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 Test Collocations!!!
 Information + sensitive; confidential; for more, for further,
available, unavailable...
 On + someone’s own; by someone’s self
 Interest + rate
 In the event of + something
 Price / money / currency + fluctuate, raise..
 Effective / take effect + date (at the end)
 Sources (oil, gas, power, electricity..) + cut off
 Workforce (labor, employees, workers, staff..) + cut down
 Notify / notified + of (delay; postpone; cancel...)
 Place / fulfill + order (supplies, products...)
 Test Collocations!!!
 Shipment + arrive
 Expand + market
 Stay + up late
 Superior; inferior, senior; junior + to
 Meet, see .. someone + in person
 Settlement + dispute / problem / conflict...
 Pay attention + to
 Present perfect + since + past
 In the past / last + period of time (2 months, 2 years..) +
present perfect
 Within + period of time ( a week, 3 days, a month...)
 Test Collocations!!! Cont...
 Form + evaluation, fill in, complete, fulfill...
 So, also, besides, in addition, therefore, moreover, thus,
hence, so that, however, as a result, nevertheless, but...
 Regarding / regardless of
 Like / unlike + people
 Defect / defective + refund, return, replace (ment)
 Yet (not) / already (present perfect)
 Sometime / sometimes
 Make / have / let / suggest + sb + bare
 Premises
 During + event
 Test Collocations!!! Cont...
 Time (7:15; 5pm..) + at / by / before / after / until / till..
 On + day
 In + month / year / period of time (3 days, a week..)
 Revise + article / report / essay / writing
 Know, learn, study, tips.. + how to
 Of – about – of about + number (%; money, people)
 To be expected to...
 To be required to ...
 Next + Sunday, week, month, year...
 In the + Next + period of time
 Test Collocations!!! Cont...
once your answer has been verified, you will be prompted to
........ your account number and create a new PIN.
a. Place b. offer c. enter d. impose
= Enter + code, PIN, account number, password..
The management of ABC has decided to withdraw its
business due to the ....... Market conditions there.
a. unfavorable c. unwilling
b. opposing d. reluctant
= condition + favorable; unfavorable; good; bad; terrible...
 Test Collocations!!! Cont...
In order to use all of the services provided by our company,
you need to ....... every 6 months.
a. describe b. subscribe c. prescribe d. install
The issue regarding the Automated Instant Debit program
will be discussed ........ detail at the meeting.
a. In c. on
b. To d. with
 Test Collocations!!! Cont...
 In the last (past) few days, the gold price.............
a. Was fluctuated
b. Is fluctuates
c. Has fluctuated
d. Have fluctuated
Our manager wants me to send him a report ......... 2 weeks.
a. For
b. Within
c. On
d. By
 Test Collocations!!! Cont...
 We need to .......... a reservation for the room in advance.
a. take
b. make
c. reach
d. get
Any one who completes the project early will be .......... to a
bonus or a refund of the tuition fee.
a. Entitled
b. held
c. blamed
d. Titled
Be entitled to / eligible for + bonus, benefit, money, refund...
 Test Collocations!!! Cont...
 We have to transfer this potential project because we
cannot raise enough.........
a. capital
b. money
c. fund
d. All
Raise: money, fund, capital, food (rice, chicken...)
 12 English Tenses
 Simple present  Past perfect
 Present continuous  Past perfect continuous
 Present perfect  Simple future
 Present perfect continuous  Future continuous
 Simple past  Future perfect
 Past continuous  Future perfect continuous
 Simple Present
(subject + verb”s”)
 I usually get up at 6 every
morning.
 This train leaves at 7pm.
 Water boils at 100C.
 The sun rises in the east.
 I like this film.
Present Continuous
(subject + be + verb-ing)
 She is playing tennis now.
 I am doing a project this
week.
 He is going to play tennis
next week.(Tiếng anh hiện đại
không còn dùng)
 He is playing tennis next
week.
 Discrimiante between Will or be verbing?

 Will describes a promise; moody, impromptu, it usually use following words

when speaking (maybe, perhaps...)
 Be + verb + ing (be going to) describes a inform, planned, date & time which
you planned before and now you inform.
For Example:
A: Are you going anywhere next holiday?
B: I don’t know, maybe, I will to the zoo. And you?
A: Me? I am travelling (be going to) to Dalat with my family for 3 days.
 Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
(subject + have/has + verb”3”) (subject + have/has + been + verb-ing)

I have studied English for 10 years, but  She has been studying English for
I am still bad at it. 10 months, and she is fairly good at
* since, for, already, yet, so far, up to it.
now, until now, ever, never, times,
once, twice, recently, lately, finally,
just ….

Present Perfect describes actions which happened in the past and last to
present and completed in terms of estimating times of action but not
completed in terms of action.
I have been to Da Lat for 3 times => It means “Now, I’m in HCMC” so “3 times”
are times which you did in the past but in the future you can go to Da Lat and
this action can be performed in the future.
 Simple past
(Subject + verb”2”)
 I went to Dalat last year.
 He took this test 1 week ago.
*ago, last, yesterday, 1999…
Past Continuous
(subject + were/was + verb-ing)
 When he went home, his mom was
cooking.
 When I was watching tv, my mom was
cooking.
 While they were listening to music,
their mom was cooking.
 What were you doing at 10pm last
night?
 At 10pm yesterday, I was sleeping.
 Past perfect
(subject + had + verb”3”
 Before I came home, I had bought
some food.
 After I had bought some food, I
went home.
 When I came there, she had gone
away.
* before, after, when.. 1999…
Past Perfect Continuous
(subject + had+ been + verb-ing)
 I had been waiting for this bus for 30
minutes when it arrived.
 Before I came to this city, it had been
raining for 3 days.
 Simple Future Future Continuous
(Subject + will/shall+verb”bare inf”) (subject + will/shall + be + verbing)

 I will go there on time.  At / By this time tomorrow, I will be

 Maybe, I will visit you next week. flying to New York
 What will you be doing at 7am
tomorrow?
 Future Perfect Cont’
Future Perfect
(subject + will/shall + have + been +
(Subject + will/shall+ have +verb”3”)
verb-ing)

 At/ By this time tomorrow, I will  At / By this time next month, we will
have eaten breakfast. have been working here for 10 years.
 At/ By 8pm tomorrow, I will have  By tomorrow, we will have been
gone home from work. studying for 2 months.
 When you call me at that time
tomorrow, I will have gone to
Hongkong.
 Toi se di cong tac tai thailand trong 3  Minh hi vong rang, vao thoi diem
ngay. Anh du dinh khi nao se di? Vao nay nam toi, chung ta se da hoan
gio nay ngay mai thi toi dang bay den tat cai du an phuc tap nay.
thailand roi. Chi co muon toi mua giup  Tinh toi cuoi tuan toi, toi se da lien
chi thu gi ko? Lich lam viec cua toi tuy tuc lam viec tai cong ty nay dc tron
hoi ban ron, nhung neu chi nho thi toi 5 nam.
se co gang tranh thu.  toi da den noi nay nhieu lan roi va
 Ho da xay cau cau nay lien tuc hon mot an tuong tot dep cua toi doi voi noi
nam roi, nhung den thoi diem nay ho nay chua bao gio thay doi.
van chua hoan thanh duoc no.
 Hom qua toi ko the goi dien cho anh
duoc. Luc 10 gio sang, anh dang lam gi
the? Ah, luc do toi dang co mot cuoc
gap go quan trong voi cac doi tac nen
toi cai dat dien thoai cua toi theo che
do yen lang. sau khi cuoc hop ket thuc,
toi da goi lai cho a nhung a da tat may
roi. Luc anh goi thi toi da di ngu roi.
 Translation into English
1. I’m going on business trip to Thai Land for 3 days. When are you
going? I will be flying to Thai Land at this time tomorrow. Do you
want me to buy something? My work schedule is little bit busy but I
will try if you need.
2. They have been building this bridge for over 1 year, they have not
finished at this time yet.
3. I couldn’t call you yesterday. What were you doing at 10 am?. I was
having an important meeting with partners so I had set up my phone
in the silent mode. After the meeting had finished, I called you but
you had turned off your phone. When you called me, I had gone to
bed.
4. I hope that we will have finished this complex project at this time
next year.
5. By next week, I will have been working at this company for 5 years
6. I have been this place many times and my good impression has
never changed with this place.
 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 1

 1/ Comparison Transformation:
… adj/ adv + “er” …. + than … = not as/so +
adj/adv + as
Ex: she is better than me.
= I am not as good as she is.
…more + adj/adv + than = not as/so + adj/adv
+ as
Ex: she dances more beautifully than me.
= I don’t dance as beautifully as she does.
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
 1/ Comparison Transformation Practice:
a. He drives faster than me.
b. He is richer than me.
c. He cooks better than me.
d. He speaks English more fluently than me.
e. He is more arrogant than me.
f. I am not as stupid as he is.
g. This shirt is not as expensive as that shirt.
h. They can’t swim as well as I do.
a. He drives faster than me.
= I don’t drive as fast as he
does
b. He is richer than me.
= I’m not as rich as he is.
c. He cooks better than
me.
= I don’t cook as well as he
does.
d. He speaks English more
fluently than me.
= I don’t speak E as
fluently as he does.
e. He is more arrogant than
me.
= I’m not as arrogant as he is.
f. I am not as stupid as he is.
= He is more stupid than me.
g. This shirt is not as
expensive as that shirt.
= That shirt is more
expensive than this shirt.
h. They can’t swim as well as
I can.
= I can swim better than
them.
 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 2

 2/ So, Such, Enough & Too Transformation:

…so + adj/adv + that + clause
Ex: she is so beautiful that I can’t reach.
…such + a/an + N-phrase (adj+N) + that + clause
= she is such a beautiful girl that I can’t reach.
…too + adj/adv + (for sb) to …
Ex: this room is too small for me to work.
… not + adj/adv + enough + (for sb) to …
= this room is not big enough for me to work.
Challenge!!!
 He drives very fast and I can’t catch him.
= He drives so fast that I can’t…
= He is such a fast driver that I can’t …
= He drives too fast for me to catch.
= He doesn’t drive slowly enough for me to catch.
. He is very old and he can’t attend this competition.
= He is so old that he can’t …
= He is such an old man that he can’t …
= He is too old to attend this …
= He is not young enough to attend …
 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 3

 3/ Comment Transformation:
It + be + adj + (for sb) to …
Ex: it is wonderful to go out today.
It’s nice to meet you.
It’s difficult to solve this problem.
To … + be + adj.
= To go out today is wonderful.
= To meet you is nice.
= To solve this problem is difficult.
 Consolidation!!!
1. I can’t cook as well as my mother does.
2. This cake is not big enough for 4 people to eat.
3. This phone is smart enough to do multitasks.
4. This reading is so hard that we can’t finish it.
5. He speaks too fast for us to catch.
6. To find out the reason why she left is not easy at all.
7. It’s great to drink something cold in this hot
weather.
 Sentence Transformation 4
… had better + bare inf…
You had better study hard for this exam.
He had better be on time for the meeting tomorrow.
= … advise + sb + to …
I advise you to study hard for ….
I advise him to be on time for the …
… had better not + bare inf…
You had better not study carelessly for this exam.
You had better not be late for the meeting tomorrow.
= … advise + sb + not to …
I advise you not to study carelessly …
I advise you not to be late for …
 Sentence Transformation 5
… would rather + bare inf + than + bare inf
I would rather stay home than go out at noon.
= …prefer + verb+ing (Noun) + to + verb-ing (Noun)
I prefer staying home to going out at noon.
= …would prefer to + bare inf + rather than + bare inf
I would prefer to stay at home rather than go…
Note:
Sub1 + would rather + sub2 + V2
I would rather you cooked dinner now.
I would rather you didn’t go to work late.
 Challenge!!!
1/ For your safety, you should remember to wear a helmet
when you ride a motorbike in VN.
2/ You ought to leave early if you want to be on time.
= for your safety, you had better remember to wear…
= for your safety, you had better not forget to wear…
= for your safety, I advise you to remember to wear…
= for your safety, I advise you not to forget to wear…
= you had better leave early if you want…
= you had better not leave late if you want…
= I advise you to leave early if you want…
= I advise you not leave late if you want…
 Challenge!!!
1/ han thich choi hon thich lam.
2/ chung ta tha hi sinh tat ca chu nhat quyet khong chiu
lam no le.
3/ chung ta tot hon la nen xem xet du an nay can than.
4/ toi thich anh noi it lai va lam nhieu hon.
 Sentence Transformation 6
Ag0 = Since & for
He began to carry out this project 1 month ago.
= he has carried out this project for 1 month.
= he has carried out this project since last month.
The last time I went to Dalat was 2 years ago. (2010)
= I haven’t gone to Dalat for 2 years.
= I haven’t gone to Dalat since 2010.
I haven’t met him since July 4th.
= the last time I met him was on July 4th.
 Sentence Transformation 7
If clauses:
. Type O: real in the present
If clause - present + clause - present
= Contact me if you want any information.
= if you need my help, you can call me
= let me know if you decide to quit this job.
 Sentence Transformation 7
If clauses:
. Type 1: real in the present (cause & effect)
If clause - present + clause - will/shall
= if you are late again, I will sack you.
= I will do it if you think it’s necessary.
= if he keeps making that mistake, we will have to
reconsider his contract.
= I will lend you some money if you promise to pay me back
on time.
= what will you do if you know the truth?
 Sentence Transformation 7
If clauses:
. Type 2: unreal in the present
If clause - V2 “were” + clause – would / should / could
= if you were a billionaire, what would you do?
= I would travel to Africa, if I had enough money.
= what would you do if you were me?
Sentence Transformation 7
If clauses:
. Type 3: unreal in the past
If clause – had + V3 + clause – would / should / could +
have + V3
= yesterday, if had gone to the airport on time, I could have
said goodbye to her.
= I would have avoided the accident if I had been more
careful.
= I would not have been punished, if I had come early.
Sentence Transformation 7
If clauses:
. Type 4: cause in the past & effect at the present
If clause – had + V3 + clause – would / should / could +
bare inf + now/present/at the moment…
= yesterday, if I had not watched TV so late, I would not
feel sleepy now.
= if I had followed my parents’ advice, my life would be
better now.
= I would be a doctor now if I had studied hard in the
past.
Challenge!!!
1/ I study well and I pass the exam.
2/ I didn’t do my homework, so I was punished.
3/ I am not you, so I can’t accept this project.
4/ I studied English badly when I was young and I am
studying it again now
5/ I drove too fast and the police stopped me.
6/ I was not at her party last night, and she is angry with me
now.
Challenge!!!
1/ neu truoc day toi nghe loi ba me, thi doi toi dau co khon
kho khon nan nhu bay gio.
2/ neu dieu toi te nay tai dien them mot lan nua, toi se
khong tha thu cho a dau.
3/ anh se lam gi trong tinh the cap bach nay neu anh o vao
hoan canh cua toi bay gio?
4/ neu cong ty chung ta chap nhan du an do thi bay gio
chung ta dau co bi no ngap dau ngap co.
 Sentence Transformation 8
Reported speech with Y/N & Wh-Questions
. “what did you do yesterday?” she asked
= she asked me what I had done the day before.
. “who are you?” she asked?
= she asked me who I was.
. “are you a doctor?” she asked.
She asked me if/whether I was a doctor.
. “were you at this party last night?” she asked.
She asked me if/whether I had been at that party the night
before.
. “can you play piano?” she asked
= she asked me if/whether I could play piano.
. “do you like music?” … if/whether I liked music.
 Sentence Transformation 8
Direct speech & Indirect speech
. She said: “I love you”
= she said to me (told) that she loved me.
. He said: “I will be here tomorrow”
= he told (said to) me that he would be there the next day.
. “go to work early” my boss said.
= my boss told me to go to work early.
. My mother said: “don’t go home after 11 ”
= my mother asked me not to go home after 11.
. “why don’t we go out and have fun?” she said.
= she advised us to go out..; or she suggested going out..
