where
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram and meters are checked for zero
correction.
2. The DPST switch is closed and the supply is switched ON
3. By varying the autotransformer make the voltmeter to read the rated voltage.
4. At no load, note down the spring balance, wattmeter, tachometer, ammeter and
voltmeter readings.
5. Then apply the load in step by step and corresponding readings are noted.
6. The motor is unloaded and the supply is switched OFF.
MODEL GRAPH:
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Po Vs N
Po Vs %η
%Efficiency
Po Vs lL Te
x t
Po Vs T
Te
t x
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single-phase capacitor start /capacitor run induction motor was
done and the characteristics were drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
THEORETICAL
PRACTICAL VALUES
Voltage VALUES
S.No.
(volts) CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT I =I +I CURRENT CURRENT I =I +I
1 2 3 1 2 3
I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA) (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA) (mA)
Expt.No:4 Date:
AIM:
To verify two kirchoff’s law of given network with its theoretical calculation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. Ammeter (0-25)mA, 2
(0-30)mA 1
3. Voltmeter (0-30)V 3
5. Bread board -- 1
THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
FORMULA’S USED:
RT= R1+R2+R3 Ω
I = V/ RT Amps
V1= IR1Volts
V2= IR2 Volts
V3 = IR3Volts
From KVL,
V = V1+V2+V3 Volts
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
PRECAUTION:
1. Ammeter should be connected in series.
2. Voltmeter should be connected in parallel.
3. Voltage and current setting should be zero initially.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the supply, the input voltage is set to the required level.
3. Observe the readings of various meters and note down the values.
4. Same steps are repeated for various input voltages and the corresponding readings are
tabulated.
5. The validity of the laws is verified with the tabulated readings.
RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff’s law was verified practically for the given network with its
theoretical values.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Theoretical setup:
Practical Setup:
To Measure Vth:
Expt.No:5(a) Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. Ammeter (0-10)mA 1
3. Voltmeter (0-10)V 1
5. Bread board -- 1
THEORY:
Thevenin’s Theorem
It states that any circuit having number of voltage sources, resistances and open
output terminals can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage
source in series with a resistance, where the value of the voltage source is equal to the open
circuit voltage across the output terminals and the resistance is equal to the resistance seen
into the network across the output terminals.
IL=Vth/ Rth+ RL
Where,
To Measure IL:
TABULATION:
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
For supply voltage V=_____
RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified with its theoretical value.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1=_____, R2=_____, R3=_____, RL=_____.
Theoretical setup:
100Ω 560Ω
330Ω RL
(0-30)V
47Ω
RPS
GND
Practical Setup:
To Measure IL:
100Ω
560Ω
RL
(0-30)V 47Ω
RPS (0-
330Ω 100)mA
Expt.No:5(b) Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. Ammeter (0-10)mA 1
3. Voltmeter (0-10)V 1
5. Bread board -- 1
THEORY:
Norton's theorem:
It states that any circuit with voltage sources, resistances and open output terminals
can be replaced by a single current source in parallel with single resistance, where the value
of current source is equal to the current passing through the short circuit output terminals and
the value of the resistance is equal to the resistance seen into the output terminals i.e.
Norton’s equivalent resistance (R or RN).
TH
TABULATION:
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
1. The current through the Load resistance is calculated theoretically from the circuit.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Check your connections before switch on the supply.
4. Practical value of the load current is noted from the Ammeter for the different source
voltage.
5. By comparing theoretical and practical values the Norton’s theorem is verified.
6. Switch off the supply.
7. Disconnect the circuit.
RESULT:
Thus the Norton’s theorem was verified with its theoretical value.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RPS RPS
GND
Practical Setup:
With Source E1:
100Ω 560Ω
(0-100)mA
RPS
(0-30)V 330Ω
GND
(0-100)mA
RPS
330Ω (0-30)V
GND
Expt.No:5(c) Date:
AIM:
To verify the superposition theorem and determine the current flow through the
load resistances.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. Ammeter (0-100)mA 1
4. Bread board -- 1
THEORY:
Superposition Theorem
In any active linear bilateral network containing more than one source, then the
current in any resistor is equal to algebraic sum of separate Current in the resistor.
