EE09 408 (P) - Electrical Measurement& Instrumentation Lab PDF

(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to Calicut University)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENTS AND
INSTRUMENTATION LAB
CLASS : II YEAR (EEE)
SEMESTER : IVth SEM (EEE)
SUBJECT CODE :EE09 408 (P)
SUBJECT : ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AND
INSTRUMENTATION
Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

http://ammini.edu.in/content.aspx?pageid=362
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
EE09 408(P): ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AND

INSTRUMENTATION LAB
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SI.No Name of Experiment Page No
1 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 03
2 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING KELVINS DOUBLE BRIDGE

07
3 CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE STATIC ENERGY METER 11
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER BY PHANTOM
4 17
LOADING WITHOUT USING PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER BY DIRECT
5 23
LOADING
MEASUREMENT OF SELF INDUCTANCE, MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
6 27
AND COUPLING COEFFICIENT OF TRANSFORMER COILS
7 EXTENSION OF RANGE OF WATTMETER USING CT& PT 33

8 37
LOADING USING PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
EXTENSION OF RANGE OF AMMETER USING CURRENT
9 41
TRANSFORMER
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER
10 45
MEASUREMENTS
11 CALIBRATION OF THREE PHASE STATIC ENERGY METER 49
12 THERMOCOUPLE CHARACTERSTICS 55
13 RTD CHARACTERISTICS 59

Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation Lab
P a g e |1
Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

P a g e |2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PORTABLE FORM OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

P a g e |3
Expt No:1
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Aim
To measure the given medium resistances using Wheatstone bridge.
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
SI.No. RANGE TYPE QTY
APPRATUS
1 Wheat stone Bridge kit - - 1
2 Rheostat 15Ω, 5A Wire wound 1
3 Voltmeter 0-30V MC 1
4 Galvanometer - - 1
5 DC source - - 1
Principle
The Wheatstone bridge is the most widely used circuit for precisely measuring
resistance by the comparison method. The Wheatstone bridge is designed to be used for precision
resistance measurements in the laboratory. Values of resistance from 0.001 to 9,999,000 ohms
can be measured with this instrument. When the instrument is used as a Wheatstone bridge, the
Ration Multiplier switch allows selection of seven multipliers from 0.001 to 1,000. Multiplying
the reading obtained from the decade dials by the ratio selected yields the value, in ohms, of the
unknown resistance. Ratio resistances are accurate to ±0.05%.
Procedure
The given voltmeter(unknown resistance) is connected to the terminal marked X

on the bridge. The toggle switches are adjusted for external battery and galvanometer. An
external battery is connected to terminals BB through a rheostat. A galvanometer is connected to
the terminals marked GG. on the bridge. The P/Q ratio (Multiplier) is suitably selected. The
resistance ‘S’ is varied by varying the four decade resistances (one at a time starting from the
highest range) till null deflection is observed in the galvanometer, when the ‘B’ and ‘G’ keys are
pressed. Adjustments are made till null deflection is obtained, The reading of the ‘Multiplier’ and

P a g e |4
Tabular Column
Unknown
Sl.no Unknown P/Q ratio S =s1+s2+s3+s4
Resistance
. resistance (multiplier) S1 S2 S3 S4 (Ω)
(Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) X=(p/q)*s (Ω)
Sample Calculation
=………………………………..
S1=…………………..
S2=…………………
S3=…………………..
S4=…………………..
S=S1+S2+S3+S4=……………………
X=(P/Q)*S=…………………………..

P a g e |5
the four dials of the variable resistance ‘S’ are noted. The readings are tabulated as shown. The
experiment is repeated for rheostat instead of voltmeter.
Result
Measured the given voltmeter using Wheatstone bridge.
Resistance of voltmeter =…………………..
Resistance of Rheostat=………………………..

P a g e |6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
KELVIN DOUBLE BRIDGE

