COMPUTER NETWORKING

\ WITH INTERNET PROTOCOLS

AND TECHNOLOGY

William Stallings ~

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

CONTENTS
"
'I

Web Site for Computer Networking with Internet Protocols and Technology vi

Preface xi
f/
'I

Chapter 0 Reader's Guide 2

0.1 Outline of the Book 3
0.2 Internet and Web Resources for this Book 5
0.3 Internet Standards 6

PART ONE OVERVIEW 11

Chapter 1 Data Networks and the Internet 12
1.1 Data Networks 13
1.2 The Internet 24
1.3 An Example Configuration 30
1.4 Intranets 31
1.5 Extranets 35
1.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 36
1.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 37
Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP lIP Protocol Suite 38
2.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture 39
2.2 A Simple Protocol Architecture 40
2.3 OSI46
2.4 The TCP lIP Protocol Architecture 54
2.5 Internetworking 61
2.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 65
2.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 68
Appendix 2A The Trivial File Transfer Protocol 70

PART TWO APPLICATIONS 75

Chapter 3 Traditional Applications 76
3.1 Terminal Access-Telnet 77
3.2 File Transfer-FTP 86
3.3 Electronic Mail-SMTP and MIME 95
3.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 110
3.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 110
Chapter 4 Modern Applications 114
4.1 Web Access-HTTP 116
4.2 Internet Directory Service-DNS 128
4.3 Voice Over IP and Multimedia Support-SIP 137
4.4 Sockets 148
4.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 157
4.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 158
vii
VU1 CONTENTS

PART THREE TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS 161

Chapter 5 Congestion and Performance Issues 162
5.1 The Need for Speed and Quality of Service 164
5.2 Performance Requirements 169
5.3 Performance Metrics 173
5.4 The Effects of Congestion 179
5.5 Congestion Control 184
5.6 Traffic Management 187
5.7 The Need for Flow and Error Control 188
5.8 Self-Similar Traffic 191
5.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 193
5.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 194
Appendix SA Queuing Effects 195

Chapter 6 Transport Protocols 202

6.1 Connection-Oriented Transport Protocol Mechanisms 204
6.2 TCP Services 221
6.3 Transmission Control Protocol 226
6.4 UDP 234
6.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 235
6.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 235
Chapter 7 TCP Traffic Control 238
7.1 TCP Flow Control and Error Control 240
7.2 TCP Congestion Control 246
7.3 Explicit Congestion Notification 263
7.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 266
7.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 267

PART FOUR QUALITY OF SERVICE IN IP NETW01p{.S 270

Chapter 8 Internet Protocols 272
8.1 Principles of Internetworking 273
8.2 Internet Protocol 281
8.3 IPv6290
8.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 300
8.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 301

Chapter 9 Integrated and Differentiated Services 304

9.1 Integrated Services Architecture (ISA) 306
9.2 Queuing Discipline 314 .
9.3 Random Early Detection 321
9.4 Differentiated Services 327
9.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 336
9.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 338
Appendix 9A Real-Time Traffic 340
 CONTENTS ix

Chapter 10 Protocols for QoS Support 344

10.1 Resource Reservation: RSVP 346
10.2 Multiprotocol Label Switching 357
10.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 368
10.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 378
10.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 379
PART FIVE INTERNET ROUTING 382
Chapter 11 Interior Routing Protocols 384
11.1 Internet Routing Principles 385
11.2 Least-Cost Algorithms 393
11.3 Distance-Vector Protocol: RIP 399
11.4 Link-State Protocol: OSPF 405
11.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 414
11.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 414
Chapter 12 Exterior Routing Protocols and Multicast 418
12.1 Path-Vector Protocols: BGP and IDRP 419
12.2 Multicasting 425
12.3 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 441
12.4 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 442
PART SIX NETWORK AND LINK LAYERS 445
Chapter 13 Wide Area Networks 446
13.1 Frame Relay 447
13.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 451
13.3 Cellular Wireless Networks 460
13.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 468
13.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 469
Chapter 14 Data Link Control 472
14.1 Flow Control 473
14.2 Error Detection 479
14.3 Error Control 482
14.4 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) 487
14.5 Recommended Reading 494
14.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 495
Appendix 14A Cyclic Redundancy Check 498
Appendix 14B Performance Issues 503
Chapter 15 Local Area Networks 510
15.1 The Emergence of High-Speed LANs 511
15.2 LAN Protocol Architecture 513
15.3 Ethernet 517
15.4 Bridges, Hubs, and Switches 522
15.5 High-Speed Ethernet 528
15.6 Wireless LANs 534
15.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 542
15.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 543
 x CONTENTS

