Reannie C.

Arevalo

MEM I-C

THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION 1973 Article XV Sections 8(1-8)

SEC. 8. (1) All educational institutions shall be under the supervision of, and subject to
regulation by, the State. The State shall establish and maintain a complete, adequate,
and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of national development. - Th
system of education should make sure that we will develop globally competitive
students - Does not mean that the concept of state supervision and regulation means
the schools belongs to the state but somehow having some good relation of the State
and the Educational Institutuion, and the schools should still follow the regulation of the
State.

Academic freedom- it has two dimensions: individual academic freedom and

institutional academic freedom.
Individual Academic Freedom- This involves the freedom of an individual fro example
the faculty member or the teacher, freedom to teach, to learn on their own, to research,
and to speak as a citizen/ teacher/ student.

Insitutional - the freedom of the institution to pursue its mission and to be free from
outside control. Freedom to create ornagizations to benefit that would benefit their
institutions

The supervision and regulation be under the state but the control and administration of
schools shall be vested in citizens of the Philippines. -This also means that the
educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens unless it was
established for foreign diplomatic personel, and no group of aliens shall comprise more
than one-third of the enrolment in any school. Educational institutions, other than those
established by religious orders, mission boards, and charitable organizations, shall be
owned solely by citizens of the Philippines, or corporations or association sixty per
centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens.
(2) All institutions of higher learning shall enjoy academic freedom. -The institution
should give free education to the students. The students should have a free education
from elementary to secondary. Nowadays, the State implemented that the universities
should give free tuituion to the students so the students should feel academic freedom.
(3) The study of the Constitution shall be part of the curricula in all schools. -There are a
total of 6 Constituions in the Philippines but the tudy of Constituion most especially the
1987 and 1973 Constituion should be part of the curricula in the school.
(4) All educational institutions shall aim to inculcate love of country, teach the duties of
citizenship, and develop moral character, personal discipline, and scientific,
technological, and vocational efficiency. -The students not only develop intellectually but
all the aspects of a person like their moral, spiritual, mental, social, and most importantly
their love of country should be seen in their values.
(5) The State shall maintain a system of free public, elementary education and, in areas
where finances permit, establish and maintain a system of free public education at least
up to the secondary level. -As stated in Section 8 No. 2, the studnets should feel the
academic freedom.
(6) The State shall provide citizenship and vocational training to adult citizens and out-
of-school youth, and create and maintain scholarships for poor and deserving students.-
Scholarships should give to those deserving students because it provide an opportunity
for many people to earn an education. Without assistance from an outside source,
students may have trouble paying for the degree they need in order to enter the
workforce and become a contributing member of society. It’s important to note that
many scholarships do not cover the entire cost of tuition. Rather, they are allocated for
specific portions that the student must pay their school. Students are encouraged to
apply for several different scholarships as needed.
(7) Educational institutions, other than those established by religious orders, mission
boards, and charitable organizations, shall be owned solely by citizens of the
Philippines, or corporations or association sixty per centum of the capital of which is
owned by such citizens. The control and administration of educational institutions shall
be vested in citizens of the Philippines. No educational institution shall be established
exclusively for aliens, and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the
enrolment in any school. The provisions of this sub-section shall not apply to schools
established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise
provided by law, for other foreign temporary residents. -
(8) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or guardians, and without cost to
them and the Government, religion shall be taught to their children or wards in public
elementary and high schools as may be provided by law. -It provides the opportunity to
understand, with depth and nuance, the many beliefs and rituals that move persons to
appreciate the alternative world of the religious reality. This also helps an individual
explore their deepest and most significant value and importance about their existence.

SUMMARY:

This 1973 Constitution guarantees the right to education of every Filipino. It provided
that, “The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at
all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make education accessible to all."
Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality".
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.
Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to
the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall
promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious
groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of
peace.

3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their
children.

THE 1987 CONSTITUTIONS

Article XIV Sections 1-5(5)

Section 1. The state shall protect and promote the right of all the citizens to
quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make
such education accessible to all. - Since education has the power to change life,
every individual should have access to education to foster a globally competitive
community. Everyone can access without discrimination.

Section 2. The state shall:

• Establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate and integrated system

of education relevant to the needs of the people and society; -Should
establish a system of education that will suit the needs of the people. Like,
we need an individual who is globally competitive because of the ever
changing world. The demand now is more teacher so we need to educate
students that

• Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary

and high school levels. Without limiting the natural rights of parents to rear
their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school
age; -

• Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan

programs, subsidies and other incentives which shall be available to
deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the
underprivileged;
 • Encourage non- formal, informal and indigenous learning system, as well as
self- learning independent and out-of-school study programs particularly
those that respond to community needs; and

• Provide adult citizens, the disabled and out-of-school youth with training in
civics, vocational efficiency and skills.

Sum:

Section 3.

• All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part
of the curricula.

• They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity,

respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the
historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of
citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character
and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden
scientific and technological knowledge and promote efficiency.

• At the option expressed in writing by the parent or guardians, religion shall

be allowed to be taught to their children or wards in the public elementary
and high schools within the regular class hours by instructors designated or
approved by the religious authorities of the religion to which the children or
wards belong, additional cost to the Government.

Section 4.

• The state recognizes the complementary roles of the public and private
institutions in the educational system and shall exercise reasonable
supervision and regulation of all educational institutions.

• Educational institutions, other than those established b y religious groups and

mission boards, shall be allowed solely by citizens of the Philippines or
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which
is owned by such citizens. The Congress may, however, require increased
Filipino equity participation in all educational institutions. The control and
administration of educational institutions shall vested in citizens of the
Philippines. No educational institution shall be established exclusively for
aliens and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one third of the
enrollment in any school. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to
schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents
and, unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign tempora ry residents.
 • All revenues and assets of non- stock, non- profit educational institutions
used actually, directly and exclusively for educational purposes shall be
exempt from taxes and duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation of the
corporate existence of such institutions, their assets shall be disposed of in
the manner provided by law. Proprietary educational institutions, including
those cooperatively owned, may likewise be entitled to such exemptions
subject to the limitations provided by law including restrictions on dividends
and provisions for reinvestment.

• Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants endowments, donations or

contributions used actually, directly and exclusively for educational purposes
shall be exempt from tax.

Section 5.

• The State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions
and shall encourage local planning in the development of educational
policies and programs.

• Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.

• Every citizen has a right to select a profession or course of study, subject to

fair, reasonable and equitable admission and academic requirements.

• The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement.

Non- teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the
protection of the State.

• The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure
that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available
talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction
and fulfillment.

SUMMARY:

This 1973 Constitution guarantees the right to education of every Filipino. It provided
that, “The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at
all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make education accessible to all."
Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality".
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.
Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to
the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall
promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious
groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of
peace.

3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their
children.

BAT AS PAMB ANSA BLG. 232 (THE EDUCATION ACT OF

1982)

This was an act providing for the establishment and maintenance of an integrated
system of education. In accordance with Section 2, this act shall apply to and
govern both formal and non- formal system in public and private schools in all
levels of the entire educational system. -This was an act providing for the
establishment and maintenance of an integrated system of education so this will
apply to all the educational institutions obviously.

As provided by this Act, the national development goals are as follows:

• To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and

social progress.

• To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and
enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and -

• To achieve and strengthen national unity and consciousness and preserve,

develop and promote desirable cultural, moral and spiritual values in
changing world.

The education system have an educational community who are the students, parents,
teachers or those associated in institutions that is involved in organized teaching and
learning systems. Those should have their duties and responsibilities to the school in
order to attain an organized teaching and learning system.
Section 15. Duties and Responsibilities of Students - In addition to those provided for
under existing laws, every student shall:
 1. Exert his utmost to develop his potentialities for service, particularly by
undergoing an education suited to his abilities, in order that he may become an
asset to his family and to society.
2. Uphold the academic integrity of the school, endeavor to achieve academic
excellence and abide by the rules and regulations governing his academic
responsibilities and moral integrity.
3. Promote and maintain the peace and tranquility of the school by observing the
rules and discipline, and by exerting efforts to attain harmonious relationships
with fellow students, the teaching and academic staff and other school personnel.
4. Participate actively in civic affairs and in the promotion of the general welfare,
particularly in the social, economic and cultural development of his community
and in the attainment of a just, compassionate and orderly society.
5. Exercise his rights responsibly in the knowledge that he is answerable for any
infringement or violation of the public welfare and of the rights of others.
Section 16. Teacher's Obligations - Every teacher shall:
1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in
accordance with the philosophy, goals, and objectives of the school.
2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective attainment of specified learning
objectives in pursuance of national development goals within the limits of
available school resources.
3. Render regular reports on performance of each student and to the latter and
the latter's parents and guardians with specific suggestions for improvement.
4. Assume the responsibility to maintain and sustain his professional growth and
advancement and maintain professionalism in his behavior at all times.
5. Refrain from making deductions in students' scholastic rating for acts that are
clearly not manifestations of poor scholarship.
6. Participate as an agent of constructive social, economic, moral, intellectual,
cultural and political change in his school and the community within the context of
national policies.
Section 17. School Administrators' Obligations - Every school administrator shall:
1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in
accordance with the philosophy, goals and objectives of the school.
2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective administration and management
of the school.
3. Develop and maintain a healthy school atmosphere conducive to the
promotion and preservation of academic freedom and effective teaching and
learning, and to harmonious and progressive school-personnel relationship.
4. Assume and maintain professional behavior in his work and in dealing with
students, teachers, academic non-teaching personnel, administrative staff, and
parents or guardians.
 5. Render adequate reports to teachers, academic non-teaching personnel and
non-academic staff on their actual performance in relation to their expected
performance and counsel them on ways of improving the same.
6. Observe due process, fairness, promptness, privacy, constructiveness and
consistency in disciplining his teachers and other personnel.
7. Maintain adequate records and submit required reports to the Ministry of
Education, Culture and Sports.
Section 12. Special Rights of School Administration - School administrators shall, in
accordance with existing laws, regulations and policies of the Ministry of Education,
Culture and Sports, be accorded sufficient administrative discretion necessary for the
efficient and effective performance of their functions.
School administrators shall be deemed persons in authority while in the discharge of
lawful duties and responsibilities, and shall therefore be accorded due respect and
protection.
Section 13. Rights of Schools - In addition to other rights provided for by law, schools
shall enjoy the following:
1. The right of their governing boards or lawful authorities to provide for the
proper governance of the school and to adopt and enforce administrative or
management systems.
2. The right for institutions of higher learning to determine on academic grounds
who shall be admitted to study, who may teach, and what shall be subjects of the
study and research.

Towards the realization of these objectives, and pursuant to the Constitution, all educational
institutions shall aim to inculcate love of country, teach the duties of citizenship, and develop moral
character, personal discipline, and scientific, technological, and vocational efficiency.
Furthermore, the educational system shall reach out to educationally deprived communities, in order
to give meaningful reality to their membership in the national society, to enrich their civic
participation in the community and national life, and to unify all Filipinos into a free and just nation.

Section 19. Declaration of Policy. - The State recognizes that formal education, or the
school system, in society's primary learning system, and therefore the main instrument
for the achievement of the country's educational goals and objectives.
Section 20. Definition - "Formal Educational" refers to the hierarchically structured and
chronologically graded learning organized and provided by the formal school system
and for which certification is required in order for the learner to progress through the
grades or move to higher levels. Formal education shall correspond to the following
levels:
1. Elementary Education. - the first stage of compulsory, formal education
primarily concerned with providing basic education and usually corresponding to
six or seven grades, including pre-school programs.
 2. Secondary Education. - the state of formal education following the elementary
level concerned primarily with continuing basic education and expanding it to
include the learning of employable gainful skills, usually corresponding to four
years of high school.
3. Tertiary Education. - post secondary schooling is higher education leading to a
degree in a specific profession or discipline.
Section 21. Objectives of Elementary Education - The objectives of elementary
education are:
1. To provide the knowledge and develop the skills, attitudes, and values
essential to personal development and necessary for living in and contributing to
a developing and changing social milieu;
2. To provide learning experiences which increase the child's awareness of and
responsiveness to the changes in and just demands of society and to prepare
him for constructive and effective involvement;
3. To promote and intensify the child's knowledge of, identification with, and love
for the nation and the people to which he belongs; and
4. To promote work experiences which develop the child's orientation to the world
of work and creativity and prepare himself to engage in honest and gainful work.
Section 22. Objectives of Secondary Education. - The objectives of secondary
education are:
1. To continue to promote the objectives of elementary education; and
2. To discover and enhance the different aptitudes and interests of the students
so as to equip him with skills for productive endeavor and/or prepare him for
tertiary schooling.
Section 23. Objective of Tertiary Education. - The objectives of tertiary education are:
1. To provide a general education program that will promote national identity,
cultural consciousness, moral integrity and spiritual vigor;
2. To train the nation's manpower in the skills required for national development;
3. To develop the professions that will provide leadership for the nation; and
4. To advance knowledge through research work and apply new knowledge for
improving the quality of human life and responding effectively to changing
societal needs and conditions.
SUMMARY:
It is stated in the Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa Bilang 232) that the state
shall provide the citizens of the country with the following:
1. Provide knowledge and develop the skills, attitudes, and values essential for personal
development, a productive life, and consecutive engagement with a changing social
milieu;
2. Provide learning experiences that increase the child’s awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of the society;
3. Promote and intensify awareness of, identification with, and love for our nation and
the community to which the learners belong; and
4. Promote experiences that develop the learner’s orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest gainful work.
The education system have an educational community who are the students, parents,
teachers or those associated in institutions that is involved in organized teaching and
learning systems. Those should have their duties and responsibilities to the school in
order to attain an organized teaching and learning system.
First among the persons invloves is the Students. Student responsibility occurs when
students take an active role in their learning by recognizing they are accountable for
their academic success. Student responsibility is demonstrated when students make
choices and take actions which lead them toward their educational goals. They should
exert their effort to develop their potential that will reveal his/her asset in a globally
changing world.
Secondly, it is the teachers who perform a great obligation to the education of the
people to promote organization and control. They should teach in accordance with the
philosophy, goals, and objectives of the school. They are responsible of setting the tone
of their classrooms, build a warm environment, nurture their students, and become a
role model to them.
Third, It is the School Administrators who would foster an effective and efficient
administration for its development. They play a major role of developing a "professional
community" who guides one another in improving the education. They are responsible
for providing instructional leadership and developing, implementing, and evaluating
district and school systems and policies.
Meanwhile, the Formal Education is the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded
'education system', running from primary school through the university and including, in
addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialized programs and institutions
for full-time technical and professional training.
Each level has their different objectives:
For the Elementary Education, this shall aim to develop the spiritual, moral, mental and
physical capabilities of the child, provide him with experiences in the real life, and
inculcate ideas and attitude necessary for enlightened, patriotic, upright and useful
citizenship. To achieve these objectives, elementary education curriculum shall provide
for the:
1.inculcation of spiritual and civic values and the development of a good Filipino based
on an abiding faith in God and genuine love of country;
2.training of the young citizen in his rights, duties and responsibilities in a democratic
society for active participation, in a progressive and productive home and community
life;
3.development of basic understanding about Philippine culture, the desirable tradition
and virtues of our people as essential requisites in attaining national consciousness and
solidarity;
4.teaching of basic health knowledge and the formation of desirable health habits and
practices;
5.development of functional literacy, in Pilipino and in English as basic tools for further
learning; and
6.acquisition of fundamental knowledge, attitudes, habits, and skills in science, civics,
culture, history, geography, mathematics, arts, and home economics and livelihood
education and their intelligent application in appropriate life situations

Philippine Commission Act No. 74

This law was enacted on January 21, 1901 by the Philippine Commission, and
provided:

a. establishment of the Department of Public Instruction headed by the General

superintendent
b. the archipelago was divided into school divisions and districts for effect ive
management of the school system.
c. English was made as medium of instruction in all levels of schooling
d. optional religious instructions in all schools (Section 16)
e. establishment of a Trade school in Manila (Philippine College of Arts and
Trade- PCAT now known as Technological University of the Philippines), a school
of Agriculture in Negros, a Normal school in Manila (Philippine Normal School)
(Section 18)
• Philippine Normal School, however, was renamed Philippine Normal College
(PNC) by virtue of Republic Act No. 416 on June 18, 1949. And on December 26,
1991, the PNC was converted to Philippine Normal University as provided by
Republic Act No. 7168.