To calculate the current (or) voltage, the other voltage sources are short circuited and
current sources are open circuited.
100Ω 560Ω
(0-100)mA
RPS RPS
GND
TABULATION:
1. E1
2. E2
3.
E1&E2
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Equivalent Circuit:
Practical Setup:
AIM:
To find the maximum power transferred to the load using maximum power transfer
theorem and verify it practically.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. Ammeter (0-10)mA 1
3. Voltmeter (0-30)V 1
5. Bread board -- 1
THEORY:
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
In a circuit, the power transfer is maximum when the source resistance = the load
resistance, in case of d.c circuit or in case of source with their internal impedance which is
resistive in Nature.
IL=Voc/ Rth+ RL
Where,
TABULATION:
Load Power
S.No Power Supply Load
Supply Voltage Curren Voltage PMAX
PMAX voltage Current
voltage(V) Voc (V) t Voc(V) (W)
(W) (V) IL(mA)
IL(mA)
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
1. Open circuit voltage (Voc or Vth) is found after removing the Load resistance.
2. All the energy sources are removed from the source circuit and Thevenin’s resistance Rth
is calculated. This is done by short circuiting the Voltage source and open circuiting the
Current source.
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Maximum Power transfer to the load is calculated theoretically.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. By varying source voltage value the reading in the ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
4. The load resistance RL value is calculated and compared with theoretical value.
5. The maximum power transferred to the load is calculated.
RESULT:
Thus the Maximum Power Transfer theorem was verified with its theoretical
value.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Power in Watts
Load
Wattmeter Wattmeter Total Power Factor
S. No Current in
Reading W1 Reading W2 Power P= COSØ
Amps
Observed Actual Observed Actual W1 + W2
Expt.No:6 Date:
AIM:
To measure the three phase power using two wattmeter method of the given load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE
S.No APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
FORMULA USED:
Total 3-Phase power P = W1 +W2
√3(𝑊1−𝑊2)
Power factor cos Ф = cos [tan-1 ( )]
(𝑊1+𝑊2)
Where,
W1 – Reading of wattmeter 1 in watts
W2 – Reading of wattmeter 2 in watts
THEORY:
Power consumed in three phase electrical circuit can be measured by using the
following methods,
1. One wattmeter method
2. Two wattmeter method
3. Three wattmeter method
MODEL CALCULATION:
Among that two wattmeter method is easier to use similarly the power factor of a 3
phase load can be measured by knowing the values of power, voltage and current in the
circuit. These can be measured separately by the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
In this method, the current coils of the two watt meters are connected in any two lines
and the potential coil of each joined to the third line. The algebraic sum of their readings
gives the total power consumed whether the load is balanced or not. If the neutral wire is
available, it should carry no current or else the neutral of the load should be isolated from
the neutral of the source.
PROCEDURE:
Result:
Thus the three phase power was measured using two wattmeter methods.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
S1 S2
Spring
Rheostat A Balance
D 360 Ω / 1.2A
220V P +
DC M
Supply S V (0-300V) MC
_ F
T AA Brake
S FF Drum
Fuse
Expt.No:7 Date:
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC Shunt Motor and draw the following performance
characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Apparatus
S. No Range Type Quantity
Name
1 Ammeter 0- 20A MC 1
2 Voltmeter 0- 300V MC 1
3 Rheostat 360Ω/ 1.2 Amps -- 1
4 Tachometer -- Digital 1
Connecting
5 -- -- As required
Wires
FORMULAE:
1. Torque, T=9.81×R× (S1~S2), Nm
2. Output Power, Po = (2пNT) / 60, Watts
3. Input Power, Pi = V.IL Watts
4. Efficiency, η = (Output / Input) × 100, %
Where,
R – Radius of the Brake drum (m)
= Circumference of the Brake drum / 2п
N – Speed (rpm)
V – Supply Voltage (Volts)
IL – Line Current (Amps)
S1, S2– Spring Balance readings (Kg)
MODEL GRAPH:
% ηvsPo
ILvsPo
N (rpm) N vsPo
T vsPo
T (Nm)
IL (A)
%η
Po (W)
PRECAUTION:
Shunt wound machine comes under self excited machines in which the field winding
being connected across the armature terminals.