PART SEVEN MANAGEMENT TOPICS 545

Chapter 16 Network Security 546
16.1 Security Requirements and Attacks 548
16.2 Confidentiality with Symmetric Encryption 550
16.3 Message Authentication and Hash Functions 559
1604 Public-Key Encryption and Digital Signatures 565
16.5 Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security 572
16.6 IPv4 and IPv6 Security 577
16.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 582
16.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 582
Chapter 17 Network Management 586
17 .1 Network Management Requirements 588
17.2 Network Management Systems 592
17.3 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 593
17 A Recommended Reading and Web Sites 603
17.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 604

APPENDICES 605
Appendix A RFCs Cited in This Book 605
Appendix B Projects for Teaching Computer Networks 608
B.l Sockets Programming Projects 608
B.2 Simulation Projects 609
B.3 Performance Modeling 609
BA Research Projects 610
B.5 Reading/ReportAssignments 610
Glossary 611
Acronyms 617
References 619
Index 627
i!
INDEX
A RSA, 568-571
ABORT primitive, 231
About RTP (Web site), 379
Accept field, 124
Acceptable use policies, 27
Accept-Encoding field, 124
Accept-Language field, 124
Accounting management, 589
user requirements, 589
ACK method, SIP, 143
Acknowledged connectionless service,
logical link control (LLC),
515-516
Acknowledgment frame, 478
Acknowledgment Number field, TCP
header, 229
ACM Special Interest Group on
Communications
(SIGCOMM), 6
Active attacks, 549-550
denial of service, 550
masquerade, 549
modification of messages, 550
replay, 549
Active threats, 547
Adaptive routing, 22, 387-390
Address Family field, RIP packet, 404
Address mask reply message, 290
Address mask request message, 290
Addresses, 284-287
network classes, 284-285
subnets/subnet masks, 285-287
Addressing, 280-281
level, 280
modes, 281
reliable sequencing network service,
204-206
schemes, and routers, 63
scope, 281
Admission control, 309
Adobe Pagemill, 32
ADSL,29
Advance Research Projects Agency
(ARPA),24
Advanced Encryption Standard
(ABS),552-555
.aero,130
AFS value, Content-type field, 106
AH information, and security
association, 579
Algorithms:
Bellman-Ford,396-398
constraint-based routing, 367
decryption, 551,566
Dijkstra's, 394-396
distributed Bellman-Ford, 400-402
encryption, 550,552-555,566
general-purpose, 566-568
Jacobson's, 250-253
Karn's, 253-254
least-cost, 393-399
RED, 323-327
routing, 309
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-l),
564-565,568
Allow field, 127
America Online, 28-29
ANcount field, 130
Andreasson, Mark, 31
Anon-FTP value, Content-type
field, 106
Antireplay window, and security
association, 579
Anycast, 297
Applicability statement (AS), 9