P a g e |7
Expt No:2
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING KELVINS DOUBLE BRIDGE
Aim
To measure the resistance of the given ammeter(0-2.5A) using Kelvins double
bridge.
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
SI.NO RANGE TYPE QTY
APPRATUS
1 Kelvins Double Bridge - - 1
2 D.C source (0-30V) DC 1
3 Ammeter (0-2.5A) MC 1
4 Galvanometer - - 1
5 Rheostat 45,5A Wire wound -
Principle
This method is the best available for precise measurement of low resistances(less
than 1). In the figure ‘X’ is the low resistance to be measured and ‘S’ is a standard variable
resistance of the same order of magnitude, M,Q, p and q are four non-inductive resistances, one
pair of which are variable. These are connected to form two sets of ratio arms, which are used for
range selection. The ratio Q/M is kept same as q/m ratio along with ‘S’ being varied till null
deflection of the galvanometer is obtained.
Then
Procedure
Connections are made as shown in the figure. Choose a suitable range multiplier.
Set the current switch in forward position. Press the galvanometer initial key first and adjust main
dial and slide wire to get null deflection in the galvanometer. Then press the galvanometer final
P a g e |8
Tabular Column
Mean
SI Unknown Range S1 S2X10-4 S=S1+S2 X
Remarks Resistance
No. Resistance Multiplier (mΩ) (Ω) (Ω) (mΩ)
(mΩ)
Ammeter+ Direct
1
leads Reverse
Direct
2 Leads only
Reverse
Sample Calculation (Set No……………..)

For Direct:
Range multiplier=………………….
S1=…………………………………
S2=…………………………………
S=S1+S2=………………………...
X1=(Range Multiplier) X (S)=…………………
For Reverse:
Range multiplier=………………….
S1=…………………………………
S2=…………………………………
S=S1+S2=………………………...
X2=(Range Multiplier) X (S)=…………………
Mean Resistance X=(X1+X2)/2=…………………………..
Resistance of ammeter= (Resistance of ammeter + leads) - (Resistance of leads alone)=………

P a g e |9
key and check whether the galvanometer reads null deflection. If not, adjust the dial readings to
get null deflection. The readings of the main dial and slide wire are noted down.The current
switch is then put to the reverse position. This reverses the direction of current in circuit. The
main dial and slide wire are adjusted to get null deflection and the readings are noted again. The
mean of the two is taken as the correct value. This is done to eliminate errors due to thermal
effect. The ammeter is then disconnected and the resistance of the connecting leads alone is
measured using the same method. The experiment is repeated with different values of range
multiplier. The readings are tabulated as shown.
Resistance of ammeter = (Resistance of ammeter + leads) - (Resistance of leads alone)

Result
Measured the resistance of the given ammeter using Kelvins double bridge.
Resistance of given ammeter =

P a g e |10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Tabular Column
True
Volt Time for Time for Indicating
SI. Ammeter Wattmeter Readin Error %Error
meter 5 1 Reading
No Reading Reading g IR-TR
Reading Impulses Impulse IR(ws)
. (A) (W) TR (ws) (ws)
(V) t1 (s) t2 (s)

P a g e |11
Expt No:3
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE STATIC ENERGY METER
Aim
To calibrate the given single phase static energy meter at unity power factor by direct
loading.
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
1 Autotransformer 0-270 V - 1
2 Ammeter 0-5A MI 1
3 Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1
4 Wattmeter 250V, 5A UPF 1
240V, 5A
5 Energy Meter 3200 Static 1
imp/kWhr
6 Lamp Load - - -

P a g e |12
Sample Graph
Error Curve
Calibration Curve

P a g e |13
Principle
An energy meter is an instrument used to measure electrical energy. It keeps a record of
the total energy consumed in a circuit during a particular period. It is an integrating type of
instrument. Calibration involves comparing the energy measured by an energy meter with a
standard instrument. The standard chosen here is a wattmeter. Since the wattmeter measures only
the power, it has to be multiplied with time to get the energy reading. The readings are then
compared to find the error in the energy meter.
Calibration can be done either by direct loading or phantom loading. In direct loading both the
current and pressure coils are fed from the same supply at rated voltage. Energy meters of high
rating when tested by direct loading would involve large amount of power. Such meters are thus
tested using phantom loading, wherein the pressure coil is supplied from rated supply and current
coil circuit from a separate low voltage supply.
Procedure
Connections are made as shown in the connection diagram. The supply is switched on,
keeping the autotransformer in the minimum position. The autotransformer is then varied to get
the rated voltage. The lamp load is then switched on and the ammeter reading adjusted for a small
value of current. The corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted
down. The time for five impulse of the energy meter disc is also noted. The experiment is
repeated in steps adding loads till the rated current of the energy meter is reached. The true
energy and indicated energy is evaluated and the error found out. The error curve and calibration
curve are then plotted as shown.

P a g e |14
Sample calculation( Set No…………)

Energy meter constant k = . . . . . . . .
Voltmeter reading (V ) = . . . . . . . . .
Ammeter reading (I) = . . . . . . . . .
Time for 5 impulse of energy meter(t1 )= . . . . . . . . .
Time for 5 impulse of energy meter (t2)= =……………..
Indicated energy for 1 impulse of energy meter (IR)= 60 60 1000=…………….
Wattmeter reading (W) = . . . . . . . . .

True energy for ‘t2’ seconds (TR) = W × t2 = . . . . . . . . .
Error =
%Error= *100=………………………

P a g e |15
Result
Calibrated the given single phase static energy meter at unity power factor by direct
loading.

P a g e |16
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR UPF (FIG 1)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 0.5 LAG/LEAD (FIG 2)

P a g e |17
Expt No:4
LOADING WITHOUT USING PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
Aim
To calibrate single phase energy meter by phantom loading without using phase shifting
transformer
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
1 Autotransformer 0-270 V Single Phase 1
2 Ammeter 0-5A MI 1
240V,5-
5 Energy meter Single Phase 1
10A
6 Resistive Load 45Ω, 5A Wire Wound 1

P a g e |18
Tabular Column
For UPF:
Time for 1
Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Time for 5 Indicative True
SI Revolution
Reading Reading Reading Revolution(t1) Reading Reading Error %Error
No. (t2)
(V) (A) (W) (s) IR (W) TR (W)
(s)
For 0.5 lag:

Time for 1
SI Revolution
No. (t2)
(V) (A) (W) (s) IR (W) TR (W)
(s)
For 0.5 lead:

Time for 1
SI Revolution
No. (t2)
(V) (A) (W) (s) IR (W) TR (W)
(s)

P a g e |19
Principle
When a energy meter is designed for high current loads, it is uneconomical to arrange
such loads for testing purposes as it involves a considerable waste of time and power. To avoid
this problem "phantom” loading is done.
In phantom loading, pressure coil is excited from normal supply voltage and current coil
is excited from a separate low voltage supply. The low impedance of current coil circuit makes it
possible to circulate the required current even with low supply voltage.
Procedure
For testing energy meter at upf condition connections are done as shown in fig 1. Keep
the autotransformer position in minimum and loading rheostat position in maximum. Supply is
given and apply rated voltage across pressure coil of energy meter and wattmeter. Current in the
current coil of the circuit is adjusted by varying auto transformer. First adjust auto transformer to
low value of current (say 1A) and increase the current to rated current (say up to 5A). The
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and time for 5 revolution of energy meter are noted for various
loads current.
For a power factor of 0.5, connections are made as shown in figure2. Keep the
autotransformer position in minimum. The current coil of wattmeter and energy meter is
connected in series to R-phase and pressure coil to Y-phase for lead and B-phase for lag. Supply
is given and applies rated voltage across pressure coil of energy meter and wattmeter. If the
wattmeter reads negative the pressure coil connections are interchanged. Current in the current
coil of the circuit is adjusted by varying auto transformer. First adjust auto transformer to low
value of current (say 1A) and increase the current to rated current (say up to 5A). The voltmeter,
ammeter, wattmeter and time for 5 revolution of energy meter are noted for various loads current.
Calculate indicating reading, true reading, error and %error. Then plot error and calibration
curve.

P a g e |20
Sample calculation (Set No…..)

Time for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc(t1 )= . . . . . . . . .
Time for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc (t2)= =……………..
Indicated energy for 1 revolutions of energy meter disc (IR)= 60 60 1000=…………….

Error =
%Error= *100=………………………

P a g e |21
Result
Calibrated single phase energy meter by phantom loading without using phase shifting
transformer.

P a g e |22
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Sample Graph
Calibration curve Error Curve

P a g e |23
Expt No:5
CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER BY DIRECT
LOADING
Aim
To calibrate the single phase energy meter by direct loading at unity power factor .
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
2 Ammeter 0-5A MI 1
240V, 5A
5 Energy Meter 1800 Dynamic 1
rev/kWhr
6 Load - Resistive -
Principle
In order to check the calibration of a single phase energy meter, the reading of the energy
meter is compared with that of a standard instrument. For determining the true energy
consumption, a standard wattmeter and an accurate stopwatch is used. From the calculated true
energy, the error and the percentage error in the energy meter reading is determined.
In direct loading, the current coils of the energy meter and wattmeter are connected to a single
phase supply in series with the loading device (say rheostat) whereas the pressure coils are
connected directly to the supply. The loading device is adjusted to get the required current. Then
the energy consumption is determined by observing the time for a fixed number (say N) of
revolutions. The true energy is calculated from the wattmeter reading and the time indicated by
the stopwatch.

P a g e |24
Tabular Column
Time for 1
SI Revolution
No. (t2)
(V) (A) (W) (s) IR (W) TR (W)
(s)
Sample calculation (Set No…..)

Energy meter constant K = . . . . . . . .
Time for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc (t1 )= . . . . . . . . .

Error =
%Error= *100=………………………

P a g e |25
Procedure
The connections are done as shown in the circuit diagram. Adjust the auto transformer to
minimum position. Supply is switched on and rated voltage is applied. Remove the loads
completely. The current is varied using loading rheostat till the rated current step by step. The
ammeter reading, voltmeter reading, wattmeter reading and time for 5 revolutions of energy
meter disc are noted in each step. Remove the load step by step. Adjust the auto transformer to
minimum position and switch off supply.
Result
Calibrated the single phase energy meter by direct loading at unity power factor and
plotted the graph.

P a g e |26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For Resistance (R):
Aiding Flux Circuit:

P a g e |27
Expt No:6
MEASUREMENT OF SELF INDUCTANCE, MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
AND COUPLING COEFFICIENT OF TRANSFORMER COILS
Aim
To determine the self inductance, mutual inductance and coupling coefficient of the given
iron cored transformer windings.
Apparatus Required
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0-0.1)A MI 1
1 Ammeter
(0-2)A MC 1
(0-300)V MI 2
2 Voltmeter (0-150V) MI 1
(0-30V) MC
1KVA, 230/115V
3 Transformer 1
Single phase
4 Rheostats 45Ω, 5A Wire Wound 1
230V/(0-270V),
5 Auto transformer - 1
single phase
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

P a g e |28
Opposing Flux Circuit:
Tabular Column
For Aiding Flux Circuit:
S.No. VA VA1 VA2 IA VA=VA1+VA2

(V) (V) (V) (A) (V)
For Opposing Fux Circuit:
VB VB1 VB2 IB VB=VB1-VB2

S.No.
(V) (V) (V) (A) (V)

P a g e |29
Principle
Inductance is the property of a circuit element by which energy is capable of being stored
in a magnetic flux field and any circuit element exhibit the property of inductance is called an
inductor.
Self Inductance of a coil is the property by which it opposes any flux through it. Mutual
inductance of a coil is the ability to produce an emf in the neighbouring coil by induction, when
the current in the first coil changes.
Consider two magnetically coupled coils of self inductance L1 and L2. Let M be the
mutual inductance of the coils connected in series so that flux is produced by current I through
the coils are in the same direction, then the effective inductance
LA = L1 + L2 + 2M
If coils are connected such that the flux produced by the current in opposite direction,
then effective inductance
LB = L1 + L2 - 2M
Therefore mutual inductance M= ( LA -LB ) / 4
Coupling coefficient k = M / ((L1 L2)1/2
In the first case, if V1 and I1 are the applied voltage and current, then
ZA=V1 / I1 , XLA = ZA-R , LA = XLA/(2πf)
Similarly for the second case
ZB=V2 / I2 , XLB = ZB-R , LB = XLB/(2πf)
L N 230
4
L N 115
L1=4L2
LA 2M
L
5
From the above equations L1 , L2 , M and k can be found out. The experimental
determinations of the above parameters are carried out for a pair of transformer winding.

P a g e |30
Sample Calculation
For Aiding flux circuit VA=VA1+VA2
For opposing flux circuit VB=VB1-VB2
Resistance of transformer winding R =…………………….
Applied voltage for aiding circuit VA=………………………
Applied current for aiding circuit IA=………………………...
Applied voltage for opposing circuit VB=………………………
Applied current for opposing circuit IB=………………………...
ZA= (VA / IA) =……………..
XLA =( ZA2-R2 )1/2=………………
LA = XLA/(2πf)=……………….
ZB= (VB / IB) =……………..
XLB = (ZB2-R2)1/2 =………………
LB = XLB/(2πf)=……………….
Mutual inductance M= (LA -LB) / 4=…………………………..
LA M
L ……………………
L1=4L2=……………………….
k = M / (L1 L2)1/2=………………………….

P a g e |31
Procedure
For aiding flux circuit:
1. Connections are made as shown in the first figure(Aiding flux circuit).
2. Supply is switched on with autotransformer in the minimum position.
3. The autotransformer is adjusted to get the rated voltage in voltmeter VA.
4. The corresponding readings in all meters are noted down. In this case the fluxes produced
by both the coils are additive in nature (ie, VA = VA1 + VA2).
5. Adjust the auto transformer to minimum position and switch of supply.
For opposing flux circuit:
1. Connections are made as shown in the second figure(Opposing flux circuit)
2. Supply is switched on with autotransformer in the minimum position.
3. The fluxes produced by the two coils are now in subtractive polarity
(ie, VB = VB1 –VB2).
4. Adjust the auto transformer till the voltmeter VB1 reading equal to VA1 reading of flux
aiding circuit.
5. This is done to maintain the same flux in both the cases.
6. The readings of all meters are noted down and tabulated.
7. Adjust the auto transformer to minimum position and switch of supply.
Result
Determined the self inductance, mutual inductance and coupling coefficient of the
given iron cored transformer windings.

P a g e |32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Tabular Column
SI. Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmetr Ammeter Wattmeter Wattmeter True Error %Error=
No. Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading = [(TR-
(V1) (A1) (V2) V (A2) (W1) W (W2) W TR= TR- IR)/TR]*100
V A A [Indicative (W1/n1n2 IR
Reading(IR)] )

P a g e |33
Expt No:7
EXTENSION OF RANGE OF WATTMETER USING CT& PT
Aim
To extent range of wattmeter using Current Transformer (CT) and Potential Transformer
(PT)
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
0-5A MI 1
2 Ammeter
0-10A MI 1
0-300V MI 1
3 Voltmeter
0-150V MI 1
300V, 10A UPF 1
4 Wattmeter
150V,5A UPF 1
5 Resistive Load - - -
Principle
Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current
transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known
as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be
very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering
and protective relays in the electrical power industry.
Potential transformer or current transformers are used in electrical power system for
stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and
relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed
Sample Calculation (Set No………..)

P a g e |34
CT turn ratio n1= = ……………………
PT turn ratio n2= = ………………………..
V1=……………………….
I1=…………………………
V2=…………………………..
I2=…………………………..
W1=……………………..
W2=IR=…………………………..
TR=(W1/n1n2)=………………………
Error=TR-IR=………………..
%Error= 100
Sample Graph

P a g e |35
for low voltage. A Voltage Transformer theory or Potential Transformer theory is just like theory
of general purpose step down transformer. Primary of this transformer is connected across the
phases or and ground depending upon the requirement. Just like the transformer, used for
stepping down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has lowers turns winding at its secondary.
The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of that transformer, and
then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary terminals of the PT. The
secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110V. In an ideal potential transformer or voltage
transformer when rated burden connected across the secondary the ratio of primary and
secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio and furthermore the two terminal
voltages are in precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual transformer there must be an
error in the voltage ratio as well as in the phase angle between primary and secondary voltages.
Procedure
Connections are done as per the circuit diagram. Adjust auto transformer to minimum position.
Keep the load in minimum position. Switch on supply. Adjust autotransformer to the rated
voltage. Vary the load till the rated current step by step and not down corresponding voltmeters
ammeters and wattmeter readings. Then adjust autotransformer to minimum position after
removing load. Note down CT and PT ratios.
Result
Extended the range of wattmeter using current transformer and potential transformer.

P a g e |36
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Tabular Column
Amm
Voltm Time for 1
eter Wattmeter Time for 3 Indicative True
SI Power eter Revolution
factor Read Reading Revolution(t1) Reading Reading Error %Error
No. Readin (t2)
ing (W) (s) IR (W) TR (W)
g (V) (s)
(A)
Unity
0.6
lead
0.6
lag

P a g e |37
Expt No:8
LOADING USING PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
Aim
To calibrate single phase energy meter by phantom loading using phase shifting
transformer
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
1 Autotransformer 0-270 V Single Phase 1
2 Ammeter 0-5A MI 1
240V,5-
5 Energy meter Single Phase 1
10A
Phase Shifting
6 - - 1
Transformer
7 Resistive Load 45Ω, 5A Wire Wound 1

P a g e |38
Sample Calculation (Set No…….)

Energy meter constant K = . . . . . . . .
Time for 3 revolutions meter disc(t1 )= . . . . . . . . .

Error =
%Error= *100=………………………
Sample Graph
Error Curve
Calibration Curve

P a g e |39
Principle
Phase shifting transformer is a device is used to obtain different power factor. It consists
of laminated silicon steel stator which uses a three phase winding. The rotor is laminated
structure having slots in which winding is provided. There is a small gap between the rotor and
stator. When the current flows in the stator winding a rotating field is produced. An emf is
induced in the rotor. The rotor can be adjusted to any angle. The phase displacement of the rotor
emf being equal to angle through which rotor has been moved from the zero position. A scale and
the pointer are provided on the top of the instrument to indicate the angle through which the rotor
has moved from the zero position.
Procedure
The connections are done as shown the circuit diagram. Keep the autotransformer in
minimum and load in maximum position. Supply is given, and then the voltmeter across the
pressure coil of energy meter and wattmeter will show rated voltage. Current in the current coil
of the circuit is adjusted by varying autotransformer. The voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and time
for 3 revolution of energy meter are noted for various loads current.
Result
Calibrated single phase energy meter by phantom loading using phase shifting
transformer

P a g e |40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Tabular Column
SI. Voltmeter Ammeter Indicative True Error= %Error=

No. Reading Reading(A1) Reading Reading IR-TR [(IR-
(V) A (IR)=Ammeter (TR) TR)/IR]*100
Reading(A2)
A

P a g e |41
Expt No:9
EXTENSION OF RANGE OF AMMETER USING
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Aim
To extent range of ammeter using Current Transformer (CT)
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
0-2A MI 1
2 Ammeter
0-15A MI 1
4 Resistive Load - - -
Principle
Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current
transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known
as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording
instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be
very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering
and protective relays in the electrical power industry.
Procedure
Connections are done as per the circuit diagram. Adjust auto transformer to minimum
position. Keep the load in minimum position. Switch on supply. Adjust autotransformer to the
rated voltage. Vary the load till the rated current step by step and not down corresponding
ammeters readings. Then adjust autotransformer to minimum position after removing load. Note
down CT ratios.

P a g e |42
Sample Calculation (Set No………..)

CT turn ratio n1= = ……………………
V=……………………….
Ammeter Reading (A1) =…………………………
Ammeter Reading (A2)=…………………………..
True Reading (TR) = Ammeter Reading (A1)/n1 =……………………..
Indicative Reading (IR) = Ammeter Reading (A2)=……………………..
Error=IR-TR………………..
%Error= 100
Sample Graph

P a g e |43
Result
Extended the range of ammeter using current transformer.

P a g e |44
LVDT CIRCUIT
Sample Graph

P a g e |45
Expt No:10
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER
MEASUREMENTS
Aim
Measuring voltage with displacement variation using Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT).
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
1 LVDT - - 1
3 Voltmeter 0-15V MC 1
Principle
The Linear Variable Differential Transformer is a position sensing device that provides an
AC output voltage proportional to the displacement of its core passing through its windings.
LVDTs provide linear output for small displacements where the core remains within the primary
coils. The exact distance is a function of the geometry of the LVDT.
An LVDT is much like any other transformer in that it consists of a primary coil,
secondary coils, and a magnetic core. An alternating current, known as the carrier signal, is
produced in the primary coil. The changing current in the primary coil produces a varying
magnetic field around the core. This magnetic field induces an alternating (AC) voltage in the
secondary coils that are in proximity to the core. As with any transformer, the voltage of the
induced signal in the secondary coil is linearly related to the number of coils. The basic
transformer relation is:
where,
Vout is the voltage at the output,
Vin is the voltage at the input,
Nout is the number of windings of the output coil, and
Nin is the number of windings of the input coil.

P a g e |46
Tabular Column
SI Displacement Voltage (V)

No. (cm)

P a g e |47
As the core is displaced, the number of coils in the secondary coil exposed to the coil
changes linearly. Therefore the amplitude of the induced signal varies linearly with displacement.
The LVDT indicates direction of displacement by having the two secondary coils whose outputs
are balanced against one another. The secondary coils in an LVDT are connected in the opposite
sense (one clockwise, the other counter clockwise). Thus when the same varying magnetic field
is applied to both secondary coils, their output voltages have the same amplitude but differ in
sign. The outputs from the two secondary coils are summed together, usually by simply
connecting the secondary coils together at a common center point. At an equilibrium position
(generally zero displacement) a zero output signal is produced. The induced AC signal is then
demodulated so that a DC voltage that is sensitive to the amplitude and phase of the AC signal is
produced.
Procedure
Connect the LVDT signal conditioner with the power supply of 110 Volts. Set the
position of LVDT such that a range of voltage from +10 to -10 volts can be achieved. Change the
LVDT displacement and record the voltmeter reading in the table. Plot the graph voltage versus
displacement.
Result
Measured voltage with displacement variation using linear variable differential
transformer.

P a g e |48
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

P a g e |49
Exp No:11
CALIBRATION OF THREE PHASE STATIC ENERGY METER
Aim
To calibrate the given 3-Phase static energy meter at unity power factor by direct loading.
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
1 Autotransformer 440 V, 6A 3phase 1
2 Ammeter 0-10A MI 1
240V, 10A
5 Energy Meter 3200 3 Phase Static 1
imp/kWhr
6 3-Phase Load - Resistive -
Principle
The conventional mechanical energy meter is based on the phenomenon of “Magnetic
Induction”. It has a rotating aluminium Wheel called Ferriwheel and many toothed wheels. Based
on the flow of current, the Ferriwheel rotates which makes rotation of other wheels. This will be
converted into corresponding measurements in the display section. Since many mechanical parts
are involved, mechanical defects and breakdown are common. More over chances of
manipulation and current theft will be higher. Electronic Energy Meter is based on Digital Micro
Technology (DMT) and uses no moving parts. So the EEM is known as “Static Energy Meter” In
EEM the accurate functioning is controlled by a specially designed IC called ASIC (Application
Specified Integrated Circuit). ASIC is constructed only for specific applications using Embedded
System Technology. Similar ASIC are now used in Washing Machines, Air Conditioners,
Automobiles, Digital Camera etc.

P a g e |50
Sample Graph
Error Curve Calibration Curve
Tabular Column
Volt Amm Time for Time for Indicating True

Wattmeter Error %Error
SI. meter eter 5 1 Reading Reading
Reading IR-TR
No Readin Readi Impulses Impulses IR(ws) TR (ws)
(W) (ws)
. g ng t1 (s) t2 (s)
(V) (A) W1 W2 W3 W

P a g e |51
In addition to ASIC, analogue circuits, Voltage transformer, Current transformer etc are
also present in EEM to “Sample” current and voltage. The ‘Input Data’ (Voltage) is compared
with a programmed “Reference Data’ (Voltage) and finally a ‘Voltage Rate’ will be given to the
output. This output is then converted into ‘Digital Data’ by the AD Converters (Analogue-
Digital converter) present in the ASIC.
The Digital Data is then converted into an “Average Value”. Average Value / Mean
Value is the measuring unit of power. The output of ASIC is available as “Pulses” indicated by
the LED (Light Emitting Diode) placed on the front panel of EEM. These pulses are equal to
Average Kilo Watt Hour (kWh / unit). Different ASIC with various kWh are used in different
makes of EEMs. But usually 800 to 3600 pulses / kWh generating ASIC s are used in EEMs. The
output of ASIC is sufficient to drive a Stepper Motor to give display through the rotation of digits
embossed wheels. The output pulses are indicated through LED.
Procedure
Connections are made as shown in the connection diagram. The supply is switched on,
keeping the autotransformer in the minimum position. The autotransformer is then varied to get
the rated voltage. The load is then switched on and the ammeter reading adjusted for a small
value of current. The corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted
down. The time for three impulse of the energy meter disc is also noted. The experiment is
repeated in steps adding loads till the rated current of the energy meter is reached. The true
energy and indicated energy is evaluated and the error found out. The error curve and calibration
curve are then plotted as shown.

P a g e |52
Sample Calculations
Time for 3 impulse of energy meter(t1 )= . . . . . . . . .
Time for 3 impulse of energy meter (t2)= =……………..
Indicated energy for 1 impulse of energy meter (IR)= 60 60 1000=…………….
Wattmeter reading (W1) = . . . . . . . . .

Total wattmeter reading (W) =W1+W2+W3= . . . . . . . . .
Error =
%Error= *100=………………………

P a g e |53
Result
Calibrated the given three phase static energy meter at unity power factor by direct
loading.

P a g e |54
Circuit Diagram
Tabular Column
SI Actual Temperature Displayed Temperature

No. (°C) (°C)

P a g e |55
Exp No :12
THERMOCOUPLE CHARACTERSTICS
Aim
To study thermocouple characteristics
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE

SI.NO QTY
APPRATUS
1 Thermo couple J Type 1
2 Water kettle 1
1100C Glass
bead
3 Thermometer 1
thermom
eter
4 Power chord 1
Principle
Thermocouple consists of two dissimilar conductors in contact, which produces a voltage

when heated. The size of the voltage is dependent on the difference of temperature of the junction
to other parts of the circuit. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor for
measurement and control and can also be used to convert a temperature gradient into electricity.
Commercial thermocouples are inexpensive, interchangeable, are supplied with standard
connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. In contrast to most other methods of
temperature measurement, thermocouples are self powered and require no external form of
excitation. The main limitation with thermocouples is accuracy; system errors of less than one
degree Celsius (°C) can be difficult to achieve.

