Day 6

MATH24-1 (Differential Equations)

Ch 2.2 Separable Equations (Page 42-51)

Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 10th edition, by
William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima, ©2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• In this section we examine a subclass of linear and nonlinear
first order equations. Consider the first order equation
dy
 f ( x, y)
dx
• We can rewrite this in the form
dy
M ( x, y)  N ( x, y ) 0
dx
• For example, let M(x,y) = − f (x,y) and N(x,y) = 1. There may
be other ways as well. In differential form,
M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  0
• If M is a function of x only and N is a function of y only, then
M ( x)dx  N ( y)dy  0
• In this case, the equation is called separable.
Example 1: Solving a Separable Equation

• Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:

dy x2

dx 1  y 2
• Separating variables, and using calculus, we obtain
1  y dy  x dx
y t

2 2 4

 1  y dy   x dx
2

2 2

x t
4 2 2 4

1 1
y  y 3  x3  C
3 3 2

3 y  y  x3  C
3
4

• The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. A graph

showing the direction field and implicit plots of several
solution curves for the differential equation is given above.
 Example 2:
Implicit and Explicit Solutions (1 of 4)
• Solve the following first order nonlinear equation:
dy 3x 2  4 x  2

dx 2 y  1
• Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain
 
2 y  1dy  3x 2  4 x  2 dx
 
2   y  1dy   3 x 2  4 x  2 dx
y 2  2 y  x3  2 x 2  2 x  C
• The equation above defines the solution y implicitly. An
explicit expression for the solution can be found in this case:

y  2 y  x  2x  2x  C  0  y 
2 3 2
2  4  4 x 
3
 2 x 2
 2x  C 
2
y  1  x3  2 x 2  2 x  C
 dy 3x 2  4 x  2

dx 2 y  1

Example 2: Initial Value Problem (2 of 4)

• Suppose we seek a solution satisfying y(0) = −1. Using the
implicit expression of y, we obtain
y 2  2 y  x3  2 x 2  2 x  C
(1) 2  2(1)  C  C  3
• Thus the implicit equation defining y is
y 2  2 y  x3  2 x 2  2 x  3
• Using an explicit expression of y,
y  1  x3  2 x 2  2 x  C
1  1  C  C  4
• It follows that
y  1  x3  2 x 2  2 x  4
 dy 3x 2  4 x  2

dx 2 y  1

Example 2: Initial Condition y(0) = 3 (3 of 4)

• Note that if initial condition is y(0) = 3, then we choose the

positive sign, instead of negative sign, on the square root
term:

y  1  x3  2 x 2  2 x  4
 Example 2: Domain (4 of 4)

• Thus the solutions to the initial value problem

dy 3x 2  4 x  2
 , y (0)  1
dx 2 y  1
are given by
y  1  x3  2 x 2  2 x  4 (explicit)
y 2  2 y  x3  2 x 2  2 x  3 (implicit)
• From explicit representation of y, it follows that
 
y  1  x 2 x  2  2x  2  1  x  2 x 2  2
and hence the domain of y is (−2, ). Note x = −2 yields y = 1, which
makes the denominator of dy/dx zero (vertical tangent).
• Conversely, the domain of y can be estimated by locating vertical tangents
on the graph (useful for implicitly defined solutions).
 Example 3: Implicit Solution of an Initial
Value Problem (1 of 2)
• Consider the following initial value problem:
4 x  x3
y  , y (0)  1
4 y 3