Application layer, 42
Application type, MIME, 106-107
Application/octet-stream subtype,
MIME, 106-107
ApplicationiPostscript subtype,
MIME, 107
ARcount field, 130
Area field, OSPF packets, 412
.arpa,130
ARPANET, 24-26, 29, 54, 78-79
ASCII, 71
ASPath attribute, Path Attributes field,
422-423
Assured forwarding (AF) PHB,
335-336
Asynchronous balanced mode
(ABM), 487
Asynchronous response mode
(ARM), 488
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM),
14,15,23,31,167,447,451-460
cells, 454-457
cell loss priority (CLP), 456
Generic Flow Control (GFC),
456-457
Generic Flow Control (GFC)
field, 454
Header Error Control (HEC)
field, 456
logical connections in, 452
meta-signaling channel, 453
Payload Type (PT) .field, 454-456
semipermanent virtual channels, 453
service categories, 457-460
Available Bit Rate (ABR) service,
460
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) service,
458-459
Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR)
service, 460
Non-Real-Time Service, 458,
459-460
Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
(nrt-VBR), 459
Real-Time Service, 458-459
Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
(rt-VBR),459
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR),
459-460
Virtual Channel, 451-454
characteristics 452-453
control signaling 453-454
Identifier (VCI) field, 454
Virtual Path, 451-454
characteristics, 452-453
control signaling, 453-454
Identifier (VPI) field, 454
AT&T Center for Internet
Research, 267
ATM, See Asynchronous transfer
mode (ATM)
ATM Forum, 468
ATM Hot Links, 468
AtomicAggregate, Aggregator
attribute, Path Attributes field,
422-423
Attacks:
active, 549-550
brute-force, 551-5521
denial of service, 550
masquerade, 549
modification of messages, 550
passive, 549
replay, 549
AndioNideo Transport Working
Group, 379
Authentication Data field:
Authentication header, 580
ESP packet, 581
OSPF packets, 413
Authentication header, IPv6, 292
Authentication Type field, OSPF
packets, 413
Authenticator, 568
Authenticity, 549
Authoritative Answer field, 135
Authorization field, 124
Automatic repeat request (ARQ),
482-487
Autonomous system (AS),
390-392,436
Aux Data Length field, group
record, 433
Auxiliary Data field, group record, 433
Available Bit Rate (ABR) service, 460
Availability, 549
B
Backoff, 253,519
binary exponential, 253, 519
exponential RTO, 253
Backpressure,184-185
Backward explicit congestion
notification (BECN), 269
Barber, Theodore, 115,419
Base station, 461,465
Base64 transfer encoding, 108
Basic e-mail operation, SMTP, 95-97
Batch retransmission strategy, 233
Bellman-Ford algorithm, 396-398
Berners-Lee, Tim, 27-28
Best Current Practice (BCP), 9
Best-effort service, 167,459
BGP, See Border Gateway Protocol
(BGP)
627
 628 INDEX

