Sie sind auf Seite 1von 6

4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology

College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University


[2015]

Prototype Development and Testing of Air Source


Heat Pump Water Heater for Indian Climate
Dnyanesh Joshi1, Jahar Sarkar2
1
Mechanical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi
2
Mechanical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi
1
joshi.dnyanesh18@gmail.com
2
js_iitkgp@yahoo.co.in

Abstract - The key to resolving issues related to energy supply and global warming lies in realizing dramatic improvements in energy
utilization efficiency and transition to post carbon energies. A technology that can accomplish them compatibly is ‘heat pump’. In
this paper, component design and prototype development of air source heat pump water heater is presented. This prototype is
particularly designed for the bathing water requirements of a normal Indian household and uses R134a refrigerant. The operation of
this device is intermittent and is capable of producing 200 litres of water at 60°C in 3-4 hours. Transient performance of the
fabricated unit is tested in well-equipped testing facility. Results are compared with electrical heater of the same heating capacity.
Payback period when compared to the electrical heater turns out to be 2.5 years. The study shows that heat pump is a green
technology and has potential to replace not only electrical water heaters but also solar water heaters, if properly promoted through
education, advertisement and subsidies.

Keywords -Vapor Compression Heat Pump Water Heater, R134a, Component design, Prototype, Transient performance

Nomenclature: Use of high grade electrical work for obtaining low grade
heat is thermodynamically incorrect. Solar Water Heaters,
Cp: Specific Heat, kJ/kg.K though less in running cost, are characterized by higher initial
E: Energy, kWh
cost, more space requirements. Also the output strongly
F: Frequency, Hz
I: Current, Amp depends on the random nature of the energy available from the
m: Mass, kg Sun. Traditional methods such as listed in 3 above depend on
P: Power, W the scares natural resources and adversely affect the
Ps: Suction Pressure, Psig
environment. Fossil fuels are finite resources and their
Pd: Discharge Pressure, Psig
Q: Heat, J combustion is harmful to the environment, through the
Tl: Liquid Line Temperature,°C emission of greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate
Ts: Suction Gas Temperature,°C change, and other pollutants. Demand for energy is increasing
Td: Discharge Temperature, °C
and future fossil fuel shortages are predicted [1]. Hammond [2]
Ta: Ambient Temperature, °C
Tt: Tank Top Temperature, °C argues that fossil fuel depletion along with pollutant emissions
Tb: Tank Bottom Temperature,°C and global warming are important factors for sustainable and
V: Voltage, V environmentally benign energy systems. Such concerns have
∆T: Temperature Difference, K
motivated efforts to reduce society‟s dependence on fossil
Abbreviations: fuels, by reducing demand and substituting alternative energy
ASHP: Air Source Heat Pump sources. Bagdanavicius and Jenkins [3] investigated the
DAS: Data Acquisition System energy demand for space heating, domestic hot water systems
GSHP: Ground Source Heat Pump
and the electrical power requirement for GSHP in
residentialarea. They found that, hot water consumption has a
significant effect on energy demand and power requirements.
Present Status:
1. INTRODUCTION Presently, in India, AO Smith India, manufacture Air
In India, requirements of hot water for bathing Source Heat Pump Water Heaters, model AH290 [4], uses
purpose are fulfilled by, refrigerant R134a. Danfoss Heat Pump DHP-AQ, uses
refrigerant R407c [5]. Some small scale industries such as
1. Utilizing electrical work in the geysers.
„Green Technologies Private Limited, Bengaluru‟ and
2. Solar Water Heaters. „Lombardyne Industries, Pune‟ manufacture air source heat
3. Traditional methods such as burning wood, coal, pump water heater mostly on demand, incorporating R134a
cow-dung etc. especially in the rural areas. refrigerant.