 Sentence Transformation 8
Reported speech – special note: prepositions
 Sentence Transformation 9
• If … not – unless
• If you don’t go to work on time, I’ll fire you.
= Unless you go to work on time, I’ll fire you.
= I’ll fire you unless you go to work on time.
• If you aren’t a teacher, you have to stop here.
= Unless you are a teacher, you have to stop here.
• If you don’t want, I won’t send it to you.
= I won’t send it to you unless you want.
• If nothing goes wrong, we will sign this contract.
= Unless something goes wrong, we will sign…
• He will only do it if you agree to help him.
= He won’t do it unless you agree to…
 Sentence Transformation 10
• Wish + sub + V2 or V3…
• I don’t speak English well.
= I wish I spoke English well.
• I regret not telling you the truth.
= I wish I had told you the truth.
= if only I had told you the truth.
 Transformation 11: Passive voice
 Active voice  Passive voice
She writes this email = this email is written by her
He did this project = this project was done…
They have promoted me = I have been promoted…
I will punish you = you will be punished…
She has to do this task = this task has to be done…
We are writing a letter = a letter is being written…
She was buying a house = a house was being bought…
My mom gave me a book = I was given a book by…
= a book was given to me by…
 Challenge!!!
 Ban co the huy hop dong nay trong vong 5 ngay lam viec.
 Co thu ki cua toi vua moi hoan tat 1 ban bao cao thang.
 Chung toi se giao cho ban cac san pham nay ngay.
 Ho dang son can phong nay khi toi den vao ngay hom qua.
 Chung toi du dinh se hoan tat du an nay vao thang toi.
 Toi se cho anh vai loi khuyen.
 Ba me toi khong cho phep toi ra ngoai sau 11pm.
 Xep toi bao toi di lam som vao ngay mai.
Transformation 12: Causative form
 have sb + bare inf + sth = have sth + V3
 get sb + to inf + sth = get sth + V3
= I have a hairdresser cut my hair = I have my hair cut.
= I get a hairdresser to cut my hair = I get my hair cut.
Transformation 12: Causative form
• I wash these dishes for my mom
• The taxi driver took me to the airport.
• My father asked the repairman to fix his laptop.
• My mom makes lunch for me.
• My teacher solves this problem for me.
• The police help me find my lost wallet.
 Transformation 13: Although…
• Although / though / even though + clause +, + clause
= Although/though/even though he is rich, he is not happy.
• In spite of / despite + gerund + , + clause.
• Despite / in spite of + Noun phrase + , + clause.
= Despite / in spite of being rich, he is not happy.
= despite / in spite of his wealth, he is not happy.
 Transformation 13: Challenge!!!
• Though it rained heavily, I went to work on time.
• Although he drove slowly, the accident happened.
• Though she loves him so much, she can’t marry him.
• Though they live faraway, they meet online daily.
• Despite the unfavorable economic situation, our company
still succeeded in this market.
• In spite of feeling hurt, he managed to win the race.
• Though this is a hard work, I tried to finish it.
 Transformation 14: because…
• because / since / as + clause…
= because / since / as it rains heavily, I stay home.
= I stay home because/since/as it rains heavily.
• Clause + so …
= it rains heavily, so I stay home
• Because of / due to + Noun phrase / Gerund …
= because of / due to the heavy rain, I stay home.
= I stay home due to / because of the heavy rain.
 Transformation 14: Challenge
• He studied badly. He failed the exam.
• You don’t obey the company’s rules. You are sacked
• The economics' condition is unfavorable. Our company has
to downsize.
• I came to the meeting late. The traffic was so bad.
• She behaves well. Everybody likes to be with her.
• She studied hard. She found the test very easy.
• They have no job. They have to ask us for a loan.
 Transformation 15
• It + takes / took + sb + how long + to do sth
= it takes us 5 months to finish this project.
= it took me 1hour to get here by bus.
• It is a five-hour trip from here to Mui Ne.
• To buy this smart phone, I had to wait for it for 1 year.
• I spent 1 hour to buy a ticket for this concert.
• Finally, I got here after walking for 2 hours.
• Hurry up! You need at least 30 minutes to get to the airport.