Under normal operating conditions the field current and hence the flux produced by
the main poles remain constant. Desired no load speed can be set by the required field
current. The N VsIa characteristics then shows a slight fall in value with increase in Ia, due to
a slight decrease in Eb . The TdVsIa characteristics is a straight line passing through the origin
as now Td is proportional to Ia only.
TABULATION:
Sl. Supply Line Speed Spring Balance Torque Output Input Percentage
No voltage Current reading T (Nm) Power Power Efficiency
N S1 S2 S1~ S2 Po (W) Pi (W)
V (V) IL (A)
(rpm) Kg Kg Kg
N
N, Td
N
N
Td
Ia
Ia
In the case of small machines the output power can be measured by some form of
mechanical brake where a belt on an air- or water- cooled pulley has one end attached via a
spring balance. The size of machine that can be tested by this method is limited by the
difficulty of dissipating the heat generated at the brake.
Applications
Shunt motors are normally preferred in places where constant speed is needed. Some
of the applications are Wood working machines, Battery operated fans etc.
APPLICATIONS:
There are three kind of characteristics for a motor viz. Speed-Torque, Speed-Current
and Torque-Current characteristics. After analyzing all three characteristics for D. C. Shunt
Motor it is observed that it is an approximately constant speed motor. It is therefore, used
where
The speed is required to remain almost constant from no-load condition to full load-
condition.
The load has to be driven at a number of prefer and any one of which is required to
remain nearly constant.
Industrial Use: - Lathes, Drills, Boring Mills, Shapers, Spinning and Weaving Machines etc.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
4. Why does the motor efficiency decrease after obtaining maximum efficiency?
At maximum efficiency point, the constant loss is equal to variable loss. After
that the variable loss tends to increase which leads the total losses to increase much.
So, the efficiency gets reduced.
5. What will happen if a shunt motor is directly connected to the supply line?
Because at the time of starting, there is no back emf in the armature. The
armature circuit has low resistance, so, if the full line voltage is impressed, the
armature current will be high enough to damage the winding of the motor.
RESULT:
Thus the load test on DC Shunt motor was conducted and the graphs were plotted
between
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Without Filter :
With Filter:
Expt.No:8(a) Date:
AIM:
To construct a half wave rectifier circuit using diode and plot its regulation
characteristics with and without filter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE
S.No APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1. Transformer 230 V / 9 V 1
2. Diode IN4001 1
3. Capacitor 1000 µF 1
4. Resistor 2 KΩ 1
5. Voltmeter (0-10 V) 1
6. Ammeter (0-15 mA) 1
7. Bread Board - 1
8. Connecting wires - -
FORMULA USED:
Without Filter:
With Filter:
TABULATION:
Without Filter:
With Filter:
MODEL GRAPH:
THEORY:
The operation of a half wave rectifier is pretty simple. From the theory part, you
should know that a pn junction diode conducts current only in 1 direction. In other words, a
pn junction diode conducts current only when it is forward biased. The same principle is
made use of in a half wave rectifier to convert AC to DC. The input we give here is an
alternating current. This input voltage is stepped down using a transformer. The reduced
voltage is fed to the diode ‘D’ and load resistance RL. During the positive half cycles of the
input wave, the diode ‘D’ will be forward biased and during the negative half cycles of input
wave, the diode ‘D’ will be reverse biased. We take the output across load resistor RL. Since
the diode passes current only during one half cycle of the input wave, we get an output as
shown in diagram. The output is positive and significant during the positive half cycles of
input wave. At the same time output is zero or insignificant during negative half cycles of
input wave. This is called half wave rectification.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. It is advisable not to increase the applied voltage beyond 15V.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
PROCEDURE:
Without Filter:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the
Rectifier I/P.
3. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
4. Plot its performance graph.
With Filter:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the
Rectifier I/P.
3. Connect the Capacitor across the Load.
4. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
5. Plot its performance graph.
RESULT:
Thus the Half wave rectifier circuit is constructed and their performance
characteristic was obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Without Filter:
With Filter :
Expt.No:8(b) Date:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE
S.No APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1. Transformer 230 V / 9 V 1
2. Diode IN4001 2
3. Capacitor 1000 µF 1
4. Resistor 2 KΩ 1
5. Voltmeter (0-10 V) 1
6. Ammeter (0-15 mA) 1
7. Bread Board - 1
8. Connecting wires - -
FORMULA USED:
Without Filter:
With Filter:
TABULATION:
Without Filter:
With Filter:
MODEL GRAPH:
Vm (volts)
Time (ms)
Vo (Volts)
Without Filter
Time (ms)
Vo (Volts)
With Filter
Time (ms)
THEORY:
Full-wave rectifier converts a.c. voltage into a pulsating d.c. voltage using both half
cycles of the applied a.c. voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half
cycle while the other conducts during the other half cycle of the applied a.c. voltage.
During positive half of the input signal, anode of diode D1 becomes positive and at
the same time the anode of diode D2 becomes negative. Hence D1 conducts and D2 does not
conduct. The load current flows through D1 and voltage drop across RL will be equal to the
input voltage.
During the negative half of the input signal, anode of diode D1 becomes negative and
at the same time the anode of diode D2 becomes positive. Hence D1 does not conduct and D2
conducts. The load current flows through D2 and voltage drop across RL will be equal to the
input voltage.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. It is advisable not to increase the applied voltage beyond 15V.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.
PROCEDURE:
WITHOUT FILTER
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the Rectifier
I/P.
3. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
4. Plot its performance graph.
WITH FILTER:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the Rectifier
I/P.
3. Connect the Capacitor across the Load.
4. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
5. Plot its performance graph.
RESULT:
Thus the full wave rectifier circuit is constructed and their performance
characteristic was obtained.
Pin Diagram:
Construction:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Expt.No:9(a) Date:
AIM:
To plot the Input and output characteristics of common Emitter configuration using
NPN transistor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE
S.No APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1. NPN Transistor SL 100 1
2. Resistor 33 KΩ, 2.2 KΩ Each 1
3. Breadboard - 1
4. RPS - single (0-30)V 2
5. Voltmeter (0-1.5) V, (0-15) V Each 1
6. Ammeter (0-1mA),(0-15mA) Each 1
7. Connecting wires - -
THEORY:
The transistor has three regions namely: Emitter, Base and Collector. The base is
much thinner than the emitter while collector is wider than both.
The emitter is heavily doped so that it can inject a large number of charge carriers
(electrons or holes) into the base. The base is lightly doped and very thin; it passes most of
the emitter injected charge carries to the collector. The collector is moderately doped.
The transistor has two pn junctions i.e. it is like two diodes. The junction between
emitter and base may be called emitter-base diode or simply the emitter diode. The junction
between the base and collector may be called collector-base diode or simply collector diode.
The emitter diode is always forward biased where as collector diode is always reverse
biased.
TABULATION:
MODEL GRAPH:
Input Characteristics:
The resistance of the emitter diode (forward biased) is very small as compared to
collector diode (reverse biased). Therefore, forward bias is applied to the emitter diode is
generally very small where as reverse bias on the collector diode is much higher.
The NPN transistor with forward bias to emitter base junction and reverse bias to
collector base junction. The forward bias causes the electrons in n-type emitter to flow
towards the base. This constitutes the emitter current IE. As these electrons flow through the
p-type base, they tend to combine with holes. As the base is lightly doped and very thin,
therefore only a few electrons combine with holes to constitute base current IB. The
remainder cross over into the collector region to constitute collector current IC. In this way,
almost the entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit. It is clear that emitter current is
the sum of collector and base current i.e. IE = IB + IC
PRECAUTIONS:
1. It is advisable not to increase the applied voltage beyond 15V.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ammeters are connected in series with base and collector so as to measure base and
collector current respectively.