BGP-4 messages, 420 Header Error Control (HEC) CLp, 456

Binary approach, explicit congestion field, 456 COAST, 582
signaJing, 186 Payload Type (PT) field, 454-456 Code field, ICMP message, 288
Binary exponential backoff, 253,519 Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) Coefficient of variation, 201
Bit-round fair queuing (BRFQ), 315, field, 454 Collision, 519
317-318 Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) ,com,27
Bits per second (bps), 174 field, 454 Combined station, 487
,biz,130 Cellular network organization, 461-465 Command field, RIP packet, 404
Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), 26 Cellular radio, 461 Commands:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Cellular Telecommunications and FTP,88-89
't.' 419-425 Internet Association, 469 HDLC,491
BGP-4 messages, 420 Cellular wireless networks, 447,460-468 SMTP,98
'\ cease (error), 423 adding new'channels, 463 Telnet,82
defined, 419 base station, 461, 465 Commercial Information Interchange
finite state machine error, 423 call accepted, 467 (CIX),27
functions, 420-421 call blocking, 467 Commercial networks, 29
hold timer expired, 423 call drop, 467 Communications network, 14
Keepalive message, 422 call termination, 467 Compressed Length field, SSL Record
message formats, 421 calls to/from fixed and remote Protocol header, 574
message header error, 423 mobile subscriber, 468 Compression, 574
messages, 421-423 cell sectoring, 464 Compuserve, 28
neighbor acquisition, 420, 422 cell splitting, 463-464 Computer Emergency response Team
neighbor reachability, 420 cellular network organization, (CERT),577
neighbors, 420,422 461-465 Computer security, 548
network reachability, 420-421 cellular radio, 461 Computer-aided design (CAD), 166
Notification message, 422-423 control channels, 466 Confidentiality, 548
Open message, 422 defined, 460 Configuration and name management,
open message error, 423 frequency borrowing, 463 590
Path Attributes field, 422-423 frequency reuse, 462-463 user requirements, 590
routing information exchange, handoff, 467 CONFIRM primitive, 53
423-425 increasing capacity, 463-464 Congestion, 164, 179-184
Update message, 422 microcells, 464 effects of, 183
update message error, 423 mobile telecommunications ideal performance, 181-182
bps,174 switching office (MTSO), 465 practical performance, 182-184
BRFQ, See Bit-round fair queuing mobile unit initialization, 466-467 Congestion control, 21, 164, 177,
(BRFQ) mobile-originated call, 467 184-187,246-263
Bridges, 62-63, 188,523-525 ongoing call, 467 backpressure, 184-185
operation, 524 operation, 465-468 choke packet, 185
Broadcast, 281, 426 paging, 467 explicit congestion signaling, 186-187
Browsers, 29,31-32 traffic channels, 466 binary approach, 186
Brute-force attack, 551-552 Centralized server farms, 165 credit-based approach, 187
Bucket, 312 and high-speed LANs, 512 rate-based approach, 187
Bus topology LAN, 517-519 Cerf, Vint, 26 implicit congestion signaling, 185-186
BYE method, SIP, 143 CERFnet,27 mechanisms for, 184
CERN,27-28 TCP, 246-263
CERT,577 TCP flow and, 247-250
c Change Cipher Spec Protocol, 575 Congestion control measures,
Channel capacity, 15 implementation of, 249
Cable modem, 29 Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet Web . Congestion Window Reduced (CWR)
Cache-Control field, 121 Site, 543 flag, 265
CAD, 166 Checksum, 56 Connection closing, SMTP, 101
Call accepted, 467 TCP header, 60 Connection establishment and
Call blocking, 467 Checksum field: termination, reliable sequencing
Call drop, 467 ICMP message, 288 network service, 209-211
Call termination, 467 Membership Report message, 433 Connection establishment, unreliable
Calls to/from fixed and remote mobile OSPF packets, 413 network service, 216-218
subscriber, 468 TCP header, 229-230 Connection field, 121
CANCEL method, SIP, 143 Choke packet, 185 Connection management phase,
Capacity requirements, 163 Ciphertext, 551, 566 VTP,79
CCITT,46 Circuit disconnect, 15 Connection setup, SMTp, 99-100
CD-ROM, 167 Circuit establishment, 14-15 Connection termination, reliable
Cease (error), 423 Circuit switching, 13,14-15,42 sequencing network service,
Cell loss priority (CLP), 456 circuit disconnect, 15 209,211-212
Cell relay, 451 circuit establishment, 14-15 Connection termination, unreliable
Cell Relay Retreat, 468 data transfer, 15 network service, 219-221
Cell sectoring, 464 CIX,27 Connection-mode service, logical link
Cell splitting, 463-464 Classical Ethernet, 517-521 control (LLC), 515-516
Cells, 451, 454-457 Classifier and route selection, 311 Connection-oriented transport
cell loss priority (CLP), 456 Classifier element, traffic conditiouing protocol mechanisms, 204-221
Generic Flow Control (GFC) function, 333 reliable sequencing network service,
field, 454 CLOSE primitive, 231 204-212

