1

Topic name:
Relationship between Narcissism, Materialism and trust among
adolescents.

Submitted by:
Shagufta Parveen
Roll no (14_48)
Submitted to:
Sir Naveed
 2

Chapter-I

Introduction

In university there are many students belonging to the different cultures, traditions
and societies.They have different personality traits and emotional levels. Narcissism,
materialism and trust that can be associated with all stages of life and almost found in all age
group, but can be seen as emerging prominently in late adolescents and early adulthood.
Narcissism is seen as a personality trait that person can show in different degrees and which
occurs on centum. (Bergman.,2011). Narcissism as a normal personality trait has received
much attention in recent decades. Narcissism is one of the many personality constructs that
constitutes our personality. Distinctive features of narcissism include grandiose self concept,
a sense of superiority and entitlement, and interpersonal exploitativeness (Morf &
Rhodewalt,2001).

The DSM-5 describes narcissistic personality disorder as a pervasive pattern of grandiosity,

need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of
context.

Narcissism

Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's idealized
self image and attributes. The term originated from Greek mythology, where the
young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. (Millon,et
al.,2004). A person with narcissistic personality disorder expresses five (or more) traits, A
grandiose sense of self-importance.A preoccupation with fantasies, power, brilliance, beauty,
or ideal love, Believes that he or she is (special, other special or high-status, narcissistic
personality requires excessive admiration has a sense of entitlement, interpersonally
exploitative, Lacks of empathy, often envious of others or believes that others are envious of
him or her shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes (American Psychiatric Association,
2013).Whereas narcissists people wants attention and appreciation, and also don’t care about
intimate relationships (Foster, et al.2003).

Narcissistic Personality Traits

A narcissistic person have insatiable appetite for the attention of others and extreme feelings
of jealousy. They expect special treatment from other people.They over Exaggerate their
 3

achievements or talents they have extreme sensitivity and a tendency to be easily hurt and to
feel rejected with little provocation.They have difficulty in maintaining healthful
relationships.Narcissist fantasizing about their own intelligence, success, power, and
appearance. A tendency to consider themselves as skilled in romance.They have ability to
take advantage of others to achieve a goal, without regret or conscience. Lack of empathy or
ability to understand and share the feelings of others, and they have tendency to disregard
others feelings. Only certain people can understand their uniqueness. They respond to
criticism with anger, humiliation, and shame. They want praise and positive reinforcement
from others. They except that others will agree with them and go along with what they want.
Whatever they crave or yearn for must be (The Best).Others may see narcissist’s goals as
selfish ones. They may describe the person as self- obsessed, arrogant, tough-minded, and
lacking emotion. (Timothy J. Legg,2018,2 january)).

Levels of Narcissistic Behavior

Narcissism is classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American

Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder. Like all personality disorders, narcissism is
deep-rooted and challenging to change. However, levels of narcissistic behavior run on a
continuum from mild to severe. (Christain Nordqvist,2018).

The Center of Attention

Individuals with narcissistic traits often seek to be the center of attention. On the
surface, they may seem to have solid self-esteem, but they are easily thrown off balance and
are highly sensitive to the slightest criticism.(Christain Nordqvist ,2018).

Lack of Empathy

Another trait of the narcissist is a lack of concern for others' feelings, leading them to
take advantage of even close family members. This may be the most damaging aspect of this
personality disorder because relationships with these individuals tend to be shallow, and
partners of narcissists tend to feel marginalized. (Christian Nordqvist, 2018).

Fixation on Physical Appearance and External Praise

A classic trait of individuals in the narcissistic spectrum is the hyper-concern with

physical appearance. Narcissistic people have a weak internal sense of self. Hungry for
external praise, they may seek it out at all costs. (Christian Nordqvist,2018).
 4

Envy

Narcissists are envious of others and feel the need to out-do others' accomplishments, even
accomplishments of close family members.(Christain Nordqvist,2018).

Sense of Entitlement

Narcissists often engage in morally questionable behavior and, on the far end of the
spectrum, even break the law.(Christain Nordqvist, 2018).

The Shattered Mirror

Underneath the perfect exterior of the narcissist is a sense of self-loathing. Narcissism

is a defense mechanism that works until the narcissist starts loosing close relationships or his
reputation suffers. When this happens, the narcissist might consider seeking help from a
therapist. Narcissistic personality disorder can be a hard disorder to treat because the process
of therapy requires self-examination, something that narcissists by definition tend to avoid.
Narcissists tend to resort to therapy only when their carefully crafted image begins to
disintegrate. (Donna Torney 2017,30 september)

Kornberg’s Theory of Narcissism

Kornberg’s views on narcissism are based on Mahler’s theory of the separation- individuation
process in infancy and early childhood.Kernberg’s argues that the narcissist is unable to
successfully master the rapprochement sub-phase and is thus fixated at this level. It is
essential, however, to understand the dynamics of the practicing sub-phase before proceeding
to tackle the narcissist’s fixation at the rapprochement sub-phase. The practicing sub-phase
(age 10 to 14 months) marks the developmental stage at which the child learns to walk.
According to Kornberg’s if the child is severely frustrated at this stage he or she can adapt by
re-fusing or returning to the practicing sub-phase, which affords him the security of
grandiosity and omnipotence (Kornberg, 1976). In Kornberg’s theory on narcissism, he
focuses on the effect of object-relations on self-esteem. He refers to narcissism as a basic
structure of typically developing individuals. He defines it as libidinal investment of the self.
(Otto F. kornberg’s (1993).

Kohut’s Theory of Narcissism

Kohut believes that narcissism is a normal developmental milestone and the healthy
person learns to transform his or her adolescent narcissism into adult narcissism. This change
takes place through the process which Kohut terms transmuting internalizations. As the
 5

adolescent is mold into an adult he or she will always encounter various challenges resulting
in some frustration. If this frustration exceeds the coping abilities of the person only slightly
the person experiences optimal frustration. Optimal frustration leads the person to develop a
strong internal structure (a strong sense of the self) which is used to compensate for the lack
of external structure (support from others). In the narcissist the process of transmuting
internalizations is arrested because the person experiences a level of frustration which
exceeds optimal frustration. The narcissist thus remains stuck at the adolescent level, show
many characteristics of the influential and invulnerable child.
The theories of Kornberg’s and Kohut both characterize narcissists as individuals with a
childhood history of unsatisfactory social relationships who as adults possess grandiose views
of the self that bring a conflicted psychological dependence on others. (Jorge P. Ribeiro,July
5, 2011).

The Psychodynamic Model

The Psychodynamic literature in general tends to lean towards the object relations school
because of the emphasis it places on a comprehensive developmental explanation (the use of
Mahler’s individuation-separation model). Nevertheless, the theory of Kohut has left a deep
impression on Psychodynamic thinking as is evident by the utilization of many of his
concepts in the literature Therefore in the remainder of the Psychodynamic section a similar
approach will be taken, by emphasizing object relations concepts with the utilization of the
occasional Kohutian idea. (St. Rosemary, 2017).

Narcissism has been mentioned as being non pathological or pathological primarily based at
the center characteristics exhibited and their implications for inter non public behaviors
consisting of aggression. Extra specifically, non pathological narcissism includes an
inclination to view oneself as a front runner, success motivation, and a willingness to take
advantages of others for non public gain(Miller & Campbell,2011;Pincus
&Lukowitsky,2010).This form of narcissism is definitely correlated with self worth and
involves the experience of superiority traditional regarded as prototypical of
narcissism(Barry,Frick,& Killian,2003).

Narcissism in Adolescents

Studies insides the domain of narcissism had largely been performed with adult
contributors. However, the zone of young people narcissism has visible a recent growth in
studies with interest centered on the various behavioral and social tendency seen in person
 6

literature(Barry & Wallace,2010).Studies of adolescents narcissism had been shown to mirror

person literature with findings that link narcissism to behavioral issues together with
delinquency(Barry, et al., 2007).Moreover, studies with teens which includes the ones
mentioned above have now not commonly measured correlated of pathological narcissism.
Consequently, the present look at attempts to take a look at adolescents through a
questionnaire that measure pathological narcissism and how it pertains to parenting practices.
(Barry & Wallace, 2010).