2. Voltmeters are connected to measure the input voltage (VBE) and output voltage (VCE)
3. Ensure that the power supplies are at zero position.
4. Switch ON both the dc power supply.
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
5. Set the value of VCE. (i.e. The output parameter, namely VCE is made constant, for
eg:2V)
6. Now, Increase input applied voltage gradually to vary VBE in steps of 0.1V and note
down corresponding IB.
7. Repeat above steps for different values of VCE
8. Plot the graph between VBE and IB.
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
9. Set the value of IB (i.e. The input current is kept constant and the variation of output
voltage and output current are measured, for eg:0.2mA)
10. Now, Increase applied voltage to vary VCE in steps of 1V and note down corresponding
IC.
11. Repeat above steps for different values of IB
12. Plot graph between VCE and IC
Output Characteristics:
RESULT:
Thus the Input and Output characteristic of NPN transistor under Common
emitter configuration was plotted.
Pin Diagram:
CONSTRUCTION:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Expt.No:9(b) Date:
AIM:
To plot the Input and output characteristics of common Base configuration using
NPN transistor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE
S.No APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1. NPN Transistor SL 100 1
2. Resistor 10 KΩ, 1 KΩ Each 1
3. RPS - single (0-30)V 2
4. Voltmeter (0-1.5) V, (0-30) V Each 1
5. Ammeter (0-1mA),(0-30mA) Each 1
6. Breadboard - 1
7. Connecting wires - -
THEORY
In this configuration the base terminal is common to both the input and output. The
input signal is applied between the emitter and base whereas output is taken out from the
collector and base, thus emitter current is the input current and collector is the output current.
The voltage gain of CB configuration is high. Due to the high voltage gain, the power gain is
also high. In CB configuration, Base is common to both input and output. In CB
configuration the input characteristics relate IE and VEB for a constant VCB. Initially let VCB =
0 then the input junction is equivalent to a forward biased diode and the characteristics
resembles that of a diode. Where VCB = +VI (volts) due to early effect IE increases and so the
characteristics shifts to the left. The output characteristics relate IC and VCB for a constant IE.
Initially IC increases and then it levels for a value IC =α IE. When IE is increased IC also
increases proportionality. Though increase in VCB causes an increase in α, since α is a
fraction, it is negligible and so IC remains a constant for all values of VCB once it levels off.
TABULATION:
MODEL GRAPH:
Input Characteristics:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. It is advisable not to increase the applied voltage beyond 15V.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ammeters are connected in series with base and collector so as to measure base and
collector current respectively.
2. Voltmeters are connected to measure the input voltage (VBE) and output voltage (VCB)
3. Ensure that the power supplies are at zero position.
4. Switch ON both the dc power supply.
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
5. Set the value of VCB. (i.e. The output parameter, namely VCB is made constant, for
eg:2V)
6. Now, Increase input applied voltage gradually to vary VBE in steps of 0.1V and note
down corresponding IB.
7. Repeat above steps for different values of VCB
8. Plot the graph between VBE and IE.
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
9. Set the value of IE (i.e. The input current is kept constant and the variation of output
voltage and output current are measured, for eg:0.2mA)
10. Now, Increase applied voltage to vary VCB in steps of 1V and note down corresponding
IC.
11. Repeat above steps for different values of IE
12. Plot graph between VCB and IC for constant values of IE
Output Characteristics:
RESULT:
Thus the Input and Output characteristic of NPN transistor under Common Base
configuration was plotted.
Pin Diagram:
CONSTRUCTION:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Expt.No:9(c) Date:
AIM:
To plot the Input and output characteristics of common Collector configuration using
NPN transistor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE
S.No APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1. NPN Transistor SL 100 1
2. Resistor 1 KΩ 2
3. RPS - single (0-30)V 2
4. Voltmeter (0-5) V, (0-30) V Each 1
5. Ammeter (0-250μA),(0-30mA) Each 1
6. Breadboard - 1
7. Connecting wires - -
THEORY
In this configuration the collector terminal is common to both the input and output.
The input signal is applied between the base and collector whereas output is taken out from
the emitter and collector terminals, thus base current is the input current and emitter is the
output current. This is also called grounded collector configuration.
The common-collector input characteristics are quite different from either common
base or common-emitter input characteristics. The difference is due to the fact that the input
voltage (VBC) is largely determined by (VEC) level.
VEC = VEB + VBC
VEB = VEC - VBC
The Output characteristics operation is much similar to that of C-E configuration.
When the base current is ICO, the emitter current will be zero and consequently no current
will flow in the load. When the base current is increased, the transistor passes through active
region and eventually reaches saturation. Under the saturation conditions all the supply
voltage, except for a very small drop across the transistor will appear across the load resistor.
TABULATION:
MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. It is advisable not to increase the applied voltage beyond 15V.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ammeters are connected in series with base and collector so as to measure base and
collector current respectively.
2. Voltmeters are connected to measure the input voltage (VBC) and output voltage (VCE)
3. Ensure that the power supplies are at zero position.
4. Switch ON both the dc power supply.
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
5. Set the value of VCE. (i.e. The output parameter, namely VCE is made constant, for
eg:2V)
6. Now, Increase input applied voltage gradually to vary VBC in steps of 0.1V and note
down corresponding IB.
7. Repeat above steps for different values of VCE
8. Plot the graph between VBC and IB.
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
9. Set the value of IB (i.e. The input current is kept constant and the variation of output
voltage and output current are measured, for eg:0.2mA)
10. Now, Increase applied voltage to vary VCE in steps of 1V and note down corresponding
IE.
11. Repeat above steps for different values of IB
12. Plot graph between VCE and IB for constant values of IB
RESULT:
Thus the Input and Output characteristic of NPN transistor under Common Collector
configuration was plotted.
Expt.No:10 Date:
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPE
The device consists mainly of a vacuum tube which contains a cathode, anode, grid,
X&Y-plates, and a fluorescent screen. When the cathode is heated (by Theory Cathode-ray
Oscilloscope applying a small potential difference across its terminals), it emits electrons.
Having a potential difference between the cathode and the anode (electrodes), accelerate the
emitted electrons towards the anode, forming an electron beam, which passes to fall on the
screen. When the fast electron beam strikes the fluorescent screen, a bright visible spot is
produced. The grid, which is situated between the electrodes, controls the amount of
electrons passing through it thereby controlling the intensity of the electron beam. The X&Y-
plates are responsible for deflecting the electron beam horizontally and vertically.
Model Waveforms:
It is also used to observe shape of the waveform. In this practical, we will measure
amplitude and frequency of the different waveforms like sine wave, Square wave and
triangular wave.
Applications of CRO:
Measurement of current
Measurement of voltage
Measurement of power
Measurement of frequency
Measurement of phase angle
To trace visual display of sine waves
It helps us to find gain of amplifier, test oscillator circuits
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude = No. of vertical divisions * (Volts / div)
2. Time period = No. of horizontal divisions * (Time / div)
3. Frequency = 1 / T
4. Amplitude taken on vertical section (Y)
5. Time period taken on horizontal section (X)
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the basic structure of CRO, measurement of voltage and Frequency was studied.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Expt.No:11 Date:
CHARACTERISTICS OF LVDT
AIM:
i). To study the basic principle and operation of LVDT
ii). To draw the characteristics curve for a given LVDT
iii). To measure the displacement using LVDT
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
PRECAUTIONS:
TABULATION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the principle and operation of LVDT was studied, the characteristics curve
plotted and the non electrical quantity displacement was calculated.
Expt.No:12 Date:
CALIBRATION OF ROTOMETER
AIM:
To determine the percentage error in Rotometer with the actual flow rate.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Rotometer setup
2. Measuring scale
3. Stopwatch.
FORMULA USED:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x h/ t (m3 / s)
Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h= 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (10-2 m).
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.
