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  • Scope and Nature

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    cristilyn pangosfian
    7 Ansichten20 Seiten
    Chemistry

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    Chemistry

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    7 Ansichten20 Seiten

    Scope and Nature

    Hochgeladen von

    cristilyn pangosfian
    Chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als DOCX, PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 20
    CONTENTS Abbreviations Preface Section A ~The nature and scope of analytical chemistry Al a a At AS As ‘Analytical chemistry, its functions and applications Analytical problems and procedures Analytical technigues and methods Sampling and sample handling Calibration and standards Quality analytical boratories Section B~ Assessment of data BI Ba BS BE BS Errors in analytical measurements, Assessment of accuracy and precision Significance testing Calibration and linear regression Quality control and chemometrics Section C~ Analytical reactions in solution a a G ct cs © oa ro © Solution equilibria Electrochemical reactions Potentiometry pH and its control Titrimetry I: acid-base titrations Complexation, solubilty and redox equilibria Titrimetry Il: complexation, precipitation and redox. titrations Gravimetry Voltammetry and amperometry C10 Conductimetry Section D— Separation techniques DI D2 D3 De D5 Ds by Ds be Solvent and solid-phase extraction Prinapples of chromatography Thinlayer chromatography. Gas chromatography: principles and instrumentation Gas chromatography: procedures and applications High pestrmance Bop ebromatogrphy pnp ‘nd instrumentation High-performance liquid chromatography: modes, proceduresand applications Electrophoresis and electrochromatography: prindiples and instramentation, Electrophoresis and electrochromategraphy: modes, procedlitres and applications a a 26 a 9 109 109 uy, 131 17 9 100 m 2 Section A - The nature and scope of analytical chemistry A1 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, ITS FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS Key Notes Analytical chemistry isa scientific discipline used to study the chemical ‘composition, structure and behavior of matter, [URE] he purpose of chemical analysis to gather and interpret chemical information that will be of value to society in a wide range of contexts ‘Scope and (Quality contra! in manufacturing industries, the monitoring of clinical appliatins | and environmental samples, the assaying of geological specimens, and thesupper of fudamensa and appl roserdh re the principal applications, Related topics Analrtical problems and ‘Computer contro’ and data procedures (A2) callection (FB) (Chemical sensors and bicsensors Data enhancement and databases a aa) Autom tel procedures (2) Definition Analytical chemistry invoes the application of a range of techniques and ‘methodologees to obtain anc assess qualitative, quantitative and structural information on the nature of matter © Qualitative analysis is the identification of dlements, species and for ‘compounds presort in 3 sample ‘© Quantitative analysis is the determination ofthe absoluteor rativeamounts ‘of elements, species oF compounds present in a sample «¢ Structural analysis is the determination of thespatalarrangementofatornsin an clement or molecule or the ientifcation of characteristic groupsof atoms (functional groups. ‘© Anlement species cr compound that the subj of analysis is Known as an analyte ‘© The remainder of the materialor sample of which the analyte() form(s) a part is known as the matrix. Purpose ‘Thegatlezing and interpretation of qualitative, quantitative aa staetural infor ‘mation is essential to many aspects of human endeavor, both terrestrial ancl cextracerrestrial. The maintenance of, and improvement in, the quality of life throughout the world, and the management of resources rely heavily on the infomation provided by chemical analysis, Manufacturing industries use analytical data to monitor the quality of raw materials, intermediates and Section A~ The nature and scope of analytical chemistry ‘Scope and applications finished products, Progsess and sescarch in many areas is dependent on estab hing the chemical composition of man-made or natural materials, and the ‘monitoring of toxic substances in the environment is of ever increasing impor- tance, Studies of biolbgical and other complex systems are supported by the collection of large amounts of analytical data, Analytical data are required in a wide range of disciplines and situations that include not just chemistry and mast cther sciences, from biology to zoology, bat the arts, such as painting and sculpture, and archaeology. Space explorationand clinical diagnosis are two quite disparate areas in which analytical data is vital Important areas of application include the following, © Quality control (QO. In many manufacturing industries, the chemical ‘composition of raw materials, intermesiates and finished products needs to bbe monitored to ensure satisfactory quality and consistency. Virtually all consumer products from automobiles to clething, pharmaceuticals and food- stuffs, destrial goods, sports equipment and horticultural products wly, in part, on chemical analysis, The food, pharmaceutical and water industries in particularhave stringent requirements backed by legislation for major com rents and permitted levels of impurities or contaminants, The electronics Industry needs analyses at ultra-iracelevels (parts per bllior) in elation tothe ‘manufacture of semi-conductor materials. Automated, computer-contralled [procedures for process-stream analysis are employed in some industries, '* Monitoring and control of pollutants The presence of toxic heavy actals (eg, lead, cadmium and mercury), organic chemicals (e.g, poiychlonnated biphenyls and detergents) and vehide exhaust gases (oxides of carbon. nnilzogen and sulfur, and hyd ecarbons) in the environment are health hazards that need to be monitored by sensitive and accurate methods of analyss, and remedial action taken, Major sources of pollution are gaseous, solid and liquid ‘wastes that are discharged or dumped from industrial sites, and vehicle exhaust gases. ‘© Clinical and biological studies. The levels of important nutrients, including trace metals (eg, sodium, potassium, calcium and zine), naturally produced chemicals, such as cholesterol, sugarsand urea, and administered drugs in the ‘body fluids of patients undergoing hospital treatment require monioring Speed of analysis is often a crucial factorand automated procedureshavebeen designed for such analyses. © Geological assays. The commercial Value of ores and minerals is determined by the levels of particular metals, which must be accurately established, Highly accurate and reliable analytical procedures must be used for this purpose, and referee laboratories are sometimes employed where disputes ‘© Fundamental and applied research. The chemical composition and structure cof materials used in or developed during research programs in numerous

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