Normal Infantile Narcissism

As children develop, their objects relations and self concept are not yet fully integrated.
Therefore, their regulation of self- esteem is partly focused at external gratification. In order
to feel good about themselves, they need others to admire them or their possessions.
However, at an early stage of development, this is age appropriate. (Otto F.kornberg,(1993).
Regression to Infantile Narcissism
This is a pathological form of narcissism in which the superego has remained infantile, and
thus maintained childish values and ideals. (Otto F. kornberg (1993)
Children of Narcissists Parents

Narcissistic parents usually run the household and can do severe damage to the self-
esteem and motivation of their children. Often they attempt to live vicariously through them.
These parents expect excellence and obedience, and can be competitive, envious, critical,
domineering, or needy. Although their personalities differ, the common factor is that their
feelings and needs, particularly emotional needs come first. As a result, their children learn to
adapt become co-dependent. Whereas their parents feel entitled, the children feel and
sacrifice and deny their own feelings and needs (unless they too are narcissistic). They do not
learn to trust and value themselves and grow up alienated from their true selves. They may be
driven to prove themselves in order to win their parents approval, but find little motivation to
pursue their wants and goals when not externally imposed (by a partner, employer, and
teacher). (Lancer, D. (2016).

Although they may be unaware of what was missing in their childhood, fear of abandonment
and intimacy continues to permeate their adult relationships. They’re afraid of making waves
or mistakes and being authentic. Used to seeking external validation, many become pleasers,
pretending to feel what they don’t and hiding what they do. By reenacting their family drama,
they believe their only choice is to be alone or give up themselves in a relationship. Often
adult children of narcissistic parents are depressed, have unacknowledged anger, and feelings
of emptiness. They may attract an addict, a narcissist, or other unavailable partner, repeating
 7

the pattern of emotional abandonment from childhood. Healing requires recovery from
codependency and overcoming the toxic shame acquired growing up in a narcissistic home.
(Lancer, D. (2016).

Narcissism and the defense of denial

Narcissism, itself can be understood as a shielding system, the motives of that are to
defend the individual from the tension related to a negative feel of self. The narcissist defends
towards recognition of self doubt, vulnerability, and worthlessness. If narcissism serves a
shielding purpose (Morf & Rhodewalt,2001; Carlson & Gjerde, 2009).When investigating the
relationship between narcissism and adjustment, recent research has found associations
between narcissism and problematic behaviors in childhood and adolescence. In comparison
to those who are low on narcissism, U.S. children and adolescents with high narcissism tend
to be more aggressive (Thomaes et al. 2008; Fossati et al. 2010).On the other hand, studies
have also found positive associations between narcissism and adjustment and materialism,
trust and mater in late adolescence as those found in adulthood (Suicides et al. 2004). For
instance, found that narcissism was positively related to adolescent’s self-worth, mastery
coping, and superior adjustment, materialism, but negatively associated with trust, depression
and suicidal ideation, which suggest some adaptive significance of narcissism during
adolescence. (Lesley & Aalsma, 2006)

Narcissism and Interpersonal Relationships

Research on narcissism and interpersonal relationships reveals interesting but

inconsistent findings. Many studies have indicated that narcissistic individuals have
difficulties with interpersonal relationships. Narcissism is inversely related to self-reported
empathy (Bushman et al. 2003) and forgiveness (Eaton et al. 2006) as revealed in U.S.
populations. Additionally, narcissistic U.S. individuals are aggressive (Bushman et al.
2009).Even in close relationships (romantic relationship); narcissism is related to certain
deficiencies (Campbell et al. 2002). On the other hand, positive functions of narcissism in
materialism and social relationships have also been found. For example, narcissistic U.S.
college students are attractive to observers at first sight because of characteristics such as
fancy cloth, more charming facial expressions, more self-assured body movements, and more
verbal humor (Back et al. 2010).Different studies suggest a picture of the narcissists as people
who use their friends to feel good about them. They indulge for attention and admiration to
support self-image that is positive but easily threatened. They are constantly on alert for even
 8

the slight that they perceive as disrespect. Perhaps most important narcissists striving to self-
enhance at the expense of their friends ultimately costs them the friendships. (Back et al.
2010).

Evidence suggest that higher level of narcissism in other than disciplines (westerman
et al., 2012).Individual high in narcissism display an reliance on, and place great importance
on status an recognition (American Psychological Association,2000). Narcissistic strong
desire to achieve and display status likely leads to higher levels of materialism. Narcissism &
materialism have strong relationship with each other because narcissistic have strong desire
to achieve and display higher level of material possessions. Accumulating material goods and
receiving the admiration from others is one way that narcissists may build their sense of self-
worth (Cisek, Hart, & Sedikides, 2008).statistically significant correlation between
materialism and conspicuous consumption.(Podoshen, Li & Zhang, (2011).Existential
insecurity underlies both materialism and personal connection with prestigious brands.
(Rindfleisch, Burroughs & Wong (2009).

Materialism

Materialism a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more

important than spiritual values. Materialism can also refer to a doctrine that material success
and progress are the highest values in life, refers to materialism as a cultural system in which
material interests are not made subservient to other social goals and material self-interests
preeminent.(Richard Vitzthum, 1996).

Materialism refers to a collection of personality traits. The contemporary world is full

of people who possess materialistic trait. They have a belief that owning and acquisition of the
right properties is the vital ingredients of happiness. These people think that success is judged
by the things individual possesses. They show materialism in a society and how the
consequences of pursuing materialistic lifestyle are the inability to reach the state of happiness
in one’s life. In a materialism driven society, people base their self worth on what they own and
are able to buy which results in a restriction of freedom and are unhappy. (Richard Vitzthum,
1996).

Relationships with the Five-Factor Model personality traits.Previous research has shown
consistent relationships between the Five-Factor Model personality traits, materialism and
excessive buying. However, little is known about the channels of influence through
personality traits and materialism leading to excessive buying. Therefore, the main objective
 9

of this current study is to examine whether materialism is a mediating variable in the

relationship between the Five-Factor Model and excessive buying. The results of the path
analysis using a sample of 667 women generally confirm the suitability of materialism as a
vehicle for the effects of Big-Five personality traits on excessive buying. Specifically,
neuroticism exerts both positive direct and indirect influences on excessive
buying.(Manchiraju, 2013).

Moreover, materialism mediates the influence of extraversion, openness, and agreeableness

on excessive buying. Whereas extraversion shows a positive association with materialism,
openness and agreeableness present negative relations with materialism which, in turn, is
associated with higher excessive buying propensity. Conscientiousness is the only exception
to the mediating model, and presents a direct and negative relation with excessive buying.
Generally speaking, the finding that five factors effects are mediated by materialism increases
the probability that preventive and interceptive efforts aimed at reducing materialistic values
effectively influence the associated risk for excessive buying originating from certain
personality traits. (Manchiraju, 2013).

Study examines Five Factor Model personal traits, materialism, and excessive buying. We
explored materialism as a mediator between Five Factor Model and excessive buying.
Materialism mediates all the influence of agreeableness, openness and extraversion.
Materialism is a partial mediator of the effect of neuroticism on excessive buying.
Neuroticism and conscientiousness exert direct effects on excessive buying. Materialism is a
complex, multi-faceted phenomenon, extensively studied by scholars from various fields,
including advertising, anthropology, consumer behavior and marketing, economics,
psychology, political science, and social sciences (Manchiraju, 2013).

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental
substance in nature, and that all things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are
results of material interactions. Competitiveness and emphasis on making profit as opposed
to human well-being. Materialism has been conceptualized as an attitude, belief, lifestyle,
moods, trait, and value (Ahuvia, 2008; Chang & Arkin, 2002).

Materialism trait

Belk assumes that materialism consists of three traits:

Possessiveness.Jealously opposed to the personal independence of, or to any influence other

than one's own upon, a child, spouse, etc.
 10

Non generosity is the virtue of giving something.

EnvyA feeling of discontent or covetousness with regard to another's advantages, success ,

possessions, etc. (Watson, 2003).

Materialism has drawn scholarly attention because it seems to carry negative

consequences for individual. For example, materialism is positively related to various
psychological illnesses like paranoia and depression, conflicts between spouses ,tendency to
engage in shoplifting ,more laissez-faire attitude towards borrowing (excessive use of credit
cards), and a lower rate of saving money (Watson, 2003).Materialism as acquisition,
centrality, acquisition as the pursuit of happiness and possession-defined success (Richens &
Dawson (1992).In the last three decades, these two measurements have been employed in so
many researches for finding indication of materialism in consumer behavior from luxury
brands (Zhao & Belk 2002).

Belk’s materialism traits themes

Material Success. Measures the extent to which one uses possessions as indicators of success
and achievement in life, both in judging oneself and others.

Material Centrality. Measures the extent to which possessions are placed in the Center of
one’s life.

Material Happiness .Measures the extent to which one believes that possessions. Are critical
to satisfaction and well-being in life. (Richins & Dawson; 1992).

Personality materialism as a function of individual personality traits.According to

Belk, there are three dominant traits that govern materialism—envy, non generosity, and
possessiveness. Envy refers to an individual’s strong desire for others’ possessions. Noted,
the envious person resents those who own what he wants. (Zhao & Belk 2002).

Therefore, advertisers frequently appeal to envy to arouse desire for their products.
Non-generosity is defined as an aversion to giving or sharing one’s possessions. In this vein,
non-generosity gives rise to a reluctance to donate one’s possessions and a negative attitude
towards charity Possessiveness is defined as the great concern that an individual displays
towards one’s possessions combined these subscales, measuring each of these three traits to
obtain an overall measure of materialism. Later added a fourth trait—preservation.
Preservation refers to a tendency to make one’s experiences tangible (e.g., souvenirs money
(Watson, 2003).
 11

However found the preservation subscale yielded negative factor loading hence, they
excluded it from further analysis. A value, as defined is a centrally held, enduring belief
which guides actions and judgments across specific situations and beyond immediate goals to
more ultimate end-states of existence. ( Ahuvia & Wong (2002).

Dimensions of materialism

Dimension of materialism acquisition centrality, happiness, and success. Acquisition

centrality is the importance people attach to possessions and the acquisition of material goods
as central to their lives. Happiness refers to the belief that owning the desirable possessions
promotes wellbeing. Success refers to a belief that an individual’s success is dependent upon
possession of material goods. Tested the three-dimensional structure of value materialism in
the U.S. and Thailand. (Ahuvia and Wong, 2002).

Their study revealed the factors loaded per subscales. In fact, they found a similar
level of importance was placed on acquisition centrality and happiness in both the nations,
although Thais placed greater importance on success.(Likewise, Davies et al).The factor
reliability of the three-dimensional value materialism as valid for the sample from both the
U.S. and the UK. (Richins & Dawson’s (1992). Higher level of materialism leads to a higher
level of environment protection. Therefore, a better understanding of empirical similarities
and dissimilarities of the two materialism conceptualizations is necessary to clarify the
materialism construct. Although prior researchers have assessed the two conceptualizations
of materialism together they have not directly tested the competing measurement models for
these two views. (Ahuvia & Wong, 2002; Kasser & Ahuvia, 2002).

Structure of personality and value materialism combined to assess the construct

underlying the distinct measures of materialism, alternative measurement models for
responses to personality materialism and value materialism scales were compared. We used a
higher-order measurement modeling to estimate the relationship between personality and
value materialism and to determine their degree of their conceptual overlap. Materialism is
often associated with lower life satisfaction and happiness contrasting relationships of
specific materialism factors to these measures will help us evaluate whether they are similarly
related to psychological adjustment. (Kasser, 2002; Ghadrian, 2010).

Another research to determine the cultural dimension and materialism in which

comparing between Canada and China, it was found that materialism level was higher in
China than in Canada. The prominent dimensions of Chinese materialism were pursuit of
 12

success and happiness while Canadians were acquisition of centrality.So, the Chinese were
more interested in acquiring possessions to seek happiness and show wealth while Canadians
tend to think that possessions are more central to their lives. (Ogden & Cheng ;2011).Besides,
this also display that the nature of materialism varied between the cultural of the two
countries especially these effect deprives from the popular view that Western leading the
world in a materialistic consumer culture. Other research revealed that Romanian students
were the most materialistic and Swedes were the least in a cross- cultural study among 12
nations in the Europe, Asia and United States. This may be due to materialism is highest in
countries which are economic dynamic and socially. ( Olivia, Tong & Wong (2012).

In a mean while, an investigation of materialism attempt to examine the linkage

between materialism and satisfaction of life among Malaysian undergraduates students in
Malaysia have been revealed that 13.9% of undergraduates exhibited mild materialism,
70.5% indicated average materialism and remaining 15.6% reported having high
materialism. In short, more than half (50%) of the participants were in the average level for
the materialism.(Siang & Talib (2011).

In addition, a study was to examine the purchasing behavior of Malaysian and its
association between tendency to spend, perceived social status, advertising appeals and
materialism indicated that majority of the participants were agreed that materialism is
important for them to have nice things, to buy anything and will feel happier if they afford to
buy more things.(Fah, Foon & Osman (2011).The most common purchase reported were
clothing (35.6%), recreational electronics such as music player or television and active
recreational equipment are consist of 13.2% (Hudders & Pandelaere, 2012). Besides, the
higher materialistic level of young adults characterized as internet survey, fashion
trendsetters, receptive to new products and media influence. These young adults also describe
as expecting immediate gratification and loving adventures thus they prefer action over
observation, directness over subtlety and cool all else. In addition, higher in materialism level
been found significantly associated with luxury purchase, compulsive buying, conspicuous
consumption and high fashion involvement (Xu, 2008).

Materialism and social comparison among adolescents

A central issue in studying materialism, especially amongst adolescents, is that of

social comparison with friends and media figures. Due to the combination of rapid body
growth and puberty, the early self-identity formed in childhood is no longer appropriate, and
 13

teenagers enter a period of identity crisis (Watson, 2013).Adolescents need to formulate a

new identity and to establish autonomy from their parents. They become more independent in
decision making. As a result, adolescents seek personal relationships that give value to their
perspectives and ensure that their feelings are understood. Peer groups, with their shared
experience, are an inevitable source of these relationships. Consequently, adolescents prefer
to identify with their peer groups. The frequent interaction with peers, even more frequent
than with parents, can lead to peers becoming the primary basis for social comparison. A
generalized social comparison theory states that individuals compare their own material
possessions with those owned by significant others to as certain their social status (Saunders,
2001).

Studying materialism and social comparison in a Chinese culture involves a context

quite different from Western culture. Many scholars argue that mass consumption in Chinese
society is different from that in Western societies because of the long-standing values
concerning families and human relations (Zhao, 2002). The Confucian characteristics of
Chinese culture cultivate strong habits of thrift, filial piety, group orientation, good manners,
face, and an emphasis on academic achievement (Chan & McNeal, 2003).As hierarchy is
legitimate and conformity to group norms is acceptable in Confucian traditional social
comparison of goods as a means to locate an individual’s position in the social hierarchy is
therefore encouraged.

Moral face. that represent one’s moral character,

Social face.that describes status and success.

Personal Face.visibility within the social hierarchy.

The collective characteristic of Chinese culture encourages the use of material

possessions to identify associates for establishing long-term social relations. Both of these
contribute to the establishment of a materialistic value orientation. (Wong & Ahuvia, 2002),

Gender and Materialism

Research shows that materialism is interrelated with compulsive buying. Compulsive

buyers are also materialistic people (Eren, Eroglu., & Hacioglu, 2012). Consumer research
indicated that compulsive buying is associated with gender difference. It is reported that
woman tend to buy symbolic and self-expressive items associated with emotional and
appearance aspects of self, while men tend to impulsively purchase leisure goods and
instrumental associated with activity and independence. Besides that, for woman, either self-
 14

concept discrepancy or high materialism is sufficient to develop psychological buying

consideration. For men, both self-discrepancy or high materialism is necessary to generate
psychological buying consideration (Mueller, et al.,2011).

On the other hand, there is a difference of gender in materialism. Research conducted

in Malaysia noted that young female adults are more positively associated with materialistic
values as compare to male adults( Bindah & Othman; 2012).In addition, it is also stated that
female are more likely to engage in compulsive buying as compare to male in Australia. A
number of studies have verified that male and female socialized in diverse ways and these
gender differences are also obvious in consumer socialization. Furthermore, adolescents
female and males are related diversely to their peers. Females propose more consumption
related communication with peers. Thus, the relationship between materialism and female
gender perhaps is due to how female are affected by socialization agents. (Weaver, Moschis.,
& Davis. (2011).

Moreover females are tend to be more materialistic as compare to males with their
higher agreement with the statement that possessions will reflect the self and rating
possession as important as a self-identity. Besides, it is obvious that woman are more likely
to shop than man and seem to enjoy shopping as compare to male. (Ogyden & Venkat (2001),
In addition, women are more likely to be interested by different factor than man as part of the
general impact of gender on consumer behavior. For instances, they have been display to
have various attitudes toward credit and money and toward expressing love and gaining
success in the home that will affect shopping behavior. Thus, higher materialism in female as
compare to male also associated with shopping motivation (Goldsmith, Flynn., & Clark,
2011).However, it appeared that female and male had considerably different evaluations
about the level of materialistic values. Specifically, female adults were found to have more
positive attitude toward material value as compare to male counterpart. This finding revealed
that female had higher level of personal materialism in comparison to male counterpart
(Cherrier & Munoz, 2007).

The finding about gender and attachment to money, it is also indicating that females
are tending to posses instrumentalism and materialism than male.(Rinaldi & Bonanomi
.,2011).A research conduct among adults students in Hong Kong show that male’s attitude
toward possessing materialistic goods is higher than female. It is also supported by several
researches reported that gender difference in males are more likely to be materialistic than
female. Moreover, in two different researches with primary to secondary school children, it
 15

was found that boys tend to be more materialistic than girls. This is due to boys placed more
importance on financial success as compare with girls.(Olivia, Tong., &
Wong;2012).Furthermore, in a comparative study of undergraduates students from three
countries which is China, Mexico and USA show that, males were more likely to be
materialistic than female in the Chinese sample, however there is no gender differences in
USA and Mexico countries (Karabati & Cemalcilar, 2010).

On the other hand, a study has shown those girls are more sharing and less
materialistic. For woman, they constitute a part of social relation; while male are goods aids
in establishment of power. In addition, previous research with adults has stated that the
closeness to mothers is negatively associated with materialism, while the closeness to father
is positively associated with mater.Materialism consequences in a wide range of issues have
been well documented in the literature. Materialistic values, for instance, have been
negatively associated with subjective well-being (Karabati & Cemalcilar, 2010).Materialistic
people exhibit lower levels of self-esteem that reduces their ability to cope with traumatic
events (Ruvio, Somer., & Rindfleisch., 2013). Furthermore, regarding women’s self image of
their body weight, suggested that a materialistic value orientation is negative in terms of
causing dissatisfaction in response to the media and advertising idealized, thin models
(Ashikali & Dittmar, 2012,.ialism & Flouri.,2004).

Trust
Trust underlying with qualities of benevolence and caring, loyalty, reciprocity and
equality (Friedman: 2001; p.189; Rawlins 2009).

In social context, trust has several connotations. Typically refer to a situation

characterized by the following aspects, one party is willing to rely on the actions of another
party the situation is directed to the future. Trust refers to a person’s confident belief that
another motivation are benevolent toward him or her and that the other person will therefore
be responsive to his or her needs. Trust is typically viewed as a belief about specific person,
though it has also been viewed as a personality trait characterizing people’s tendency to trust
or distrust others in general. Trust is not a behavior (cooperation) or a choice (taking a risk);
the fact that a narcissist would have to accept some form of vulnerability might pose a
problem considering forming these trusting bonds. Gender differences in relationship
between narcissism and trust indirectly (Zhou, Li, Zhang., & Zeng;2012).
 16

Examined the relationship between narcissism and friendship quality dimensions,

such as trust, and found there was a significant relationship between narcissistic traits and
materialism trust & support among boys, but there was no such correlation for girls.A
possible interaction effect for gender on the relationship between narcissism and trust. Trust
is fundamental of life and cannot trust anything life becomes intolerable. A constant battle
against paranoia and looming disaster(a point very close to ruin).people can’t have relationship
without trust, over the last two decades, social scientist have come to realize the centrality of trust in
social organization. It effect relationships between couples, parents children, teachers and students,
citizens and government, Doctor and patients administrations and teachers (Zhou, Li, Zhang., & Zeng
2012).

The Epistemology of Trust

Epistemology of trust obviously bear on the issue of when trust is warranted

(justified).People tend to ask this sort of question only in situations where they cannot take
trustworthiness for granted that is,where they are conscious of the fact that
trusting.(Wanderer & Townsend., 2013).Under the specific heading of testimony that is, of
putting one’s trust in the testimony of others.(Goldman 2001,Daukas 2006, Faulkner &
McMyler.,2011, Koenig & Harris 2007, Zagzebski 2012).

Philosophers have responded to such skepticism about the rationality of trust by

saying that rationality when applied to trust needs to be understood differently than it is in
each of the skeptical points above. There rationality means something like this it is rational
to believe in something only if one has verified that it will happen or done as much as
possible to verify it. For example, it is rational for me to believe that my brother has not
harmed anyone only if the evidence points in that direction and I have discovered that to be
the case. However, problems exist with applying this view of rationality to trust. And the
rationality of trust need not be understood according to it. While this view is both truth-
directed and internality for instance, the rationality of trust could be end-directed or
externalist.Thus, trust can be rational depending on whether one conceives of rationality as
truth-directed or end-directed. But notice that it also matters how one conceives of trust. For
example, if trust is a belief in someone’s trust worthiness then whether the rationality of trust
can be end-directed will depend on whether the rationality of a belief can be end-
directed.(Goldman 2001,Daukas 2006, Faulkner & McMyler.,2011, Koenig & Harris
2007,Zagzebski 2012).
 17

Erick Erikson Theory

Psychosocial Stage 1

Trust vs. Mistrust

The trust versus mistrust stage is the first stage of psychologist Erik Erikson’s theory
of psychosocial development, which occurs between birth and approximately 18 months of
age. According to Erikson, the trust versus mistrust stage is the most important period in a
person’s life because it shapes our view of the world, as well as our personalities.

This first stage of psychosocial development consists of:

 Psychosocial Conflict: Trust versus mistrust

 Major Question: Can I trust the people around me?

 Basic Virtue: Hope

Important Event(s): Feeding.(Goldman & Foley 2001, Daukas 2006, Koenig Harris 2007,
Faulkner & McMyler.,2011., Zagzebski 2012).

It is in this initial stage of development that children learn whether or not they can
trust the world. As you might deduce, it is the care they receive from their parents and other
adults that is critical to forming this trust. Because an infant is entirely dependent upon his or
her caregivers, the quality of care that the child receives plays an important role in the
shaping of the child’s personality. During this stage, children learn whether or not they can
trust the people around them. When a baby cries his caregiver fulfill his and herneeds.When
he is frightened give comfort.When hungry receive nourishment from his/her caregivers.

An infant's ability to communicate his or her needs is limited, so crying carries an

important message. When a baby cries, there is some need that should be met with a response
from caregivers, whether it involves providing food, safety, a fresh diaper, or a comforting
cuddle. By responding quickly and appropriately to an infant's cries, a foundation of trust is
established. When these needs are consistently met, the child will learn that he can trust the
people who are caring for him. If, however, these needs are not consistently met, the child
will begin to mistrust the people around him. If a child successfully develops trust, he will
feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable,
or reject the child contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to
develop trust can result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
 18

Erikson believed that these early patterns of trust or mistrust help control, or at least
exert a powerful influence over that individual's interactions with others for the remainder of
his life. Those who learn to trust caregivers in infancy will be more likely to form trusting
relationships with others throughout the course of their lives.(Goldman & Foley
2001.,Daukas 2006, Faulkner , Koenig & Harris 2007, McMyler 2011, Zagzebski 2012).

The Other Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson's psychosocial development theory has seven other stages that span throughout a
person's lifetime. At stage 2 Autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 2 to 3 years),Stage
3 Initiative versus guilt (ages 3 to 5 years).stage 4 Industry versus inferiority (ages 6 to 11
years),Stage 5 Identity versus confusion (ages 12 to 18 years),Stage 6 Intimacy versus
isolation (ages 19 to 40 years),Stage 7 Generatively versus stagnation (ages 40 to 65
years),Stage 8 Integrity versus despair (ages 65 years and above.(Kendra & Cherry,2018).

Genetic

There have been multiple studies devoted to understanding what goes into the tendency to be
trusting, but not nearly as many in the quest to understand why certain people are more
mistrustful than others. It's clear that environment has a big part in both, just as Erikson
states. One recent study done with female twins both identical and fraternal shows evidence
that while a trusting personality seems to be at least in part genetic a mistrustful or distrusting
personality seems to be learned from family and other social influences. (Kendra
Cherry ,2018).

ABCD Trust Model

Trust

ABCD Trust Model, developed by Ken Blanchard 2010 in a practical way. According to
Blanchard, there are a number of common elements that decide what trust is. ABCD model in
which each letter stands for a word: Ability, Believability, Connectedness
and Dependability.Based on these elements the status of mutual trust in a relationship
between people can be determined.

According to Ken Blanchard, trust is expressed in actions and behavior; words alone are
not enough. He distinguishes between trust breakers and trust makers. Actions that
systematically dismiss other people’s work and ideas are true trust breakers according to him.
 19

Recognition for the work of others, appreciating and supporting them on the other hand and
are true trust makers. Ken Blanchard refers to low trust as Low Trust. People with Low T do
not feel good about them and experience a lack of emotional connections to the people
around them. They are not able to share important information with others and often feel that
they are being excluded by others. Both employees and managers deal with Low T in their
work. By recognizing and understanding the causes of Low T, they are better able to regain
their trust in themselves and others.(Blanchard, K., Olmstead, C., & Lawrence, M.2013).

Causes of Low T

Trust is the basis for good and healthy human relationships. It allows people to work
together well, feel confident to take risks and be open to innovation and new things.
Nevertheless, there are causes for people experiencing Low T in the workplace:

When a colleague or manager takes the credit for someone else’s work

When a colleague or manager does not take his responsibility

When a colleague or manager displays an unreliable attitude or unreliable behavior

When a colleague or manager does not meet his obligations

When a colleague or manager lies and cheats

When a colleague or manager spreads gossip and rumors

When a colleague or manager holds back information

When a manager does not recognize and/or reward an employee’s performance.(Blanchard,K.,

Olmstead, C., & Lawrence, M. (2013).

Countering Low T

The treatment of Low T involves the previously mentioned ABCD model. It is

necessary to understand and apply the four elements of trusts in daily behavior in order to
counter Low T.

Able / Ability .by showing ability, a person’s environment starts to trust someone’s
actions. A certain level of expertise is expected from managers. If they do not show that they
have that expertise, employees will have less trust in their manager. Demonstrating their
competencies will inspire others and increase trust in the manager.(Blanchard, K., Olmstead, C.,
& Lawrence, M. (2013).
 20

Believable / Believability .by acting with integrity, managers show that they are honest
and will not harm their employees’ trust in them. People expect that they behave in
accordance with the standards and values or the organization. It is their task to carry out the
company policy in a believable way and act accordingly.( Blanchard, K., Olmstead, C., &
Lawrence, M. (2013).

Connected / Connectedness.by being genuinely interested in their colleagues and

employees, managers show that they are involved with and connected to their environment.
They are able to listen to others well, and they have good communication skills and
contribute to a pleasant work atmosphere. This caring attitude by the manager will rub off on
the employees, which will be beneficial for a team’s cooperation.(Blanchard, K., Olmstead, C.,
& Lawrence, M. (2013).

Dependable / Dependability .showing that others can depend on the manager will lead to
a positive response from their environment. They manager would do well to really stick to
agreements and be consistent in that respect. Employees and other’s regard for their manager
will increase if a manager actually delivers on his promises, within the time that was agreed.

By implementing what has been discussed above, a manager can work on building a good and
long-lasting relationship of trust with his employees and colleagues. The ABCD is the foundation for
the so-called ‘language of trust’. The more managers, the more reliable they will become to their
employees and the rest of their environment. (Blanchard, K., Olmstead, C., & Lawrence, M. (2013).

Narcissism and Trust

The narcissistic condition emanates from a seismic breach of trust, a tectonic shift of
what should have been a healthy relationship between the narcissist and his Primary Objects
(parents or caregivers). Some of these bad feelings are the result of deeply entrenched
misunderstandings regarding the nature of trust and the continuous act of trusting. Actually
psychotherapy amounts to an attempt to disentangle past from present, to teach the patient
that the past is no more and has no reign over him, unless the patient lets it. Our natural
tendency is to trust, because we trust our parents. It feels good to really trust. It is also an
essential component of love and an important test thereof. Love without trust is dependence
masquerading as love. (Kendra Cherry ,2018).

Not to trust is abnormal and is the outcome of bitter or even traumatic life
experiences. Mistrust or distrust is induced not by our own thoughts, nor by some device or
machination of ours but by life's sad circumstances. This is the irony of the lack of trust. So,
 21

some of us prefer not to experience this sinking feeling of trust violated. They choose not to
trust and not to be disappointed. This is both a fallacy and a folly. Trusting releases enormous
amounts of mental energy, which is better invested elsewhere. But trust like knives can be
dangerous to your health if used improperly. (Kendra Cherry ,2018).

The Relationship between Narcissism, Materialism and Trust

Hypothesized that narcissism, materialism and its subscale would be positively related
and these associations were expected to be stronger for girls than boys. Consistent with our
hypothesis, narcissism was positively correlated with materialism and the all subscale for
girls (see Table 5).In contrast, there was significant correlation between narcissism,
materialism on girls. To examine gender moderations in the relationships between narcissism,
materialism and while having a control of the correlated dependent variable. Multiple-group
(by boys and girls) structural equation modeling were conducted using T-Test.

Rationale

The purpose of the study is to explain the impact of narcissism, on materialism and
trust. Narcissism ,Materialism and trust in adolescents using NPI by Raskin and
Terry,material value scale by M.L Richins & Scoot Dawon, Yamagishi,T & Yamagishi,M.
Materialism scale have three subscale success, centrality and happiness. Narcissism a
dynamic phenomena which contain many levels to check narcissistic personality traits which
clearly identify the narcissism have impact on materialism and trust.Evidence suggest that
higher level of narcissism in other than disciplines (westerman et al., 2012).Individual high in
narcissism display an reliance on, and place great importance on status an recognition
(American Psychological Association,2000). Narcissistic strong desire to achieve and display
status likely leads to higher levels of materialism. Narcissism & materialism have strong
relationship with each other because narcissistic have strong desire to achieve and display
higher level of material possessions. Accumulating material goods and receiving the
admiration from others is one way that narcissists may build their sense of self-worth (Cisek,
Hart, & Sedikides, 2008).statistically significant correlation between materialism and
conspicuous consumption.(Podoshen, Li & Zhang, (2011).Existential insecurity underlies
both materialism and personal connection with prestigious brands. (Rindfleisch, Burroughs &
Wong (2009).
 22

A research conduct among adults students in Hong Kong show that male’s attitude
toward possessing materialistic goods is higher than female. It is also supported by several
researches reported that gender difference in males are more likely to be materialistic than
female. Moreover, in two different researches with primary to secondary school children, it
was found that boys tend to be more materialistic than girls. This is due to boys placed more
importance on financial success as compare with girls.(Olivia, Tong., &
Wong;2012).The narcissistic condition emanates from a seismic breach of trust, a tectonic
shift of what should have been a healthy relationship between the narcissist and his Primary
Objects (parents or caregivers). Some of these bad feelings are the result of deeply
entrenched misunderstandings regarding the nature of trust and the continuous act of trusting.

Objectives

 To determine the relationship of Narcissism, Materialism and trust in adolescents using.

 Explorethe impact of narcissism on materialism and trust in adolescents.

 To predict how narcissism, materialism and its subscale (success, centrality, happiness) have
effect on trust in adolescents.

 Previous researches suggest that narcissism affects on materialism and trust.

Hypothesis

1. Narcissism has significant impact on materialism and trust.

2. Effect of narcissism on materialism and trust in adolescents.
3. There is positive relationship between narcissism, materialism and trust in adolescents.
4. Narcissism has positive impact on materialism and trust.

Operational Definition

Narcissism.Is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's

idealized self image and attributes.

Describe as an eclectic vanity of normative positive feelings and beliefs about the self
analogous to high self-esteem. (W.K.Campbell, 2001; Miller & Campbell, 2008).Narcissistic
Personality Inventory was used in the present study. The scale of Narcissistic Personality
 23

Inventory developed by (Raskin and Terry 1988; Emmons 1984, 1987) and translated by R.
Kaouser. This scale has 30 items.

Materialism. Is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental
substance in nature, and that all things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are
results of material interactions.

Materialism a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more

important than spiritual values. (Mukerji 1983).Material value scale develop by ((M.L.
Richins & Scoot Dawon; 1992, M.L.Richins(2009).

Trust. To believe that someone is good and honest and will not harm you, or that something
is safe and reliable.

Trust is a coterminous with qualities of benevolence and caring, loyalty, reciprocity and
equality (Friedman: 1993; 1989; Rawlins 2009).General trust scale develop by Yamagishi,T
& Yamagishi,M.(1994)

Adolescents. Is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally

occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority).

According to Marium Webester dictionary a person who is developing into an adult

one who is in the state of adolescents. Which refers to individuals between 10 to 24(WHO).

Chapter-II
Method

Research Design

Co relational and survey research design used in that study. Co relational research is a
type of non experimental research method in which a researcher measure two variables,
understands and assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any
extraneous variable. Survey research method is a method for collecting information or data
reported by individuals. Survey are questionnaires (or a series of questions) that are
administered to research participants who answer the questions themselves.

Sample
 24

Selected my research sample from different institutes through purposive sampling

technique from jhang city consisting of adolescents with age range of 12 to 24
years(C,Mihaly).This age range falls according to WHO’s definition of young people, which
refers to individuals between ages 12 and 24.Participants were N= 300 (150 boys and 150
girls) adolescents.

Frequency and Percentage of Participants (N = 300)

Demographics Variables f %
Gender
Boys 150 50
Girls 150 50
Family system
Joint 175 58.3
Nuclear 125 41
Residence
Ruler 179 59
Urban 121 40
Education
9th 57 19
10th 96 32
11th 65 21
12th 82 27
Table 1 shows frequency and percentage of all demographics used in the present study.
Table 1 shows that In gender male have frequency and percentage is (150,50%)and
female have also (150,50%).In family system joint family system have frequency and
percentage is (175,58.3%)and nuclear system is ( 125,41 %).in residence ruler have
(179,59%) and urban is (121,40%).In educational level 9th grade adolescents is (57,19%),10th
(96,32%),11th(65,21%),12th(82,27%).

Instruments

Narcissistic personality Inventory.Narcissistic Personality Inventory was used in the

present study. The scale of Narcissistic Personality Inventory developed by (Raskin and
Terry 1988; Emmons 1984, 1987) and translated by R. Kaouser. This scale has 30 items.
Participants rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost never) 2(Never) 3(Neutral)
4(Always) 5(almost always).This inventory showed satisfactory reliability and validity
 25

(Zhou et al. 2009).The higher scores on this inventory indicate higher levels of narcissism.
The original inventory consists of 40 items. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the overall
inventory was 92.

Material value scale

Material value scale develop by ((M.L. Richins & Scoot Dawon; 1992,
M.L.Richins(2009) and translated by Dr.Sumaya Batool. This scale have 16 item.
Participants rated on a 5 point likert scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree)to 5(strongly
Agree).This scale have three subscale success have 6 item, items have 1,2,7,10,14,15
centrality have 6 item5,6,8,9,13,16 and happiness 4 items 3,4,11,12,This scale have reliable
and valid .Reliability of this scale between .75 to .80.

General Trust Scale

General trust scale developed by Yamagishi,T & Yamagishi,M.(1994) and translated

by Dr.Suyama Batool.This 6 item questionnaire that use general statements to measure
participants beliefs about honesty and trustworthiness about own self in general way. Some of
these items come from Yamagishi’s (1986) trust scale. This scale rated on 5 point likert scale
ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 5(strongly agree).This scale have satisfactory
reliability.50.

Procedure

The study conducted to investigate the narcissism, materialism and trust.Selected topic with
the help of my supervisor and head of the department. Sample collected from jhang school and
college student. First of all give all instructions about topic and scale to head. After understanding I
took permission and then moved to classes and took data by given instructions, they gave response
very sincerely and taken time was 15-20 minutes.Data taken in group form in class room with the help
of class in charge. After I collected my data I said thank them also the teachers which gave me help in
data collection. At college I collected data from F.S.C or F.A and B.A students same procedure repeat
with that students. Firstly I meet college principle and provide instructions about my topic and also
told them about my research purpose .After their permission I signed and took stamps on my
permission letters. I took data from class rooms and also give instruction to students then they took
10-15 minutes. After data collection I also said to thank them all.

Ethical Consideration

My research topic is not sensitive. It does not harm to participants at any level like
emotionally, mentally and physically. Respect of dignity of research participants should be
 26

prioritized.My study culturally religiously harmless. Adequate level of confidentiality of the

research data should be ensuring the use of questionnaire. I also focused ethically by perform
research work. The use of offensive discriminatory or other unacceptable language needs to
be avoided in the formulation of questionnaire. Don’t get any personal information taken
from participants.
 27

Chapter-III

Results

The data of the study was analyzed through the statistical solution (SPSS;23 V). In the present study
various statistical techniques such as alpha reliability, correlation, linear regression and independent
sample t_test were used to test the Hypothesis of the study.

Table. 2

Descriptive Statistics and Alpha Reliabilities for all study variables (N = 300)

Range Skewness

Variables Items M SD Α Potential Actual

1-5
Narcissism 30 100.49 10.68 .59 71-127
.33

1-5
Materialism 16 19.77 5.50 .89 31-69
.04

1-5
Success 5 15.98 3.57 .85 7-25
.04

Centrality 5 16.33 3.63 .71 1-5 7-25

.14

6 19.11 3.37 .58 1-5 11-30

Happiness .34

21.65 4.28 .71 1-5

Trust 6 9-30
.43

The result in Table 2 demonstrates that there are significantly high alpha reliability
coefficients for narcissism.59 consider as .6, Materialism have .60 and subscales which were
.41(success), .42(centrality), .2 (happiness), Trust scale have also significantly high alpha
reliability coefficient.50,Univariate normality analysis confirmed that all the scores were
normally distributed i.e. value of skewness & kurtosis was less than .2.
 28

Table 3
Correlation Matrix for all the Variables Used in the Study (N = 300)

Variables Narcissism Materialism Trust

Narcissism 1 .327** .247**

Materialism 1 .338**

Trust 1

Note.

*p < .05. **p < .01.***p<.001

Table 3 describes inter-correlations among scales. Results suggest that narcissism,

materialism have significant positive correlation with each other. Meanwhile trust has
significant positive correlation with narcissism and materialism. Narcissism has significant
positive correlation with materialism(r =.33 , P <.001) and materialism (r =.25, P
<.05).materialism positive significant correlation with trust (r =.34, P <001).
 29

Table. 4

Pearson correlation among study variables. (N=300)

Note:

Variables Narcissism Materialism Success Centrality Happiness Trust

Narcissism .327** .201** .221** .310** .247**

Materialism .778** .739** .703** .338**

Success .371** .351** .205**

Centrality .249** .245**

Happiness .305**

Trust

***P <.001 **P <.01 *p <.05

Table 4 shows that internet addiction has significant positive correlation with
antisocial behavior result describe inter-correlations among scales and subscales. Results
suggest that narcissism, materialism and its all subscales have significant positive correlation
with Trust. Meanwhile narcissism significant positive correlation with materialism ( r =33 , p
<.01), and its subscales success (r =.20, p <.01), centrality (r =.23, p <.01), happiness(r =.31,
p.01), and with trust(r =25, p <.01).
 30

Gender differences also found in study. Compute gender differences through T-test showing
significant results.

Table 5

Comparison of Males and Females on Narcissism, materialism and trust (N = 300)

Boys Girls 95% Confidence

Interval
(n = 150) (n=150)

M SD M SD t(298) P LL UL Cohen’s d
Variables

Narcissism 99.36 11.69 101.62 9.48 1.83** .008 4.67 .15 0.21

Materialism 50.91 8.70 51.95 6.88 1.14** .001 2.82 .74 0.13

Success 15.88 3.61 16.09 3.55 -.51 .744 1.02 .60 0.05

Centrality 15.83 3.49 16.84 3.70 2.42** .401 1.82 .18 0.28

Happiness 19.20 3.91 19.02 2.74 .46 .00 .58 .94 0.05

Trust 21.08 4.45 22.23 3.92 2.34** .042 2.12 .18 0.27

Note.
*p .05. **p < .01. ***p<.001.

Results in Table 5 demonstrate the mean gender differences and effect size on
Narcissism, materialism and trust their subscales scales. The mean difference is found to be
negative significant on narcissism {t (298) -1.83, p <.01}, materialism {t (298) = -1.14 , p <
.01} centrality {t (153) = -2.42 , p < .01} and trust {t (298) = -2.34 , p <.01}.It implies that
males were higher on self emotional appraisal, whereas girls found to be higher on
narcissism, materialism and trust as compared to boys.
 31

Table 6

Comparison of Ruler and Urban people on narcissism, materialism and trust (N=300.

Ruler Urban
95% CI
(n = 179) (n = 121) Cohen’s d
Variables M SD M SD t(299) P LL UL

Narcissism 101.08 10.69 99.61 10.65 1.17** .693 1.00 23.94 0.13

Materialism 50.92 7.87 52.19 7.77 1.37** 7.98 3.08 .54 0.16

Success 16.91 3.56 16.09 3.61 .44 .854 1.01 .64 0.05

Centrality 15.88 3.56 17.00 3.63 .2.62** .286 .94 .27 0.31

Happiness 19.12 3.39 19.09 3.37 .08 .485 .751 .81 0.00

Trust 21.53 4.56 21.84 3.84 -.618 .026 1.30 .681 0.07

Note.
*p.05. **p < .01. ***p<.001.

Results in Table 6 demonstrate the mean gender differences and effect size on
narcissism materialism and trust and their construct scales. The mean difference is found to
be significant on narcissism {t (298) = 1.17 , p < .01}, materialism t (298) =1.37, p <.01,
centrality t (153) = 2.62 , p < .01).It implies that ruler people were higher on narcissism,
whereas urban found to be higher on materialism, centrality and trust as compared to ruler.
 32

Table 7
Comparison of family system on narcissism, materialism and trust (N = 300)

Nuclear Joint 95%

(n = 175) (n = 125) CI Cohen’s
d
Variables M SD M SD t(298) P LL UL

Narcissism 100.51 10.82 100.41 10.57 .09** .99 2.35 2.59 6.00

Materialism 51.72 7.72 51.06 8.05 .71 .98 1.16 2.47 0.08

Success 16.16 3.45 15.75 3.75 .98 .58 .41 1.25 0.11

Centrality 16.44 3.65 16.20 3.61 .53 .84 .16 1.07 0.06

Happiness 19.11 3.27 19.10 3.54 .02* .39 .77 .79 0.00
Trust 21.90 4.12 21.33 4.50 1.1 .16 .42 1.58 0.13

Note.
*p .05. **p < .01. ***p<.001.

Results in Table 7 demonstrate the mean gender differences and effect size on
narcissism materialism and trust and their construct scales. The mean difference is found to
be significant on narcissism{t (298) = .09 , p < .01},happiness t (153) = .02 , p < .05).it
implies that nuclear fess people were higher on narcissism, materialism, and trust whereas
joint FS people found to be lower on materialism, centrality and trust as compared to nuclear.

The present study indicates that narcissism, Materialism and Trust, especially for boys. These
findings.

Table 8
Regression Analysis for narcissism, materialism and its constructs Predicting Trust (N =
300)
Predictor Variable β R2 F (Model)
Constant 7.39** .13 23.23**
 33

Narcissism .06**

Materialism .15**
Note.
*p .05. **p < .01.***p<.001.

Table 8 also demonstrated the effect of constructs of narcissism, materialism and

explained that 14% of the variance was resulted by a model comprising constructs of success
i.e. centrality, happiness (R2 = .13, p < .001). Overall the model was significant {F =23.23 ,
p < .01} and among the predictors of narcissism (β =.06 , p < .01), materialism (β =.15 , p <
.01).

Table 9
Regression Analysis for constructs of narcissism predicting materialism construct (N = 300)
Predictor Variable Β R2 F (Model)

Success .06

Centrality .16 .144 12.4***

Happiness .26**

***P<.001

Table 9 shows, result of linear regression analysis with success, centrality and
happiness as outcome R square value .144 indicates success, centrality and success explained
15 % variance in materialism.

Table 10
Regression Analysis for narcissism, materialism and its constructs Predicting Trust (N =
300)

Predictor Variable Β R2 F (Model)

Constant 7.19** .14 12.40**

Narcissism .05**

Materialism -.10**

Success .09**
 34

Centrality .16**

Happiness .26**
Note.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

To investigate contributions of constructs of narcissism, materialism and its

subscales or trust in multiple regression analysis was carried out. Table 10 suggested that
14% of the variance in narcissism can be explained by a model comprising constructs (R2 =
.14 , p < .001). Overall the model was significant {F =12.40 , p < .01}.

Table 11

Mean, stander deviation and f values for students belonging to three education level own
internet addiction, antisocial Behavior and stress, (N=100).
Variables 9th(57) 10th(96) 11th(65) 12th(82) F P Post.HO η2
C

M S.D M S.D M S.D M S.D

Narcissism 163.84 10.47 96.70 11.58 102.76 10.12 100.98 8.91 6.9 .000 1>2<3>4 -31

Matrialism 51.77 8.75 50.46 8.57 50.44 7.84 53.10 5.89 2.12 .096 1>2>3<4 -18

Success 16.10 3.65 15.73 3.55 15.61 3.65 16.48 3.49 .94 .420 1>2>3<4 -37

Centrality 15.78 3.64 15.94 3.41 15.84 3.83 17.56 3.47 4.4 .004 1<2>3>4 -37

Happiness 19.87 4.31 18.78 3.56 18.98 2.76 19.06 2.78 1.3 .267 1>2<3<4 -33

Trust 21.80 4.78 20.68 4.33 22.60 4.49 21.93 3.47 2.8 .036 1>2<3<4 -53

Table 11 shows mean stander deviation and F- values for adolescents belonging to
four education levels on narcissism, materialism and trust. The finding indicate significant
mean differences on narcissism among adolescents with F(2,99) =66. , p <.05.the finding
indicate that adolescents belonging to 9th(M =163.84, p <.01) significantly scored high on
narcissism as compared to adolescents belonging to 10th(M =96.70,p <.01)and 11th(1102.12,
<.01) to 12th(M 10.98, ,P.01).the finding indicate that significant mean differences on trust
among adolescents with F(2,99) =2.8 , p <.05.the finding indicate that adolescents belonging
to 9th(M =163.84 , P <.01)and 10th(M =96.70 , P <.01).Findings are significant on trust with
F(2,99)2 =2.8 , p <.05.η² indicate low effect size.
 35

Chapter-IV

Discussion

The present study aimed at finding the impact of narcissism among adolescent .the variables
addressed in the study were narcissism scale, materialism with subscales and trust scale. This
scale also have three subscales success, centrality and happiness .this construct were best
prove to measure my topic among adolescents .the construct was narcissism (Narcissistic
Personality Inventory developed by (Raskin and Terry 1988; Emmons 1984, 1987),
materialism (Material value scale develop by ((M.L. Richins & Scoot Dawon; 1992,
M.L.Richins (2009) and trust (trust scale develop by Yamagishi, T & Yamagishi, M.(1994).

The psychometric accuracy of tools for measuring various contracts was observed in the
current study for this purpose, descriptive statistics and internal consistency levels for all
scales were determined. The skweness values of all the scales were also within the acceptable
range which suggested that variable of all the present study approximated normal curve in
their distributions. Thus choice of parametric test such ANOVA and linear regression wren
justified .The alpha showed that all scales were highly reliable (see table 2).

Hypothesis one is prove that Narcissism has positive significance on materialism and
trust.The results of present study indicated that there is significant correlation among
narcissism, materialism trust. The correlation of all variables shows, significance among all
variables. Narcissism has positive significance correlation with materialism .it will be
 36

justifying with materialism and its subscales. Narcissism also has positive correlation with
trust. Same justification is that, because the materialism subscales same correlation here. But
it has significant positive correlation with narcissism and materialism. The subscale of
materialism success, centrality happiness also has correlation with other variables. In
consistent with hypothesis, narcissism has significant impact on materialism and trust. It have
significant positive’s here, according to my result my hypothesis is accepted .overall
narcissism have positive significant correlation with others variables.

According to 2nd thpothesis of this study show positive results and 2nd hypothesis will
accept.according to this hypothesis gender and residence have significant results among
adolescents narcissism has impact on adolescents and this is proved by many perivous
researches.In the current study influence of different demographics variables age, gender,
family system and education level and residence have been studied in the narcissism,
materialism and trust among adolescents. It was demonstrated in the present study that,
gender and residence have significant results among impact of narcissism and materialism
and trust (see table5.6).

The research was main focus on gender, which gender show connectedness more than
gender, By took different eastern and western study was conducted on adolescents.They
conclude that, the connectedness was higher in eastern countries. Another Finding was
female adolescents was more connectedness than male (Ogyden and Venkat
(2001).Narcissistic strong desire to achieve and display status likely leads to higher levels of
materialism. Narcissism & materialism have strong relationship with each other because
narcissistic have strong desire to achieve and display higher level of material possessions.
Collecting material goods and receiving the admiration from others is one way that narcissists
may build their sense of self-worth (Cisek, Hart, & Sedikides, 2008) Podoshen, Li & Zhang
(2011) reported statistically significant correlation between materialism and conspicuous
consumption. Concluded that existential insecurity underlies both materialism and personal
connection with prestigious brands.(Rindfleisch, Burroughs & Wong (2009).

Furthermore, in a comparative study of undergraduates students from three countries which is

China, Mexico and USA show that, males were more likely to be materialistic than female in
the Chinese sample, however there is no gender differences in USA and Mexico countries
(Karabati & Cemalcilar, 2010).Narcissistic personality people have difficult to maintain close
relationships and have many trust issues. They don’t trust anyone easily.
 37

Conclusion

The present study focused on impact of narcissism on materialism and trust among
adolescents. The present study predict how narcissism contribute in materialism and trust
.Narcissism is a multidimensional thing in which involve different factors. Main thing is that
negative and positive narcissism. Materialism also has three subscale success, centrality, and
happiness. Narcissism little bit found in almost all human being.

Implication

Present study has several implications for research and practice. It makes
important contributions to clinical and counseling psychology by understanding the impact of
narcissism, materialism and trust. The present investigation confirmed and extended
research regarding the relationship between different variables and also effects on
materialism and trust among adolescents .The present study also postulated certain questions
.Basically is when work on narcissism is a type of personality trait which developed in early
stages of life. There is several useful suggestions do current study that can be capitalized in
clinical and counseling psychology. The finding of the study has shown significant
importance of impact of narcissism on materialism and trust. But the study will be good when
focusing on narcissism; it will provide data for further research in future researchers.

Limitation

There is some limitation of this study that should be taken into account when
considering the results.

1. The sample of the present study is quite restrictive as all the participants of the study
belonged to jhang and surrounding areas. Finding of the study should be generalized with
caution as population of jhang a surrounding areas are not truly reflective of whole Pakistan.

2. The sample is 300, in present study but if sample increase it can be give more good results.

3. This study was conducted on educated population, however, various categorization of sample
in terms of education.

4. All over the Pakistan people are both educated and uneducated, but the mostly on educated
people who cannot be generalized whole population. Only can be generalized on educated
population.

Suggestions
 38

On the basis of aforementioned limitations, following suggestions are recommended for

future researchers.

1. In future research, sample size should be large in order to maximize external validity of
research.

2. Data should be collected from different populations to increase genrelizability of the research

3. Future experts should collect subjective information along with quantitative information.

4. Questionnaire should be translated in Urdu, it would be convenient for children to give better
response which increase reliability of sample.

References
F Flanagan, Laura Melano (1996). "The theory of self psychology". In Berzoff, Joan;
Flanagan, Laura Melano; Hertz, Patricia. Inside out and outside in. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason
Aronson.
 Millon, Theodore; Grossman, Seth; Million, Carrie; Meagher, Sarah; Ramnath,
Rowena(2004). Personality Disorders in Modern Life (PDF). Wiley. p. 343. ISBN 0-
471-23734-5.
 39

 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, 4th

Addition; 2000.The Mayo Clinic: Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
 https://schoolworkhelper.net/
 Article last reviewed: 2017 St. Rosemary Institution 2010-2018 | Creative Commons
4.0.
 (Kernberg, O. F. (1993). Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies.
Yale University Press)
 James, Martin (1973), "Review: The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to
the Psychological Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders: By Heinz
Kohut", International Journal of Psycho-Analysis (54): 363–368
 Elson, Miriam (1986), Self Psychology in Clinical Social Work, New York: W.W.
Norton,
 Strozier, Charles B. (2001). Heinz Kohut: The Making of a Psychoanalyst. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
 (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9741.phpbsessed, arrogant, tough-
minded, and lacking emotion).
 Essays, UK. (November 2013). The History Of The Level Of Materialism Psychology
Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/the-history-of-
the-level-of-materialism-psychology-essay.php?vref=1
 Ziegler, M.S. (2005). Theory-Directed Nursing Practice. Second Edition. Springer
Publishing CompanySchuster, M., Hammit, E., Moore,D. (2002). A Theoretical
Model to Measure the Appraisal and Coping Response to Hassles in Outdoor
Recreation Settings. Leisure Science, 25: 277-299, 2003.
 Sarah Mae Sincero (Sep 10, 2012). Three Different Kinds of Stress. Retrieved Oct 04,
2018 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/three-different-kinds-of-stress.

 Ashikali, E. M., & Dittmar, H. (2012).The effect of priming materialism on women’s

responses to thin-ideal media. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, 514-533.
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02020.x Aurbach, R. P., McWinnie, C.
M., Goldfinger, M., Abela, J. R. Z., Zhu, X., & Yao, S. (2010).
 The cost of materialism in a collectivistic culture: predicting risky behavior
engagement in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Psychology, 39(1), 117-127. Belk, R. W. (1984).
 40

 Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: reliability, validity, and

relationships to measures of happiness. In T. Kinear (Ed.), Advances in Consumer
Research (pp. 291-297). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. Cohen, S.,
Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983).
 A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24 (4),
385-396. Denegri, M., Baeza, M.J., Salinas-Oñate, N., Peñaloza, V., Miranda, H., &
Orellana, L. (2013).
 Materialism in Pedagogy students in Chile. Social Indicators Research, 1-17.
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s11205-013-0358-z Ersoy-Quadir, S. (2012).
 An analysis of some of the factors behind materialism among university students in
Turkey. Journal of Adult Development, 19, 79-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10804-
011-9136-9 Feeney, S., Moravcik, E., Nolte, S., & Christensen, D. (2010).
 Who am I in the lives of children? (8th ed.). Upper Suddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education. Felix, R., Ahmed, Z. U., & Hinck, W. (2013).
 Gender issues in consumer materialism: the case of Mexico. Journal of Transnational
Management, 18, 82-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15475778.2013.782230 Flouri, E.
(2007).
 The relationship between parenting and materialism in British mothers and fathers of
secondary school age children. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 36, 167-176.
Garðarsdóttir, R. B., & Dittmar, H. (2012).
 The relationship of materialism to dept and financial well-being: the case of Iceland’s
perceived prosperity. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33, 471-481. Handa, M., &
Khare, A. (2013).
 Gender as a moderator of the relationship between materialism and fashion clothing
involvement among Indian youth. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37, 112-
120.
 Lancer, D. (2016). Narcissistic Relationships. Psych Central. Retrieved on November
12, 2018, from https://psychcentral.com/lib/narcissistic-relationships/
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01057.x Henderson-King D., & Mitchell,
A. M. (2011).
 Do materialism, intrinsic aspirations, and meaning in life predict students’ meanings
of education? Social Psychology of Education, 14, 119-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-010-9133-z Kamano, S. (1999).
 41

 Comparing individual attitudes in seven countries. Social Science Research, 28, 1-35.
Karabati, S., & Cemalcilar, Z. (2010).
 Values, materialism, and well-being: a study with Turkish university students. Journal
of Economic Psychology, 31, 624-633.Kilbourne, W., & Pickett, G. (2008).
 How materialism affects environmental beliefs, concern, and environmentally
responsible behavior. Journal of Business Research, 61, 885-893. Landow, M. V.
(Ed.) (2006).
 Stress and mental health of college students. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
McCarthy, C., Lambert, R., & Ullrich, A. (Eds.) (2012).
 International Perspectives on Teacher Stress. Charlotte, NC: Information Age
Publishing. Noble, S. M., Haytko, D. L., & Phillips, J. (2009).
 What drives college- age Generation Y consumers? Journal of Business Research, 62,
617-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.020 Roberts, J. A., Tanner, J. F.,
& Manolis, C. (2005).
 Materialism and the family-structure-stress relation. Journal of Consumer Psychology,
15(2), 183-190. Promislo, M. D., Deckop, J. R., Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L.
(2010).
 Valuing money more than people: the effects of materialism on work-family conflict.
Journal of Occupational Psychology, 83, 935-953. Richins, M. L. (1994).
 Special possessions and the expression of material values. Journal of Consumer
Research, 21,
 Almassi, B., 2014. “Trust and the Duty of Organ Donation,” Bioethics, 28(6): 275–
283.
 Baier, A. C., 1986. “Trust and Antitrust,” Ethics, 96: 231–260.
 1991. “Trust and Its Vulnerabilities” and “Sustaining Trust,” Tanner Lectures on
Human Values, Volume 13, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
 1995. Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
 2004. “Demoralization, Trust, and the Virtues,” in Calhoun (ed.) 2004.
 Baker, J., 1987. “Trust and Rationality,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 68: 1–13.
 Becker. L. C., 1996. “Trust as Non cognitive Security about Motives,” Ethics, 107(1):
43–61.
 42

 Blackburn, S., 1998. Ruling Passion: A Theory of Practical Reasoning, Oxford:

Clarendon Press.
 Calhoun, C. (ed.), 1984. “Cognitive Emotions?” in What is an Emotion?, C. Calhoun
and R. C. Solomon (eds.), New York: Oxford University Press.
 2004. Setting the Moral Compass: Essays by Women Philosophers, New York, NY:
Oxford University Press.
 Coady, C.A.J., 1992. Testimony: A Philosophical Study, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
 Coeckelbergh, M., 2012. “Can we trust robots?” Ethics and Information Technology,
14: 53–60.
 Cogley, Z., 2012. “Trust and the Trickster Problem,” Analytic Philosophy, 53(1): 30–
47.
 Cohen, M.A., and J. Dienhart, 2013. “Moral and Amoral Conceptions of Trust, with
an Application to Organizational Ethics,” Journal of Business Ethics, 112: 1–13.
 Cook, K. R., Hardin, R. and M. Levi, 2005. Cooperation Without Trust?, New York:
Russell Sage Foundation.
 Dasgupta, P., 1988. “Trust as a Commodity,” in Gambetta (ed.) 1988.
 Blanchard, K., Olmstead, C., & Lawrence, M. (2013). Trust Works!: Four Keys to
Building Lasting Relationships. Harper Collins.
 Kimmel, B. B. (2013). Trust Inc.: Strategies for Building Your Company’s Most
Valuable Asset. Next Decade, Inc.
 Mulder, P. (2018). ABCD Trust Model. Retrieved [insert date] from ToolsHero:
https://www.toolshero.com/leadership/abcd-trust-model/