1
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

The main thought behind the experiment was to


design, manufacture and test the air source heat pump water 2. EXPERIMENTATION
heating system using R134a as refrigerant, which would fulfil
bathing requirements of a family of minimum 4 and maximum 2.1 Description
6 people, particularly for Indian climatic conditions. Such a
unit must be able to replace electrical water heater of same Experimental setup includes the prototype, all the
capacity. It should help in energy savings and should not be
sensing equipments and gauges and the data acquisition
harmful to the environment.
The model is designed in such a way that it could system as shown in Fig. 2. Tests are performed in well
directly be used in the house by just putting on the switch. No controlled manner. Transient operation of heat pump is
other installation should be needed other than piping. So, the studied and data is recorded. Detailed experimental procedure
basic purpose behind this experiment was to design and is described in section 2.3.
manufacture such a unit which would directly replace
electrical water heaters. The prototype consists of water tank
at the bottom of the structure, whose top acts as support for
other components namely compressor, evaporator, throttling
valve, fan and filter. The water tank is closed type with small
air vent at the top. Components of heat pump are similar to
that of refrigeration system; the difference is that, heating
being the useful effect, helical coiled condenser is submerged
in the water tank.
Working of Heat Pump is shown in Fig, 1.
Refrigerant is pressurized in compressor. Its temperature
increases. In the condenser, high temperature high pressure
refrigerant rejects heat to the water in the tank and condenses;
as a result water gets heated. In the expansion device,
refrigerant is throttled causing drop in temperature and
pressure. In the evaporator, refrigerant absorbs the heat from
surrounding air and evaporates. It then passes towards the
compressor and the process continues. Cold water is supplied
to the tank from bottom, while hot water is obtained from the
top side, utilizing density difference. Tank has to be filled at Fig. 2: Experimental Setup
once only. The operation of the unit is intermittent. This being
the very basic design, no additional electronic controls were 2.2 Component Selection and Design:
used other than thermostat which incorporates ON-OFF
control.
Assumed Parameters before design and selection:

Condensing Temperature, °C = 70
Evaporating Temperature, °C =5
Tank Size, Lit = 200
Initial Water Temperature, °C = 30
Final Water Temperature, °C = 60
Assumed Time to reach final =5
water temperature, Hrs.

Compressor Selection:

Energy input required = m * CP * ∆T


= 200 * 4.18 * 30
Fig. 1: Working of Heat Pump = 25080 kJ

2
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

for the measurement of heat pump electrical characteristics


Capacity of Heat Pump = = = 1.39 kW such as supply voltage, current, frequency, power
consumption and energy input are connected. Temperature
Therefore, Compressor must have at least 1.39 kW capacity. sensors are installed at specific points in the circuit to measure
From Selection Report (Catalogue), the compressor had been compressor discharge line, liquid line temperature, suction gas
selected based on design data (Table 1) for 5°C evaporation temperature, ambient temperature, water temperature at the
temperature and 70°C condenser temperature. top of tank and at the bottom of the tank etc. Suction and
discharge gauges are connected to measure pressure. All these
Table 1: Compressor Selection Values measuring devices are connected with Data Acquisition
Parameter Value
System (DAS) so that output is obtained on single panel.
Cooling Capacity of compressor, W 1050
Machine is started and readings were taken for every 15 min
Power, W 701 until water temperature reaches 60 °C.
Condenser Heat Rejection, W 1751
Table 3: Devices for measurement of various parameters
Design of Condenser:
All the properties of refrigerant R134a are obtained Parameter Device Least Precision
from NIST Refrigerant Database, REFPROP. Knowing the Count
mass flow rate from compressor data table and knowing the
diameter of tube, velocity of refrigerant can be obtained. As Temperature RTD + DAS -
the process is condensation; with reference to [6], Akers, Pressure Pressure Gauge 1 Psi 1%
Deans and Crosser empirical equation was employed. Once 1) Suction
the Reynold‟s number is obtained, Nusselt number can be Pressure 5 Psi 1%
obtained; and hence inside heat transfer coefficient can be 2) Discharge
calculated. To find outside (water side) Heat Transfer Pressure
Energy Energy Meter (kWh) - 0.5%
Coefficient, natural Convection must be considered. From the
Power Watt Meter 0.1W 0.5%
standard equations of natural convection, outside heat transfer
Data Acquisition 0.1 0.05%
coefficient is obtained. System
As we know the temperatures and heat transferred
from condenser to water (sum of cooling capacity and power
consumption), resistance to heat transfer can be obtained. 2.4 Uncertainty Analysis for COP:
Hence, length of condenser coil was easily obtained.
Experimental errors (Table: 3) and uncertainties can
Evaporator Design:
result from instrument selection, instrument condition,
Physical characteristics of evaporator, entering air
instrument calibration, environment, observation and reading
conditions, air flow rate and refrigerant evaporating
and test planning.
temperature must be available for employing procedure given
Uncertainty analysis is performed using the square root
in [7]. Above parameters were either measured or assumed
formula given in [8].
(shown in Table 2).
If,
( )
Table 2: Evaporator and condenser design values
Then,
Parameter Calculated
Value
Inside Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m2.K 1344.067
√( ) ( )
Outside Heat Transfer Coefficient W/m2.K 1034.22
Wet Coil Capacity, W 1154 For COP,
Sensible Wet Coil Capacity, W 1072 ( )
Total Coil Capacity, W 2226 Therefore,

2.3 Experimental Procedure: √( ) ( ) ( )

Heat pump tank is filled with measured quantity of The multiplying factor (ni) is taken as 1 for all measuring
water. In this case it is 200 litres. All the electrical instruments parameters.