 Transformation 16
I could not swim until I was sixteen years old
• It was not until ….. + that + sub + verb …
= it was not until I was sixteen that I could swim.
• I didn’t know what love was until I met you.
= it was not until I met you that I knew what love was.
 Transformation 17
• I haven’t seen him for 2 weeks.
= it’s + how long + since + sub (last)+ V2..
= it’s 2 weeks since I last saw him.
• We have been working here for 10 years.
= it’s 10 years since we worked here.
 Transformation 18
• “does he like music?”
= we’d like to know / could you tell me / do you know +
if/whether + sub + verb + ?
= do you know if he likes music?
• What does he do in his free time?
= we’d like to know / could you tell me / do you know +
Wh-question + sub + verb + ?
= we’d like to know what he does in his free time?
 Transformation 18: challenge!!!
• Has she ever done this project before?
• Is she going to be ready for the test next week?
• How long does it take to get to Dalat from here?
• What does his manager think about her proposal?
• Were they there when the fire occurred?
• What would she do if she were in your situation?
• Can I withdraw the money from any of your branches?
• Who might take this position when the our director retires?
= could you tell me…? Do you know…? We’d like to know…
 Transformation 19: the … , The….
• The more we go, the more we know.
• The faster you run, the earlier you get home.
• The taller she is, the more beautiful she becomes.
• The more interesting this film is, the faster its tickets are sold
• The more she eats, the less attractive she is.
 Transformation 20: why don’t…?
• Why don’t you…? = Sub + suggested that + sub + should…
• why don’t you accept the job offer from ACB? said John.
= John suggested that I should accept the job offer from…
• Why don’t you inform me before you quit the job? said Ann.
• Why don’t you take this promising project, Steve? said Dave.
• Why don’t you complain to your boss, Sue? said Peter.
• Why don’t you buy this reasonable car, David? said Paul.
 Transformation 21: used to…
• Simple past with “often & always” = used to + bare inf…
When I was young, I often went swimming in the river.
= I used to go swimming in the river when I was young.
When I was a boy, I always got good mark in English.
= I used to get good mark in English when I was a boy.
Real test sample: he used to smoke when he was young.
a. He often smokes when he was young.
b. He often smoked when he were young.
c. He often smoked when he was young.
d. He often smoked when he wasn’t young.
Transformation 22: be accustomed
• Be / get accustomed to verb-ing / Noun
I am/get accustomed to swimming in the pool.
= be / get used to + verb-ing / Noun
I am/get used to swimming in the pool.
Real test sample: he gets accustomed to living independently.
a. he is use to living independently.
b. he is used to living independently.
c. he gets use to living independently.
d. he gets used to live independently.
 Transformation 23 + 24: neither…nor-
either… or-both..and-not only..but also
Anh ay ngu ma con li nua.
Toi co the gap anh vao ngay thu 7 hoac chu nhat.
Ho khong thich xem phim lan nghe nhac.
Ca John va ban gai deu khong thich dia diem du lich nay.
Mary vua la giam doc kiem ke toan truong cua cong ty nay.
Toi va ho deu khong muon tham gia cuoc phong van nay.
Transformation 25 : May/Can/Could + sub +
v…? = Do you mind if + sub + v…?
• Could I borrow your laptop?
= Do you mind if I borrow your laptop?
• Can I call you tonight at 10pm?
• May I enter your class to make up for the class I was absent?
• Could I show how to use this camera?
Transformation 26 : Will/would/Can/Could
+ sub + v…? = Would you mind + verb-ing…? Or
Would you please + verb bare…?
• Could I borrow your laptop?
• Can I call you tonight at 10pm?
• Can I enter your class to make up for the class I was absent?
• Could I show you how to use this camera?
• Will you tell me what time it is?
• Would you ask them why they leave so early?
 Transformation 27: should/ought to =
had better
You should come to the next meeting early.
= you had better come to the next meeting early.
You ought to finish this report tonight.
= you had better finish this report tonight.
 Transformation 28: Let’s + verb =
why don’t we + v…?
Let’s go out and enjoy some coffee?
= Why don’t we go out and enjoy some coffee?
Transformation 29: Inversion (test ones)
1/ No sooner had + sub + V3 than + sub + V2
2/ Hardly had + sub + V3 when + sub + V2
3/ Scarcely had + sub + V3 when + sub + V2
I arrived home, and my boss called me.
I just thought about him then he came.
He called me after I had just gone to bed.
 Transformation 29: Inversion plus
1/ we have never suffered such
a big loss in business.
= never (before)
2/ she rarely went to work on
time.
= rarely
3/ I didn’t know anything
about IT.
= Little
4/ you’re not allowed to smoke
here in any circumstances.
= under no circumstances
5/ My boss won’t accept this
risky plan on any condition.
=on no condition
6/ you are not only stupid but
also stubborn.
= not only
7/ I was never shown how to
cook.
= at no time
8/ the only way you can solve
this is by asking me.
Only by
Transformation 29: Inversion plus If
 If you have any question, contact me.
= Should you have any question, contact me.
 If you won a lottery, what would you do?
= Were you to win a lottery, what would you do?
• If I had come there early, I would have met her.
= Had I come there early, I would have met her.
Relative pronouns or Adjective
clauses?!?
 Subject pronouns: who/which/that
 The man is from New York. He teaches me English.
= The man who/that is from NY teaches me English.
= The man who teaches me English is from NY.
• This is the dog. It bit me. It will be sold.
= The dog which/that bites me will be sold.
 Object pronouns: who/whom/which/that
 This is the girl. I love her.
= This is the girl whom I love.
= This is the girl that I love.
= This is the girl I love.
• This is the dog. I bite it.
= This is the dog that/which I bite.
= this is the dog I bite.
Possessive: “Noun + whose + Noun”
 Whose for people? animals? things? or all?
= The girl whose father is a doctor is my girl friend.
= The dog whose ears are very long comes from Italy.
= The table whose legs were broken is very old.
= This is the company whose director was arrested
yesterday.
Defining and Non-defining clauses
 Bill Gates, who is the richest man in the world, was
born on 0ct 28th, 1955.
 My father who is a gardener was born on March 7th,
1956.
 He pays me back the money, which he borrowed.
 My neighbor, who lives across the street, passed away
yesterday.
 Special Notes for “that”
 Use “that” in mixed subject: He and his cat that live
next to my house are well matched.
 Use “that” after superlative: This is the hottest day
that I have ever experienced.
 Use “that” after: all; every; very; only; first; last;
much; little; some; any … : The only person that I
trust is you.
 Use “that” after interrogative: Who is the man that
you fall in love with?
*don’t use “that” in: non-defining clause; and
prepositions phrase: some of; many of; none of; all
of; much of … + which / whom
 Prepositions: “in which; on which; the reason for
which; of which; of whom; about which; to/with whom; about
whom…”
* This is the house. I live in this house.
= This is the house in which I live.
* This is the day. I met her on this day.
= this is the day on which I met her.
* Weather is the reason why I like Dalat.
= Weather is the reason for which I like Dalat.
* He has 2 sisters. One of them is a doctor.
= He has 2 sisters, one of whom is a doctor.
* I have 10 pens. Some of them are red.
= I have 10 pens, some of which are red.
 Present participle (verb-ing)
• The man who is talking over there is my teacher.
• The woman that is wearing the red dress is my
manager.
• David is the person who is sitting on the table.
 Past participle (V3)
• The student who was punished yesterday is Tom.
• The girl who was killed in that accident is my
neighbor.
• This is the new ipad which was introduced last week.
Translation:
• Day la co gai ma toi muon gioi thieu voi anh.
• Thanh pho noi toi dang sinh song rat la xinh dep.
• Nguoi ma co chiec xe hoi mau trang la ban cua toi.
• Ket xe chinh la li do tai sao nhieu nguoi khong thich ra
ngoai vao gio cao diem.
• Cong ty toi dang tim nhung ung vien dang lam viec trong
nganh dia oc.
• Day chinh la cai laptop bi danh cap tuan truoc.
• Cai ngay ma toi tot nghiep chinh la ngay dang nho nhat
doi voi toi.