CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS

1. The variance of a variable (or) column is zero i.e., there is no

variation. It clearly states the values are same(constant). Since
all the values of a variable are same there is no requirement of
analysis.

2. Given values for A :

7 6 7 7 8 5 8 7 7 5 5

MEAN: Mean is defined as arithmetic average of all values.

∑𝑋
𝜇=
𝑛
7+6+7+7+8+5+8+7+7+5+5
Ie., Mean =
11
72
=
11

= 6.54

MEDIAN: Arrange the numbers in increasing order if the

numbers are even take the mean of the two numbers at the
center and if the numbers are odd the center number is the
median .

Increasing order of the given numbers are : 5,5,5,6,7,7,7,7,7,8,8

Here there is odd number in total (11)
 So the median is 7.

MODE: Mode is defined as the value that appears frequently in

the data.
In the given data the value 7 occurs five times.

So Mode is 7.

STANDARD DEVIATION: It is the squareroot of the variance.

(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
S=√
𝑛−1

X 7 6 7 7 8 5 8 7 7 5 5
(𝑥 0.21 .2916 .2116 .2116 6.4516 2.3716 6.4516 .2116 .2116 2.3716 2.3716
16
− ̅̅̅
𝑥)2

S=
.2116+.2916+.2116+.2116+6.4516+2.3716+6.4516+.2116+.2116+2.3716+2.3716
√
10

21.3676
=√
10

= 1.46

3. Given,

n = 12
 ∑𝑥
Mean =
𝑛

Also given the largest score is increased by 36

1
i.e., (∑𝑥 + 𝑎)
𝑛

∑𝑥 𝑎
= +
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 36
Therefore , = =3
𝑛 12

Increase in the mean is 3.

4.
Data ( Singular) Data (Plural)

 The value of the variable  The set of values

associated with one
element of a population
or sample. This value
may be a number , a
word or a symbol.  Ex: A: 4,5,6
 Ex: A : 4, 5,6
B: 7,8,9
Here A and B are the data
sets.
4 is the single value of
variable A . In this case
data is considered to be
singular.
collected for the variable
from each of the
elements belonging to
the sample.
B: 7,8,9
Here A and B are the
data sets.
All the values of variable
‘A’ is said to be data
plural .
5. Statistical measure can be done in two parts.
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics mainly uses numerical and graphical

techniques to look for patterns in a dataset, to summarize the
data and to present the data in a convenient way.

Inferential Statistics uses sample data to make estimates,

decisions, predictions about a larger set of data.With
Inferential statistics you take data from samples and make
generalizations about a population.
There are two main areas of Inferential Statistics :
i. Estimating Parameter :- This means taking a statistic from
sample data and using it to say something about a
population parameter.
ii. Hypothesis Tests :- This is where you can use sample data
to answer research questions.