3
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

Table 4: Test Report


Time Ps Pd Tl Ts Td Ta Tt Tb V I P E*10^-3 f
Hr
Psig Psig °C °C °C °C °C °C V Amp W kWh Hz

0 41 170 31.5 29.5 83.9 29.5 32.1 31.5 254 5 831 0.208 49.6
0.15 44 185 33.5 30.1 87.1 30.5 35.2 34.6 254.15 5.03 840 0.419 49.7
0.30 45 195 35 29.8 89.2 30 37.9 37.4 253.7 5.03 860 0.634 49.8
0.45 47 205 37.1 30.1 89.9 31.5 40.7 40.2 250.09 4.8 860 0.849 49.8
1 48 215 38.8 29.5 90.5 30 43.3 42.9 241.1 4.95 880 1.065 49.8
1.15 49 225 41.2 30.5 91.3 30.9 45.8 45.5 250.5 5.05 900 1.282 49.5
1.30 50 235 43.5 31.2 93 32.1 48.3 48 248.2 4.86 890 1.505 49.9
1.45 51 250 45.6 31.4 94.3 32 50.7 50.5 248.7 4.95 910 1.733 49.7
2 52 260 47.5 30.8 95.2 31.9 53.1 52.8 248.4 5.07 933 1.963 49.7
2.15 53 280 49.6 31.2 95.6 30.9 55.4 55.1 241.8 4.74 910 2.191 49.6
2.30 54 285 51.8 31.5 96.5 31.9 57.6 57.3 241.24 4.8 927 2.421 49.6
2.45 55 292.5 53.5 31 96.2 31.6 59.7 59.4 243.7 4.9 950 2.654 49.7
2.47 55 300 53.8 31 97.3 31.9 60.1 60 242.5 4.8 944 2.693 49.6

2.5 Validation of data Figure 3, shows variation of various temperature and


pressure at selected points with respect to nth hour from start
Theoretical calculations are performed for the of the test. Tank top temperature is linearly increasing.
capacity of compressor capacity, time required for heating the Temperature of refrigerant at the compressor suction remains
water, COP etc. These are validated by actual experiment on almost constant.
the developed prototype. Testing is done under well
controlled manner. Test results are in agreement with Calculated values and actual values are validated
theoretical values. (Table 5). It can be seen that, even though assumed time for
water to reach 60°C from 30°C is 5 Hrs, in actual desired
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
temperature was attained in 2.47 Hrs, table 3. This may be
because the compressor of larger capacity was selected than
3.1 Performance characteristics
required. But practically the device has to work in winter also.
Table 4, shows the test results. Time at which test So the initial water temperature may drop well below 10 -
was started has assigned 0th hour. Test is continued until tank 15°C. So the larger compressor capacity gives us the
top temperature reaches 60°C. Also it can be seen that assurance that device will work over all the seasons. Moreover,
temperature difference (Tt) between 2.45th Hr. and 2.47thHr. larger capacity accounts for, variation in frequency and
is very less. This indicates that system is reaching to the voltage, power shutdown and losses in the system. Current
steady state. Once the temperature (Tt) reaches 60°C, remained constant throughout the test, equal to 5A. Thus we
compressor is automatically shut off by thermostat control, can say that machine can be plugged at any socket in Indian
which in this case occurred at 2.47th Hr. house. i.e. current requirement is within permitted limit for
residential connection. Power required has not deviated too
much. Average power requirement is 890 W.

4
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

the CO2 emissions of ASHP systems are correspondingly high.


The threshold at which GHP systems become environmentally
120.00 advantageous is related to the CO2 associated with producing
Value (Temperature in deg C and Pressure in

Suction
100.00 Pressure(Psi) the electricity used by the heat pump, its COP, and the
Suction Temp
efficiency of conventional heating systems.
80.00
Also the system uses R134a as refrigerant. R134a has
60.00 zero ozone depletion potential and it is considered as
Psi or bar)

Discharge
Pressure environment friendly refrigerant.
40.00
(bar)
Discharge
20.00 3.3 Comparison with Electrical Water Heater
Temp
0.00 Tank Top Cost comparison is performed with respect to
0.3

1.3

2.3
0

2
2.15
0.15

0.45

1.15

1.45

2.45

Temp electrical water heater for same heating requirement. Initial


cost of heat pump is 25000 Rs. While that of electrical heater
nth Hr from the start of test is 8000 Rs. Heat pump of COP is 2.5, hence the kWHr
electrical input for heat pump is 3 kWHr per day, while same
for the electrical heater is 7.5 kWHr per day. Thus running
Fig. 3: Various Parameters Vs nthhour cost per year for heat pump would be 5400 Rs. While the
same for electrical heater would be 13500 Rs. Depreciation