CONVERSION:
Actual flow rate (lit / min), Qact = Qact x 1000 x 60 lit /min
= R ~ Qact / R x 100 %
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 liters per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by plotting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the
Rotometer
TABULATION:
MODEL CALCULATION:
Model Graph
Actual Discharge
Rotometer Reading
RESULT:
Expt.No:13 Date:
THEORY:
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR (RTD)
Resistance Temperature Detectors or RTDs for short, are wire wound and thin film
devices that measure temperature because of the physical principle of the positive
temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of metals. The hotter they become, the larger
their resistance. They, in the case of Platinum known variously as PRTs and PRT100s, are
the most popular RTD type, nearly linear over a wide range of temperatures and some small
enough to have response times of a fraction of a second. They are among the most precise
temperature sensors available with resolution and measurement uncertainties or ±0.1 °C or
better possible in special designs. Usually they are provided encapsulated in probes for
temperature sensing and measurement with an external indicator, controller or transmitter,
or enclosed inside other devices where they measure temperature as a part of the device's
function, such as a temperature controller or precision thermostat. The advantages of RTDs
include stable output for long period of time, ease of recalibration and accurate readings
over relatively narrow temperature spans. They are active devices requiring an electrical
current to produce a voltage drop across the sensor that can be then measured by a
calibrated read-out device.
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The lead wires used to connect the RTD to a read out can contribute to the measurement
error, especially when there are long lead lengths involved, as often happens in remote
temperature measurement locations. Those calculations are straight forward and there exist
3-wire and 4-wire designs to help minimize or limit such errors, when needed.Often the
lead error can be minimized through use of a temperature transmitter mounted close to the
RTD. Transmitters convert the resistance measurement to an analog current or serial digital
signal that can be sent long distances by wire or rf to a data acquisition or control system
and/ or indicator. RTDs, as mentioned above, work in a relatively small temperature
domain, compared to thermocouple, typically from about-200°C to a practical maximum of
about 650°C to 700°C. RTDs can be made cheaply in Copper and Nickel, but the latter have
restricted ranges because of non-linearities and wire oxidation problems in the case of
Copper. Platinum is the preferred material for precision measurement because in its pure
form the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance is nearly linear; enough so that temperature
measurements with precision of ±0.1°C can be readily achieved with moderately priced
devices. Better resolution is possible, but equipment costs escalate rapidly at smaller error
levels. All RTDs used in precise temperature measurements are made of Platinum and they
are sometimes called PRTs to distinguish them. RTD works on the principle that electrical
resistance of the most metals increases linearly with temperature.
THERMISTOR
Temperature – measuring sensor based on the fact that the resistance of a material
may change with temperature is known as a THERMISTOR. Thermostats differ from
resistance temperature detectors in that they are fabricated from semi conducting materials
instead of metals. The semi – conducting materials, which include oxides of copper, cobalt,
manganese, nickel and titanium, exhibit very large change in resistance with temperature.
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instrumentation tutors are not instrument as a whole the accuracy of the measurement
cannot be claimed. It is very clear that the instrumentation tutor are only for demonstration
purpose and cannot be used for any external measurement other than conducting
experiments.
.PRECAUTIONS FOR RTD
1. Gradually heat the water and note the corresponding resistance simultaneously.
2. The multimeter / ohmmeter should be in the range (0-200) to measure for (0-
100)°C.
PRECAUTION FOR THERMISTOR
1. Check the following two things before applying power to the heater (230V AC).
2. Water level in the water bath should above the heating filament. Otherwise
sterilizers will be spoiled.
3. Thermistor and thermometer should not touch the body of the sterilizer (Any
temperature source)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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1. Patch the wires of RTD to the T1 and T2 terminal of the RTD input block and
switch ON the unit.
2. Place the RTD and thermometer into the holes provides in the water bath.
3. Keep the SW1 in right direction.
4. Place the multimeter in the resistance mode across T3 and T4 terminals.
5. Switch ON the water bath and note the temperature in thermometer and
corresponding resistance value in multimeter.
6. Plot the temperature Vs resistance graph. This gives the characteristic curve of the
RTD.