P a g e |56

P a g e |57
Any junction of dissimilar metals will produce an electric potential related to temperature.
Thermocouples for practical measurement of temperature are junctions of specific alloys which
have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperature and voltage. Different alloys
are used for different temperature ranges. Properties such as resistance to corrosion may also be
important when choosing a type of thermocouple. Where the measurement point is far from the
measuring instrument, the intermediate connection can be made by extension wires which are
less costly than the materials used to make the sensor. Thermocouples are usually standardized
against a reference temperature of 0 degrees Celsius; practical instruments use electronic methods
of cold-junction compensation to adjust for varying temperature at the instrument terminals.
Electronic instruments can also compensate for the varying characteristics of the thermocouple,
and so improve the precision and accuracy of measurements
Procedure
Ensure that the power supply and sensor connections made properly and then switch ON
the instrument. The display glows to indicate the instrument is ON. Allow the instrument is ON
position for initial warm up. Pore around 3/4th full of water to kettle and place thermocouple
sensor inside the kettle. Note down the Initial water temperature from the thermometer. Relay
ON, which indicates the relay, is in ON status. Press the INCREMENT/DECREMENT KEY TO
SET THE CUTOFF temperature. When the temperature, relay will switch over it shows the LED
OFF.
Result
Measured the temperature using thermo couple method and plotted Temperature vs
%Error curve

P a g e |58
RTD
Tabular Column
Actual Temperature Displayed Temperature

SI %Error
(TR) (IR)
No. (°C)
(°C) (°C)

P a g e |59
Exp. No.13
RTD CHARACTERISTICS
Aim
Measurement of temperature using RTD method and to plot Temperature vs %Error curve
Apparatus Required
NAME OF THE
APPRATUS
1 ITB-06-CE unit - - 1
2 RTD sensor - - 1
3 Water bath - - -
4 Multimeter - - 1
1100C Glass bead
5 Thermometer 1
thermometer
6 Powerchord - - -
Principle
Resistance temperature detectors, or RTDs, are highly accurate temperature sensors. They
are also known for their excellent stability characteristics. They are used to measure temperature
from 0°C to 450°C, although some can be used up to 800°C. Due to their low resistance values,
you must be careful with the RTD lead resistances.
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are made of coils or films of

metals (usually platinum). When heated, the resistance of the metal increases; when cooled, the
resistance decreases. Passing current through an RTD generates a voltage across the RTD. By
measuring this voltage, you determine its resistance, and thus its temperature.

P a g e |60
Sample Calculation (Set no………….)

Actual Temperature=…………………….
Displayed Temperature=…………………
%Error= [(Actual Temperature- Displayed Temperature)/Actual temperature]*100=………….
Sample Graph

P a g e |61
Procedure
Adjust the temperature of RTD to room temperature using initial key. Then pour water
into the jar attached to the RTD. Boil the water to 1000c. Adjust the final key of RTD to boiling
temperature of water. Allow the water to cool. Again reheat the water to boiling temperature. Not
down the reading of thermometer and RTD for different temperature and plot the error curve.
Result
Measured the temperature using RTD method and plotted Temperature vs %Error curve


EE09 408 (P) - Electrical Measurement& Instrumentation Lab PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

EE09 408 (P) - Electrical Measurement& Instrumentation Lab PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to Calicut University)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

EE09 408(P): ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AND

SI.No Name of Experiment Page No

1 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 03

2 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING KELVINS DOUBLE BRIDGE

7 EXTENSION OF RANGE OF WATTMETER USING CT& PT 33

11 CALIBRATION OF THREE PHASE STATIC ENERGY METER 49

Downloaded from Official website of Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

PORTABLE FORM OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

The given voltmeter(unknown resistance) is connected to the terminal marked X

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

KELVIN DOUBLE BRIDGE

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

5 Rheostat 45,5A Wire wound -

Sample Calculation (Set No……………..)

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Resistance of ammeter = (Resistance of ammeter + leads) - (Resistance of leads alone)

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

4 Wattmeter 250V, 5A UPF 1

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Sample calculation( Set No…………)

Indicated energy for 1 impulse of energy meter (IR)= 60 60 1000=…………….

Wattmeter reading (W) = . . . . . . . . .

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR UPF (FIG 1)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 0.5 LAG/LEAD (FIG 2)

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

4 Wattmeter 300V, 10A UPF 1

6 Resistive Load 45Ω, 5A Wire Wound 1

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

For 0.5 lag:

For 0.5 lead:

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Sample calculation (Set No…..)

Indicated energy for 1 revolutions of energy meter disc (IR)= 60 60 1000=…………….

Wattmeter reading (W) = . . . . . . . . .

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Calibration curve Error Curve

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

4 Wattmeter 250V, 5A UPF 1

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Sample calculation (Set No…..)

Indicated energy for 1 revolutions of energy meter disc (IR)= 60 60 1000=…………….

Wattmeter reading (W) = . . . . . . . . .

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

Aiding Flux Circuit:

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

Ammini College of Engineering, Palakkad.