Table 5: COP Calculation with uncertainty analysis


Time Ts Td Ta Tt Tb ρw Q E COP ∆COP/COP ∆COP
Hr °C °C °C °C °C kg/m 3
kJ kJ
0 29.5 83.9 29.5 32.1 31.5 994.996 2578.88 832 3.100 0.025444 0.078867
0.15 30.10 87.10 30.50 35.20 34.60 993.964 2285.361 844 2.708 0.023973 0.064914
0.30 29.80 89.20 30.00 37.90 37.40 993.000 2324.635 860 2.703 0.023469 0.063438
0.45 30.10 89.90 31.50 40.70 40.20 991.946 2197.773 860 2.556 0.02217 0.056657
1 29.50 90.50 30.00 43.30 42.90 990.914 2112.604 864 2.445 0.022374 0.054709
1.15 30.50 91.30 30.90 45.80 45.50 989.875 2068.973 868 2.384 0.021539 0.05134
1.30 31.20 93.00 32.10 48.30 48.00 988.794 2025.384 892 2.271 0.020643 0.046873
1.45 31.40 94.30 32.00 50.70 50.50 987.716 1940.558 912 2.128 0.020387 0.043379
2
30.80 95.20 31.90 53.10 52.80 986.601 1897.174 920 2.062 0.02018 0.041615
2.15 31.20 95.60 30.90 55.40 55.10 985.499 1812.663 912 1.988 0.020444 0.040634
2.30 31.50 96.50 31.90 57.60 57.30 984.413 1728.367 920 1.879 0.019777 0.037155
2.45 31.00 96.20 31.60 59.70 59.40 983.349 411.0723 932 0.441 0.019758 0.008715
AVG
COP 2.222

3.2 Green Energy source of water heating and other losses are not taken into account. Otherwise,
payback period of the heat pump will reduce significantly.
Although other pollutants are significant, we focus Also, very detailed real time, throughout the year data of both
the systems must be obtained before making any sound
on CO2 since it is the most common greenhouse gas and is
arguments. But this study may give an idea of the profitability
considered the main contributor to climate change. Air source of heat pump system. So, from the Fig, 5, it can be seen that
heat pumps do not directly emit CO2; rather the emissions payback period for heat pump water heater is less than 2.5
originate in the power plants that produce the electricity. years.
When electricity is produced in high-emission power plants,

5
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

70000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
60000
First author thanks Mr. M. B. Joshi for his
Total Cost

50000
40000 continuous guidance and Shree Refrigerations Pvt. Ltd.,
30000 Karad, Maharashtra for the technical support.
20000
10000
0 REFERENCES
Year Year Year Year
1 2 3 4
Heat Pump 30400 35800 41200 46600 [1] Ediger VS, Hosgor E, Surmeli AN, Tatlidil H., Fossil fuel
sustainability index: an application of resource management.
Electrical Energy Policy 2007; 35:2969–77.
21500 35000 48500 62000
Heater
[2] Hammond GP., Energy, environment and sustainable
Fig, 4: Comparison of Heat Pump and Electrical Water Heater development: a UK perspective. Trans InstChemEng, Part B:
Process Safety Environ Prot 2000; 78:304–23.

4 CONCLUSIONS [3] Bagdanavicius A, Jenkins N., Power requirements of ground


source heat pumps in a residential area., ApplEnerg, 2013;
102: 591-600
Following conclusions are drawn from the experiment:
1. Air source heat pump water heater is designed and [4] AO Smith India, www.aosmithinternational.com/content/ah-
prototype is fabricated. air-water-heat-pump?show=support
2. Tests are performed on developed prototype in well-
[5] Danfoss India,
conditioned test facility. Calculated values are http://890.pcmtest.net/PCMPDF/VDGFE502_Sep2014.pdf
validated with test results.
3. This device can be directly used in place of electrical [6] Heat Transfer by J. P. Holman 5th edition, McGraw Hill
water heater in the standard Indian house. International Book Company
4. Heat pump can become best choice for water heating, [7] Handbook of Air Conditioning Heating and Ventilating by
if technology is properly promoted, by the government Stampers and Koral, 3rd edition
through advertisements and subsidy. The drawback
[8] Dr J Sarkar, PhD Thesis, “Transcritical arbon Dioxide
being higher initial cost, subsidizing the heat pump will
Heat Pumps for Simultaneous ooling and Heating”, IIT
make it able to compete even with solar water heaters. KGP, 2005

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen