Fakultet informacijskih tehnologija

ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc iris@fit.ba

WEB DEVELOPMENT

Task 1 Read the following text

Web development is a broad term that incorporates

all areas of developing a Web site for the World Wide
Web. This can include graphical Web design, actual
coding of pages, backend programming, and Web
server configuration. However, among web
professionals, Web development usually refers only to
the non-design aspects of building Web sites, e.g.
writing markup and coding.

The growth of Web development industry is being pushed by large businesses wishing to
sell products and services to their customers and to automate business workflow, as well
as by the growth of many small web design and development companies.
In addition, cost of Web site development and hosting has dropped dramatically during
this time. Smaller Web site development companies are now able to make web design
accessible to both smaller companies and individuals further fueling the growth of the
web development industry. As far as Web development tools and platforms are
concerned, there are many systems available to the public free of charge to aid in
development. Another contributing factor has been the rise of easy to use WYSIWYG Web
development software, most prominently Microsoft FrontPage or Macromedia
Dreamweaver. Using such software, virtually anyone can develop a Web page in a matter
of minutes. Knowledge of HyperText Markup Language (HTML), or other programming
languages is not required.
The next generation of Web development tools uses the strong growth in LAMP and
Microsoft .NET technologies to provide the Web as a way to run applications online. Web
developers now help to deliver applications as Web services which were traditionally only
available as applications on a desk based computer.

The acronym LAMP (or L.A.M.P.) refers to a set of free software programs commonly
used together to run dynamic Web sites or servers:
 Linux, (more precisely GNU/Linux) the operating system;
 Apache, a free software/open source web server, the most popular in use,
serving as the reference platform against which other web servers are
designed and judged.
 MySQL, the database management system (or database server);
 PHP (Sometimes Perl or Python), the programming language originally
designed for producing dynamic Web pages. PHP is used mainly in server-
side application software, but can be used from a command line interface
or in standalone graphical applications

The combination of these technologies is used primarily to define a web server

infrastructure, define a programming paradigm of developing software, and establish a
software distribution package.
Though the originators of these open source programs did not design them all to work
specifically with each other, the combination has become popular because of its low
acquisition cost and because of the ubiquity of its components.
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A Web application or webapp is an application that is accessed

with a Web browser over a network such as the Internet or an
intranet. Instead of running executable code on a local computer,
users are interacting with online applications to create new
content. This has created new methods in communication and
allowed for many opportunities to decentralize information and
media distribution. Users are now able to interact with
applications from many locations, instead of being tied to a
specific workstation for their application environment.

Just as there is a diversity of programming languages available

and suitable for conventional programming tasks, there is a
diversity of languages available and suitable for Web
programming. There is no reason to believe that any language
will completely monopolize the Web programming scene,
although the varying availability and suitability of the current offerings is likely to favor
some over others. As of 2006, Java remains one of the most common programming
languages for writing web applications. However, not all application developers are likely
to prefer it over languages more similar to what they currently use, or, in the case of
non-programmers, over higher level languages and tools.
The Web does, however, place some specific constraints on our choices: the ability to
deal with a variety of protocols and formats (e.g. graphics) and programming tasks;
performance (both speed and size); safety; platform independence; protection of
intellectual property; and the basic ability to deal with other Web tools and languages.
These issues are not independent of one another. A choice which seemingly is optimal in
one dimension may be sub-optimal or worse in another.
The wide variety of computing, display, and software platforms found among clients
necessitates a strategy in which the client plays a major role in the decision about how to
process and/or display retrieved information, or in which servers must be capable of
driving these activities on all potential clients.

In earlier types of client-server computing, each

application had its own client program which served as
its user interface and had to be separately installed on
each user's personal computer. An upgrade to the
server part of the application would typically require an
upgrade to the clients installed on each user
workstation, adding to the support cost and decreasing
productivity.
In contrast, Web applications dynamically generate a
series of Web documents in a standard format
supported by common browsers such as HTML/XHTML.

Client-side scripting in a standard language such as JavaScript is commonly included to

add dynamic elements to the user interface. Generally, each individual Web page is
delivered to the client as a static document, but the sequence of pages can provide an
interactive experience, as user input is returned through Web form elements embedded
in the page markup. During the session, the Web browser interprets and displays the
pages, and acts as the universal client for any Web application.

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The ability to update and maintain Web applications

without distributing and installing software on
potentially thousands of client computers is a key
reason for their popularity. Examples of dramatic
transformation in communication and commerce led
by Web development include e-commerce. Online
auction sites such as eBay have changed the way
consumers consume and purchase goods and
services. Online resellers such as Amazon.com and
Buy.com (among many, many others) have
transformed the shopping and bargain hunting
experience for many consumers. Another good
example of transformative communication led by Web
development is the blog. Web applications such as
WordPress and b2evolution have created easily
implemented blog environments for individual Web sites. Open source content systems
such as Xoops, Joomla, and Drupal have extended Web development into new modes of
interaction and communication.

(taken from http://en.wikipedia.org)

Task 2 Answer the following questions in written form

1. What is Web development?

2. What does Web development include?
3. What are the examples of WYSIWYG Web development software?
4. What is LAMP?
5. Explain the difference between the Web site and the Web application.
6. What should be considered in making the choice about which Web programming
language to use?
7. What are the reasons for popularity of Web applications?

ADVICE

Improve Your Skills: Reading

Do you think you sometimes spend too much time on some reading tasks? Perhaps you do
not know how to read effectively. There are four basic kinds of reading:

 skimming - reading quickly for the general idea;

 scanning - reading for specific information, for example, an answer to a question;
 extensive reading - reading for pleasure and general understanding;
 intensive reading - more analytical and accurate reading for better and deeper
understanding.

As you can see, each kind of reading has a different purpose. How is this information useful
to you? You can save time and read better if you think which material requires which skill
before you start reading.

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GRAMMAR WORK

DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS

We usually make direct questions by changing the word order: we put the auxiliary verb
before the subject. For example:

Will Tom be here tomorrow?

Have you been working hard?
What can I do?
When was the house built?

In Present Simple questions, we use do/does:

Do you live near here?

What time does the film begin?

In Past Simple questions, we use did:

Did you sell your car?

What time does the film begin?

Note the position of prepositions in questions beginning Who/What/Which/Where...?

Who do you want to speak to?

Which job has Jane applied for?
What was the weather like yesterday?
Where do you come from?

We use negative questions especially to show surprise. For example:

Didn't you hear the bell? I rang four times.

Or when we expect the listener to agree with us:

Haven't we met somewhere before?

Isn't it a beautiful day?

Indirect questions are polite, longer forms of normal questions. For example:

- Where's the department store? - Direct question

- Could you tell me where the department store is, please? - Indirect question

- What's his name? - Direct question

- Do you know what his name is? - Indirect question

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Form

Indirect questions are formed of two parts: a polite expression, and a question which
has no subject/verb inversion like a normal question. For example:

- What's his name?

- Do you know what his name is? - Indirect question

Note that the subject and verb have not changed place in the question part. So if you
said "Do you know what is his name?", this would be incorrect.

The polite expression is "Do you have any idea...?", and the question is "...what the
time is?".
The question is not "...what is the time?" - you don't invert the subject and verb

Indirect questions do not use the auxiliary verb "to do" in the main question.
For example:

- When does the next train arrive? - Direct question

- Do you know when the next train arrives? - Indirect question
- Do you know when does the next train arrive? – Incorrect

Another example:

- When does the restaurant close? - Direct question

- Could you tell me when the restaurant closes? - Indirect question
- Could you tell me when does the restaurant close? - Incorrect

Use if or whether when there is no other question word (what, why etc.)
For example:

Did anybody see you? – Direct question

Do you know if (or whether) anybody saw you. – Indirect question

There are infinite ways to make indirect questions. Not all indirect questions are
questions at all, rather they are polite statements which encourage some kind of
response. Some common polite expressions include:

- I wonder if/whether...?
- I can't remember if/whether...?
- Could you tell me if/whether...?
- Would you mind telling me if/whether...?
- Would it be possible for you to...?
- Is there any chance you could...?
- I don't suppose you could...
- I'd like to know if/whether...
- I can't remember...

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EXERCISES:

Task 1 Start the sentence with the words given in parentheses.

1. Who built that enormous bridge? (I wonder...)

2. What's Brazil like? (I want to find out...)
3. Did Benjamin Franklin write 'Poor Richard's Almanac'? (I can't remember ....)
4. How do you do it? (Can you tell me ...)
5. Who did you meet at the party? (I'd like to know ...)
6. How long have you been waiting for me? (I wonder ...) What happened to them?
(Nobody cares ...)
7. How important is that meeting to the company? (Can you tell me ...)
8. When was the film produced? (Nobody remembers ...)
9. Have they flown an ultralight too? (I don't know ...)
10. What is it called in English? (I can't remember ....)
11. Should people be allowed to smoke in public places? (I'd like to know ....)

Task 2 Form a question. Ask for the underlined phrase in the sentence.
Mind the question mark at the end.

Example: The class plays football.

What does the class play?

1. On Thursday Peter has German, History and Maths.

2. Yesterday Carol and Jane went to the swimming pool.

3. Sarah has to stop because of a security check.

4. The boys are hiding under Tom's bed.

5. Andrew's new mountain bike costs €1000.

6. My sister prefers porridge for breakfast.

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7. The telephone is ringing.

8. At sunset Peter is walking along the beach.

Task 3 Make a new sentence.

1. "Where's the station?"

"Can you tell me ___________________________________________ ?"
2. "Are you coming to the party?"
"Can you let me know if _____________________________________ ?"
3. "How does it work?"
"Can you explain ___________________________________________ ?"
4. "What's the matter?"
Please tell me _____________________________________________ ."
5. "Where are you from?"
"I'd like to know ____________________________________________ ."
6. "How long does it take to get there?"
"Do you know ______________________________________________ ?"
7. "Has she reached a decision yet?"
"Has she told you whether ____________________________________?"
8. "What time are you leaving?"
"Do you know ______________________________________________ ?"
9. "Does Annie know about computers?"
"I wonder whether ___________________________________________ ."
10. "Excuse me. How do you get to the post office from here?"
"Could you tell us ___________________________________________ ?"
11. "What are you doing?!"
"Do you have any idea _______________________________________?!"
12. "Could you lend me 50 Euros?"
"I don't suppose ____________________________________________ ."
13. "Could you take me to the airport?"
"Is there any chance _________________________________________?"
14. "Does Susana like classical music?"
"I can't remember if __________________________________________ ."

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KEY TO GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Task 1

1. I wonder who built that that enormous bridge.

2. I want to find out what Brazil is like.
3. I can't remember if Benjamin Franklin wrote 'Poor Richard's Almanac'.
4. Can you tell me how you do it?
5. I'd like to know who you met at the party.
6. I wonder how long you have been waiting for me?
7. Nobody cares what happened to them.
8. Can you tell me how important that meeting is to the company?
9. Nobody remembers when the film was produced.
10. I don't know if they have flown an ultralight too.
11. I can't remember what it is called in English.
12. I'd like to know if people should be allowed to smoke in public places.

Task 2

1. Which subjects does Peter have on Thursday?

2. When did Carol and Jane go to the swimming pool?
3. Why does Sarah have to stop?
4. Where are the boys hiding?
5. How much does Andrew's new mountain bike cost?
6. What does your sister prefers for breakfast?
7. What is ringing?
8. When is Peter walking along the beach?

Task 3

1. Can you tell me where the station is?

2. Can you let me know if you are coming to the party?
3. Can you explain how it works?
4. Please tell me what the matter is.
5. I'd like to know where you are from.
6. Do you know how long it takes to get there?
7. Has she told you whether she has reached a decision yet?

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8. Do you know what time you are leaving?

9. I wonder whether Annie knows about computers.
10. Could you tell us how you get to the post office from here?
11. Do you have any idea what you are doing?
12. I don't suppose you could lend me 50 Euros.
13. Is there any chance you could take me to the airport?
14. I can't remember if Susana likes classical music.

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