Acknowledgement..................................................

Objectives...............................................................

Introduction ...........................................................

Part 1......................................................................

Part 2......................................................................

Part 3......................................................................

Further explorations...............................................

Reflections............................................................

Conclusion..............................................................
 Firs t of all, I would like to say Alhamduli lah,
l for giving me the strength
and health to do this projec t work and finish it on time.

Not forgotten to my parents for providing everything, such as money , to

buy anything that are related to this projec t work , their advise, which is the
mos t needed for this projec t and faci ities
l such as internet, bo ok s , computers
and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task
so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank to my teacher, Mrs. Masenu for guiding

me throughout this project. Even I had some difficulties in doing this tas k , but
she taught me patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach
me until I understand what I’m supposed to do with the projec t work .

Besides that, my friends who always supporting me. Even this projec t is
individual yl but we are cooperated doing this projec t especially in disscussion
and sharing ideas to ensure our tas k will finish completely .

Las t but not least, any party which involved either directly or indirec t in
completing this projec t work . Thank you everyone.
The aims of car rying out this projec t work are:

i. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve

problems .

ii. To improve thinking ski lsl .

i i.i To promote ef ef ctive mathematical comm unication.

iv . To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in

a way that increases students ’ interes t and confidence.

v. To use the language of mathematic s to expres s mathematical

ideas precisely.

vi. To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

ef e
f ctive learning.

vii. To develop positive attitude towards mathematic s .

A Brief History Of Statistic

By the 18th century , the term “ statistics“ designated the s y stematic

collection of demographic and economic data by states . In the early 19th
century , the meaning of “statistic s “ broadened, then including the discipline
concerned with the col ection,
l summary , and analysis of data. Today statistics
is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences . Electronic
computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed
statisticians to develop “computer -intensive“ methods .

The term “mathematical statistic s “ designates the mathematical theories

of probabi ity
l and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice.
The relation between statistics and probabi ity
l theory developed rather late,
however. In the 19th century , statistic s increasingly used probability theory ,
whose initial results were found in the17th and 18th centuries , particularly in
the analysis of games of chance (gambl ng).
i By 1800, astronomy used
probability models and statistical theories , particularly the method of leas t
squares , which was invented by Legendre and Gaus s . Early probabi ity
l theory
and statistics was s y stematized and extended by Laplace; following Laplace,
probability and statistic s have been in continual development.

In the 19th century , social s cientists used statistical r easoning and

probabi ity
l models to advance the new s ciences of experimental psychology
and sociology ; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probabi ity
l
models to advance the new s ciences of thermodynamic s and statistical
mechanic s .

The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with

the development of inductive logic and the scientific method. Statistic s is not
a field of mathematic s but an autonomous mathematical science , like
computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematic s , statistics had
its origins in public administration and maintains a special concern with
demography and economic s . Being concerned with the scientific method and
inductive logic , statistical theory has close association with the philosophy of
s cience ; with its emphasis on learning from data and making bes t
 predictions , statistic s has great overlap with the decision s cience and
microeconomic s . With its concerns with data, statistic s has overlap with
information science and computer science .

Statistics Today

During the 20th century , the creation of precise instruments for

agricultural research, public health concerns (epidemiology , biostatistic s ,
etc.),industrial quality control, and economic and social purposes
(unemployment rate, econometry , etc.) neces sitated substantial advances in
statistical practices .

Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins .
Individuals and organizations use statistics to understand data and make
informed decisions throughout the natural and social s ciences , medicine,
busines s , and other areas . Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield
of mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit al ied,
l field. Many universities
maintain separate mathematic s and stati stics departments . Statistics is also
taught in departments as diverse as ps ychology , education, and public health.

The prices of good sold in shops are vary from one shop to another.
Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only reasonably priced but also give
value for their money . I had car ried out a survey on four different items based
on the following categories which is food, detergent and stationery . The survey
was done in three different shops . Informations below shows the results from
my research.
Question (a)
> Pictur e
Question ( b)
> Data

Price (RM)
Category Ie
tm
Shop A Shop B Shop C
1.Self raising flour (500g) 2.00 2.50 2.10
2. Sugar(1000g) 1.80 1.90 1.85
Food
3. But e
t r (250g) 3.50 3.60 3.60
4. Eggs (Grade A) 8.20 8.50 8.40
Total price 15.50 16.50 15.95
1. Dishwash 1.80 2.00 1.95
Detergent 2. Sof et ner 3.90 4.20 4.00
3. Floor cleaner 10.90 11.00 11.30
4. Powder Dlgent 9.50 9.50 9.60
Total price 26.10 26.70 26.85
1. Eraser 0.80 0.80 0.70
Stationery 2. Marker 3.00 3.60 3.90
3. Pencil colour 5.50 5.40 5.30
4. Scissor 2.30 2.30 2.40
Total price 11.60 12.10 12.30

Grand total 53.20 55.30 55.10

Question (c)
Question (D)

Based on all the graph in question 1(C), we can conclude that Sh op A

of e
f rs the lowes t price for their customers . Then fol owed
l by Shop B and Shop
C. This is because the supplier of the Shop A gives the special price for it
as it buy by bulk.

Other factors that influenced the prices of goods in the shops is such
as the location of the shop, the population of the customers , the status of the
shop, the size of the shop, and the rent for the shop.

Shop A can of e
f r the lowes t price because it is situated at stratergic
place so indirectly this factor can attrac t customer buy at the mal .l When there
are many customers , the demand of the items wi ll be high and the mall can
buy by bulk directly with the supplier to get the special price. The status of the
shop also influenced the price of the goods sold. As example the shop with
status mall wi ll of ef r the lowes t price than the shop with status mini market.
The size of the shop also will influenced the price. When the size of the shop
is bigger its mean it can sell many dif ef rent items in the shop. Indirectly the
shop will known as one stop center and it will at rtac t many customers as the
people nowadays are very b us y . Shop A is a bigmall and it provides many
items that we need in our life. Eventhough it have to pay rent for the place,
but it not gives too much ef ef cts to the price of goods sold as it has many
buyers .

Shop B and Shop c cannot of ef r the prices as shop A because they

are situated outside the urban area like Shop A. . So the population of the
customer will not be as many as customer in Shop A . These shops get the
supply for their goods from Shop A.Even they buy by bulk with Shop
A prices sti ll wi ll be higher than Shop A. The size of these shop also small and
cannot provide too much goods for their customers . They jus t sold basic
needed for their customers .
 hey not T have too much customers , so the rent that they have to pay
wi ll influenced the price of the goods sold.

As a conclusion, there are many factors that af e

f c t the price of the
goods solds in a shop. So, we mus t be a smart customer to ensure we can
get the lowes t price. The graph below wi ll show the conclusion of the
difference among the shops based upon the shops grand total.

58

57

56

55

52

51

Grand Total
 Question (e)

The item that has large price dif e

f rent among the shops is marker. Shop A
sold at RM3.00,Shop B at RM3.90 while Shop C at RM3.60.

> Calculate the

mean

±
x= N

3+3.6+3.
9
=
3
= 3.5

> Calculate the standard deviation

€= €
Or
±( — )2
=
€
N

(3—3.5)2 + (3.6—3.5)2 +(3.9—

3.5)2

= 3

= 0.3742
The difference of the price of the marker in these three shops is
maybe due to the price given by the supplier to the shops. Shop
A can sold it at lowest prices because the demand of the buyers
for the the item is high so it can buy by bulk with the supplier.
So the shop can get the special price. The demand of the item in
Shop B and Shop C are low. This is because the customers are
more interested to buy the stationery items in mall or
stationery shops as there are more options to choose. So Shop C
and Shop B cannot buy by bulk the stationery items with their
The difference of the price of the marker in these three shops is
maybe due to the price given by the supplier to the shops. Shop A
can sold it at lowest prices because the demand of the buyers for the
the item is high so it can buy by bulk with the supplier. So the shop
can get the special price. The demand of the item in Shop B and Shop
C are low. This is because the customers are more interested to buy
the stationery items in mall or stationery shops as there are more
options to choose. So Shop C and Shop B cannot buy by bulk the
stationery items with their supplier.