Procedure for Temperature- Voltage Measurement for RTD
1. Patch the wires of RTD to the T1 and T2 terminal of the RTD input block.
2. Switch ON the ITB-06CE Unit.
3. Keep the switch SW1 in left direction and switch SW2 in external mode.
4. Now adjust the ‘Zero’Potentiometertoread0°Catthedisplay. This is done for initial
setup of the unit and this adjustment should be left undisturbed.
5. Place the multimeter in voltage mode across the T6 and T7 terminals.
6. Insert the RTD and thermometer into the water bath and note the temperature
without any heating at ambient condition.
7. Switch ON the water bath and note down the actual temperature in thermometer,
output voltage of the unit and the displayed temperature simultaneously.
8. Plot the graph for Actual Temperature Vs Voltage.
9. Calculate the % error and plot the graph for Temperature Vs % Error.
Procedure for Temperature- Resistance Measurement for Thermistor
1. Interface the thermistor across T1 and T2 & switch ON the ITB-06A unit.
2. For resistance measurement, SW1 should be in resistance mode.
3. Connect the multimeter (in resistance mode) across T3 & T4.
4. During zero calibration, SW2 should be in EXT mode.
5. The OFFSET POT is adjusted to 5V because thermistor is NTC. Type
6. Before conducting the experiment, SW2 should be in INT mode.
7. Insert the thermometer and thermistor into the water bath.
8. Switch ON the water bath.
9. Note down the temperature in thermometer rand corresponding resistance output of
the thermistor.
10. Plot the graph between temperature and resistance along X and Y axis respectively.
Procedure for Temperature- Voltage Measurement for Thermistor
1. Interface the thermistor across T1 and T2 & switch ON the ITB-06A unit.
2. For resistance measurement SW1 should be in Thermistor mode.
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3. Connect the multimeter (in DC -Volt mode) across T5 & T6.
4. During zero calibration, SW2 should be in EXT mode.
5. The OFFSET POT is adjusted to 5V because thermistor is NTC type
6. Before conducting the experiment, SW2 should be in INT mode.
7. Insert the thermometer and thermistor into the water bath.
8. Switch ON the water bath.
9. Now note down the temperature of the thermometer and corresponding voltage
output.
10. Plot the graph between temperature and resistance along X and Y axis respectively.
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TEMPERATURE ( o C )
TEMPERATURE ( o C )
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BE8261 – Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory
Temperature
Temperature
RESULT
Thus the calibration of temperature using RTD and Thermistor was
completed successfully.
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Ammeters 0-5A MC 01
02
0-1/2A MC 01
Rheostats 0-750Ω,1.2A 01
03 -
0-38Ω,8.5A 01
04 Tachometer - Digital 01
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram (6.a).
2. Keeping the rheostat R1 in the field circuit of motor in cut-out
position, the rheostat R2 in the armature circuit of the motor in cut-in
positions the supply switch(S1) is closed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by cutting out the rheostat R2 and
cutting in the rheostat R1 if necessary.
4. Readings of all the meters and speed are noted down.
5. All the rheostats are brought back to their respective initial positions and
the supply switch (S1) is opened.
6. The graph of Efficiency v/s Load current is plotted as shown in Model Graph.
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1. Full
Load
2. ¾ of
Determination of Armature Resistance (Ra): F.L
V I Resistance 3. ½ of
Sl. No. (Volts) (Ampere) Ra = V/I Ω F.L
4. ¼ of
F.L
MODEL GRAPH:
CALCULATION:
Ampere
Where x= (1, ¾, ½, ¼)
b. Armature copper loss = (Ia)2 ×Ra Watts = (x.IFL - If)2
×Ra Watts c. Total losses = (Wc + armature copper loss) Watts
d. Input to the motor = V1 (x.IFL) Watts
(V1 is the rated voltage of the Motor)
e. Output of the motor = (Input - Total losses) Watts
f. %η = (Output / Input) × 100
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Sl. V I Resistance
No. (Volts) (Ampere) Ra = V/I Ω
Model Calculation
Result: