Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract - The key to resolving issues related to energy supply and global warming lies in realizing dramatic improvements in energy
utilization efficiency and transition to post carbon energies. A technology that can accomplish them compatibly is ‘heat pump’. In
this paper, component design and prototype development of air source heat pump water heater is presented. This prototype is
particularly designed for the bathing water requirements of a normal Indian household and uses R134a refrigerant. The operation of
this device is intermittent and is capable of producing 200 litres of water at 60°C in 3-4 hours. Transient performance of the
fabricated unit is tested in well-equipped testing facility. Results are compared with electrical heater of the same heating capacity.
Payback period when compared to the electrical heater turns out to be 2.5 years. The study shows that heat pump is a green
technology and has potential to replace not only electrical water heaters but also solar water heaters, if properly promoted through
education, advertisement and subsidies.
Keywords -Vapor Compression Heat Pump Water Heater, R134a, Component design, Prototype, Transient performance
Nomenclature: Use of high grade electrical work for obtaining low grade
heat is thermodynamically incorrect. Solar Water Heaters,
Cp: Specific Heat, kJ/kg.K though less in running cost, are characterized by higher initial
E: Energy, kWh
cost, more space requirements. Also the output strongly
F: Frequency, Hz
I: Current, Amp depends on the random nature of the energy available from the
m: Mass, kg Sun. Traditional methods such as listed in 3 above depend on
P: Power, W the scares natural resources and adversely affect the
Ps: Suction Pressure, Psig
environment. Fossil fuels are finite resources and their
Pd: Discharge Pressure, Psig
Q: Heat, J combustion is harmful to the environment, through the
Tl: Liquid Line Temperature,°C emission of greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate
Ts: Suction Gas Temperature,°C change, and other pollutants. Demand for energy is increasing
Td: Discharge Temperature, °C
and future fossil fuel shortages are predicted [1]. Hammond [2]
Ta: Ambient Temperature, °C
Tt: Tank Top Temperature, °C argues that fossil fuel depletion along with pollutant emissions
Tb: Tank Bottom Temperature,°C and global warming are important factors for sustainable and
V: Voltage, V environmentally benign energy systems. Such concerns have
∆T: Temperature Difference, K
motivated efforts to reduce society‟s dependence on fossil
Abbreviations: fuels, by reducing demand and substituting alternative energy
ASHP: Air Source Heat Pump sources. Bagdanavicius and Jenkins [3] investigated the
DAS: Data Acquisition System energy demand for space heating, domestic hot water systems
GSHP: Ground Source Heat Pump
and the electrical power requirement for GSHP in
residentialarea. They found that, hot water consumption has a
significant effect on energy demand and power requirements.
Present Status:
1. INTRODUCTION Presently, in India, AO Smith India, manufacture Air
In India, requirements of hot water for bathing Source Heat Pump Water Heaters, model AH290 [4], uses
purpose are fulfilled by, refrigerant R134a. Danfoss Heat Pump DHP-AQ, uses
refrigerant R407c [5]. Some small scale industries such as
1. Utilizing electrical work in the geysers.
„Green Technologies Private Limited, Bengaluru‟ and
2. Solar Water Heaters. „Lombardyne Industries, Pune‟ manufacture air source heat
3. Traditional methods such as burning wood, coal, pump water heater mostly on demand, incorporating R134a
cow-dung etc. especially in the rural areas. refrigerant.
1
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]
Condensing Temperature, °C = 70
Evaporating Temperature, °C =5
Tank Size, Lit = 200
Initial Water Temperature, °C = 30
Final Water Temperature, °C = 60
Assumed Time to reach final =5
water temperature, Hrs.
Compressor Selection:
2
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]
Heat pump tank is filled with measured quantity of The multiplying factor (ni) is taken as 1 for all measuring
water. In this case it is 200 litres. All the electrical instruments parameters.
3
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]
0 41 170 31.5 29.5 83.9 29.5 32.1 31.5 254 5 831 0.208 49.6
0.15 44 185 33.5 30.1 87.1 30.5 35.2 34.6 254.15 5.03 840 0.419 49.7
0.30 45 195 35 29.8 89.2 30 37.9 37.4 253.7 5.03 860 0.634 49.8
0.45 47 205 37.1 30.1 89.9 31.5 40.7 40.2 250.09 4.8 860 0.849 49.8
1 48 215 38.8 29.5 90.5 30 43.3 42.9 241.1 4.95 880 1.065 49.8
1.15 49 225 41.2 30.5 91.3 30.9 45.8 45.5 250.5 5.05 900 1.282 49.5
1.30 50 235 43.5 31.2 93 32.1 48.3 48 248.2 4.86 890 1.505 49.9
1.45 51 250 45.6 31.4 94.3 32 50.7 50.5 248.7 4.95 910 1.733 49.7
2 52 260 47.5 30.8 95.2 31.9 53.1 52.8 248.4 5.07 933 1.963 49.7
2.15 53 280 49.6 31.2 95.6 30.9 55.4 55.1 241.8 4.74 910 2.191 49.6
2.30 54 285 51.8 31.5 96.5 31.9 57.6 57.3 241.24 4.8 927 2.421 49.6
2.45 55 292.5 53.5 31 96.2 31.6 59.7 59.4 243.7 4.9 950 2.654 49.7
2.47 55 300 53.8 31 97.3 31.9 60.1 60 242.5 4.8 944 2.693 49.6
4
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]
Suction
100.00 Pressure(Psi) the electricity used by the heat pump, its COP, and the
Suction Temp
efficiency of conventional heating systems.
80.00
Also the system uses R134a as refrigerant. R134a has
60.00 zero ozone depletion potential and it is considered as
Psi or bar)
Discharge
Pressure environment friendly refrigerant.
40.00
(bar)
Discharge
20.00 3.3 Comparison with Electrical Water Heater
Temp
0.00 Tank Top Cost comparison is performed with respect to
0.3
1.3
2.3
0
2
2.15
0.15
0.45
1.15
1.45
2.45
3.2 Green Energy source of water heating and other losses are not taken into account. Otherwise,
payback period of the heat pump will reduce significantly.
Although other pollutants are significant, we focus Also, very detailed real time, throughout the year data of both
the systems must be obtained before making any sound
on CO2 since it is the most common greenhouse gas and is
arguments. But this study may give an idea of the profitability
considered the main contributor to climate change. Air source of heat pump system. So, from the Fig, 5, it can be seen that
heat pumps do not directly emit CO2; rather the emissions payback period for heat pump water heater is less than 2.5
originate in the power plants that produce the electricity. years.
When electricity is produced in high-emission power plants,
5
4thInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]
70000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
60000
First author thanks Mr. M. B. Joshi for his
Total Cost
50000
40000 continuous guidance and Shree Refrigerations Pvt. Ltd.,
30000 Karad, Maharashtra for the technical support.
20000
10000
0 REFERENCES
Year Year Year Year
1 2 3 4
Heat Pump 30400 35800 41200 46600 [1] Ediger VS, Hosgor E, Surmeli AN, Tatlidil H., Fossil fuel
sustainability index: an application of resource management.
Electrical Energy Policy 2007; 35:2969–77.
21500 35000 48500 62000
Heater
[2] Hammond GP., Energy, environment and sustainable
Fig, 4: Comparison of Heat Pump and Electrical Water Heater development: a UK perspective. Trans InstChemEng, Part B:
Process Safety Environ Prot 2000; 78:304–23.