E-Twinned Calcite as a Tool to Recognise Subtle

Deformation Structures and temperature within

Proterozoic Sirban Formation, Reasi Inlier, Jammu
Naveen Hakhoo, G. M. Bhat and Mateen Hafiz

Institute of Energy Research and Training (IERT), Geology Department, University of Jammu (India)

Presentation by: Naveen Hakhoo

REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETUP OF HIMALAYA
 Jammu and Kashmir
Area of Map

INDIA
0 50 100 Km

Punch Inliers of Sirban Formation in the Jammu area

Srinagar
Islamabad
1. Dandili . Devigarh Inlier
2. Kalakot - Mahogala Inlier
1 3. Reasi Inlier
4. Dhansal - Sawalkot (Lopri) Inlier
2 LEGEN D

Siwalik Group (Mio-Pliocene)

Reasi 3 4
Murree Group (Lr. Miocene)
Hazara Katra
Subathu Formation (Eocene)
Jhelum R. Muthal
Jammu
Volcanic Rocks & Slates

Cambro-Triassic and Panjal Traps

Sirban Formation (Proterozoic)

Regional geological map with location of the Sirban Formation inliers and generalized stratigraphy
(Map modified after Gansser, 1964)
 33 15’ N
Gilgit

Akasai
Chin
Srinagar
Reasi Leh
Kalakot Chapparwari Ans Jammu

Kanthan
Chakkar Coal Field Rad Study Area

R. Chenab
Dhyangarh
Triyath

Barakh Reasi Inlier Bidda

Pauni Kalimitti
Reasi
Anji

LEG E ND

Siwalik Group Sirban Fm. Sukhwal

Gali
Murree Group Biostrome

33 N
Subathu Fm. Section Line Muttal
Katra
0 50 100

74 30’ E 75 E

Geological map of the Reasi Inlier and adjoining areas

showing key localities and thrust contacts

General Stratigraphic Succession Of The Area

Subathu Gp.
Murree Gp. Lopri Inlier

Riasi Inlier

Siwalik Gp.

Satellite imagery of the study area

Reverse Fault Open Fold

Tight Folds Thrust

Thrust Propagation Fold Thrust

Kink Folding Shear Zone

 Anji Nala section

Complex Deformation Structures “Triangle Zone” Observed in the Anji valley east of the Reasi town
 N

Muthal section, Lain Block

In search of outcrops
 A Balanced Cross Section, source USGS

Vibroseis (Thumpers)
Idealised Seismic Acquisition
String of Geophones
Seismic Section, courtesy CGG VERITAS
E-Twinned (Mechanically Twinned), Calcite
 Formation of E- (Mechanical) Twinning in Calcite

Courtesy, H. Fossen & Lacombe et al., 2010

Calcite can deform by twinning at any level in the crust, even at the surface, ideally at a
temperature of < 200°C
Calcite E-twinning involves simple shear along the twin plane (Twin Gliding), about which
the kinked and unkinked parts are mirror images of each other
Mechanical twinning does not involve breaking of the crystal lattice, but crystal-plastic
deformation
It is different from growth and transformation twins
Reverse Fault Open Fold

Tight Fold Thrust

Thrust Propagation Fold Thrust

Sorry!!!
No Calcite

Kink Folding Shear Zone

 Influence of Temperature and Extent of Deformation on Calcite Twinning

Type I Type II Type III Type III After Ferrill et al., 2004

Type I Type II Intermediate Types Type III Type IV

< 170°C c. 200°C > 200°C > 250°C

Calcite Twin Morphology : Temperature of Deformation

 E- Twinned Calcite: Multidimensional Tool with Multiple Applications

=
E- Twinned Calcite Swiss Army Knife

1. Identification of Subtle Deformation Structures

2. Low Temperature Deformation Geothermometer**
3. Indicator of Palaeo- stress Orientations*
4. Indicator of Palaeo- strain Orientations*
5. An Important Tool for Tectonic Studies*
** Ferrell et al. 2004
* Lacombe et al. 2010
PROTEROZOIC-PHANEROZOIC BASINS IN NORTHWEST HIMALAYA