• Separating variables and using calculus, we obtain

(4  y 3 )dy  (4 x  x3 )dx

 4  y dy   (4 x  x )dx
3 3

1 1
4 y  y 4  2x2  x4  c
4 4
y 4  16 y  x 4  8x 2  C where C  4c
• Using the initial condition, y(0) = 1, it follows that C = 17.
y 4  16 y  x 4  8x 2  17
 4 x  x3
y  , y (0)  1
4  y3
Example 3: Graph of Solutions (2 of 2)
• Thus the general solution is y 4  16 y  x 4  8x 2  C
and the solution through (0, 2) is y 4  16 y  x 4  8 x 2  17
• The graph of this particular solution through (0, 2) is shown in red
along with the graphs of the direction field and several other
solution curves for this differential equation, are shown:
• The points identified with blue 2
y

dots correspond to the points on

1

the red curve where the tangent

line is vertical: y  3  4  1.5874 4 2 2 4
x

x  3.3488 on the red curve, but at all 1

points where the line connecting the

2

blue points intersects solution curves

the tangent line is vertical. 3
 Parametric Equations

• The differential equation: dy F ( x, y )


dx G ( x, y )
is sometimes easier to solve if x and y are thought of as
dependent variables of the independent variable t and rewriting
the single differential equation as the system of differential
equations:
dy dx
 F ( x, y) and  G( x, y)
dt dt
Chapter 9 is devoted to the solution of systems such as these.
 Examples
In each of Problems 1 through 8, solve the given differential
equation.
5/48) y′ = (cos2 x)(cos2 2y)
6/48) xy′ = (1 − y2)1/2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑒 −𝑥
7/48) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦+𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
8/48) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑦 2
 Examples
In each of Problems 9 through 20:
(a) Find the solution of the initial value problem in explicit
form.
(b) Plot the graph of the solution.
(c) Determine (at least approximately) the interval in which
the solution is defined.
9/48) y′ = (1 − 2x)y2, y(0) = −1/6
12/48) dr/dθ = r2/θ, r(1) = 2
20/48) y2(1 − x2)1/2dy = arcsin x dx, y(0) = 1
 Homogeneous Function
The function f(x, y) = 0 is called a homogeneous function of
degree n if and only if f(kx, ky) = knf(x, y).

Test whether the given function is homogeneous or not, if it is

homogeneous then give the degree.
1. f(x, y) = 4x2 − 3xy + y2
2. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
3. f(x, y) = x sin(y/x) − y sin(x/y)
𝑥5
4. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +2𝑦 2
 Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients
The differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is
homogeneous if both M and N are homogeneous and are of
the same degree.

Theorem:
1. If M(x, y) and N(x, y) are both homogeneous and of the
same degree, the function or N/M is of degree 0.
2. If f(x, y) is homogeneous of degree zero in x + y, then f(x,
y) is a function of y/x alone.
 General Solution of a Homogeneous DE
If M(x, y) and N(x, y) are homogeneous and of degree zero,
then the ratio M/N or N/M can be expressed as a function of
single variable alone, say v.

Thus, the substitution x = vy or y = vx will transform the

equation to a variable separable differential equation.

Note: A differential equation is homogeneous if all the terms

are of the same degree.
 Examples
Test for homogeneity.

1. (x2 + y2)dx + xydy = 0

M = (x2 + y2), homogeneous of degree 2.
N = xy, homogeneous of degree 2.
Therefore, the differential equation is homogeneous.

2. (3x + 2y)dx − (x2 + 2xy + y2)dy = 0

M = 3x + 2y, homogeneous of degree 1.
N = x2 + 2xy + y2, homogeneous of degree 2.
Therefore, the differential equation is not homogeneous.
 Examples
Test whether each equation is homogeneous or not. If it is
homogeneous then find the general solution.
1. (x2 + y2)dx + xydy = 0

2. xydx + 2(x2 + 2y2)dy = 0

3. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

4. [x csc(y/x) − y]dx + xdy = 0

5. (x2 − xy + y2)dx − xydy = 0

 Examples
In each of Problems 31 through 38:
(a) Show that the given equation is homogeneous.
(b) Solve the differential equation.
(c) Draw a direction field and some integral curves. Are they
symmetric with respect to the origin?

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
31/50) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 4𝑥+3𝑦
34/50) =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥+𝑦