addressing, 204-206
connection establishment, 209-211
connection termination, 209,
211-212
flow control, 206-209
multiplexing, 206
unreliable network service, 212-221
connection establishment, 216-218
connection termination, 219-221
duplicate detection, 214-216
failure recovery, 221
flow control, 215-216
ordered delivery, 213
retransmission strategy, 213
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) service,
458-459
Constraint-based routing algorithm, 367
Content Type field, SSL Record
Protocol header, 574
Content types, MIME, 103-107
Content-Encoding field, 127
Content-Language field, 127
Content-Length field, 127
Content-MD5 field, 127
Content-Type field, 127
Content-Version field, 127
Contributing Source Identifier field,
RTP fixed header, 373
Control:
admission, 309
congestion, 21, 164, 177, 184-187,
246-263
data link, 472-509
error, 19, 177, 191,240-246,473,479,
482-487
flow, 176-177,188-190,240-246,
472-479
generic flow, 456-457
medium access control (MAC), 511,
514,516-517,539-541
sliding-window flow, 476-479
stop-and-wait flow, 475-476
Control channels, 466
Control connection, 89
Control module (CM), 535
Control overhead, 174
Control phase, VTP, 79
Control signaling, 453-454
meta-signaling channel, 453
semipermanent virtual channels, 453
Controlled cell transfer (CCT)
capability, 456
Controlled load, ISA, 313-314
.coop,130
Copy request method, 123
Corporate WAN needs, 166
Count field, RTP packets, 374
CRC, See Cyclic redundancy
check (CRC)
CRCfield:
LLC protocol data units (PDU),
514
MAC frames, 514, 516
Credit-based approach, to explicit
congestion signaling, 187
Cryptanalysis, 551
CSMA/CD,519-520
CSRC Count field, RTP fixed
header, 372
Cumulative option, acknowledge
policy, 233
Customer-controlled
establishment/release, 454
Cut-through switch, 527
Cyclades, 26
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC),
481-482,498-502
. defined, 498
modulo 2 arithmetic, 499-502
polynomials, 501-502
D positive acknowledgment, 482
Damaged frame, 482
Data Encryption Standard (DES),
552,603
Data field, IP header, 283
Data frame, 478
Data length parameter, IP service
primitives, 282
Data link connection identifier
(DLCI),451
Data link control, 473-509
acknowledgment frame, 478
automatic repeat request (ARQ),
482-487
data frame, 478
data link control protocol, 473
error burst, 480
error control, 473,479,482-487
damaged frame, 482
defined, 479
go-back-N-ARQ, 483,485-487
lost frame, 482
stop-and-wait flow control,
483,484
techniques for, 482
error correction, 479
error-detecting code, 481
error detection, 473,479-482
cyclic redundancy check (CRC),
481-482
parity check, 480-481
types of errors, 480
flow control, 473-479
defined, 473
sliding-window flow control,
476-479
stop-and-wait flow control,
475-476
frame check sequence (FCS), 481
frame transmission, model of, 474
go-back-N-ARQ, 483,485-487
high-level data link control (HDLC),
487-494
Address field, 490
asynchronous balanced mode
(ABM), 487
asynchronous response mode
(ARM), 488
balanced configuration, 487
basic Characteristics, 487-488
combined station, 487
commands/responses, 491
Control field, 490
data transparency, 489
Flag fields, 489
Frame Check Sequence field, 490
frame structure, 488-490
header, 488
Information field, 490
INDEX 629
normal response mode
(NRM),487
operation, 490-494
primary station, 487
secondary station, 487
station types, 487-488
trailer, 488
unbalanced configuration, 487
negative acknowledgment and
retransmission, 482
piggybacking,478
retransmission after timeout, 482
stop-and-wait ARQ, 483,484
Data link control protocol, 473
Data Mark (DM) command, Telnet, 83
Data mining, 29
Data networks, 13-24
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM),
14,15,23
circuit switching, 13,14-15
interaction of queues in, 180
local area networks (LANs), 23-24
metropolitan area networks
(MANs), 24
packet switching, 13, 15-22
wireless networks, 24
Data Offset field, TCP header, 229
Data parameter, IP serv.ice
primitives, 282
Data phase, VTP, 79
Data rate requirements, 163
Data stream push, 224
Data transfer, 15
Data transmission, 16
Data transparency, 489
Database, and multicasting, 426
Datagram, 17, 19,21,277
Datagram communication, 153-154
Datagram sockets, 149
Data-rate conversion, and packet-
switching network, 18
Date field, 121
Decryption algorithm, 551, 566
Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA), 54
Delay, 168,174-175
and inelastic traffic, 308
Delay times throughput product,
175-177
Delay variation, 168
DELETE request method, 124
Derived-From field, 127
DES, See Data Encryption Standard
(DES)
Destination Address field:
802.3 frame format, 520
IP header, 283
IPv6,294
Destination address parameter, IP
service primitives, 282
Destination computer address, 45
Destination MAC Address field, MAC
frames, 516
Destination Options header, IPv6, 292
Destination port:
TCP header, 60
transport PDU header, 44
Destination Port field, TCP header, 228
Destination subnetwork address,
packet header, 61
630 INDEX
Destination unreachable message,
288-289
Differentiated services (DS), 305,
327-336
configurations/operation, 332-334
functions, 333-334
traffic conditioning function, 333
field, 330-332
codepoint, 330-332
key characteristics of, 328
per-hop behavior, 334-336
assured forwarding (AP) PHB,
335-336
expedited forwarding (EF) PHB,
334-335
services, 328-330
terminology for, 329
Digital electronics, 166-167
Digital signature, 568
Digital still camera, 167
Digital subscriber line (DSL), 30-31
Digital versative disk (DVD), 167
Dijkstra's algorithm, 394-396
Discard policy, 310
Distance-vector protocol, 399-405
Distance-vector routing, 392
Distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm,
400-402
Distributed computation, and
multicasting, 426
DLCI,451
DNS, See Domain Name System
(DNS)
DNS data rule and base, 130-132
DNS database, 128
DNS Extensions Working Group, 157
Domain Name field, 135
Domain name space, 128
Domain Name System (DNS), 75, 115,
128-137,148
defined, 128
DNS data rule and base, 130-132
DNS database, 128
domain name space, 128
domain names, 129-130
elements of, 128
header section, 135
message format, 136
messages, 135-137
name resolution, 133, 134-135
name servers, 128
operation, 132-137
question section, 135-137
resolvers, 128
resource records (RRs), 130-132
class element, 131
domain name element, 131
Rdata element, 132
Rdata field length, 131
time to live element, 131
type element, 131
types of, 132
root name servers, 133-134
server hierarchy, 133-134
top-level Internet domains, 130
zone, 133
Domain names, 129-130
Don't fragment identifier parameter,
IP service primitives, 282
Dropper element, traffic conditioning
function, 333
Drop-tail policy, 327
DS, See Differentiated services (DS)
DSIECN field, IPv6, 293-294
DSL,30-31
Duplicate detection, unreliable
network service, 214-216
DVD,167
Dynamic window sizing on congestion,
255-258
E Encryption algorithms, 550,
Echo message, 289
Echo reply message, 289
ECN-Echo (ECE) flag, 265
EDI,29
.edu, 27, 130
EFF,552
EIN,26
Elastic traffic, 168,307-308
Electronic data interchange (EDI), 29
Electronic Frontier Foundation
(EFF), 552
Electronic mail (e-mail), 34, 95-110
Multi-purpose Internet Mail
Extension (MIME), 95,
102-110, 137
application type, 106-107
application/octet-stream subtype,
106-107
application/Postscript subtype, 107
base64 transfer encoding, 108-110
content types, 103-107
Content-Description field, 103
Content-ID field, 103
Content-Transfer-Encoding
field,103
Content-Type field, 103
defined,102
header fields, 103
image type, 106
message type, 105
message/external-body
subtype, 106
message/partial subtype, 105
message/rfcS22 subtype, 105
MIME-Version field, 103
multipart type, 103-105
multipart/alternative subtype, 105
multipart/digest subtype, 105
multipart/mixed subtype, 105
multipart/parallel subtype, 105
overview of, 103
quoted-printable transfer
encoding, 107-108
text type, 103
transfer encodings, 107-110
video type, 106
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP), 75, 95-102, 203
basic e-mail operation, 95-97
commands, 98
connection closing, 101
connection setup, 99-100
DATA command, 100-101
defined,95
MAIL command, 100
mail transfer, 100-101
overview, 97-99
protocol, 97
RCPT command, 100
receiver, 97
replies, 98-99
RFC 822,101-102
sender, 96-97
E-mail.SeeElectronicmail(e·mail)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 163
Encapsulating Security Payload
header, IPv6, 292
Encapsulation, 48
Encryption, 547
552-555,566
Encryption devices, location of
555-556 '
End systems (ESs), 62
End-to-end flow control, 190
Entity-Body field, 121
Entity-Header field, 121
Entry·to-exit flow control, 190
ERP, 391
Error burst, 480
Error control, 19,177,191,240-246,
473,479,482-487
adaptive retransmission timer, 243
damaged frame, 482
defined, 479
effect of window size on
performance, 240-242
exponential average, 243-246
internetworking, 279
lost frame, 482
retransmission strategy, 242-243
techniques for, 482
Error controlled service, data
transport, 224
Error correction, 479
Error-detecting code, 481
Error detection, 473,479-482
parity check, 489-481
Error-detection code, transport PD U
header, 44
Escape sequence, compressed mode, 95
ESP information, and security
association, 579
Ethernet, 31,55,58,191,517-522
bus topology LAN, 517-519
classical,517-521
CSMAlCD,519-520
IEEE 802.3 medium options at
10 mbps, 521-522
MAC frame, 520-521
Expedited forwarding (EF) PHB,
334-335
Expires field, 127
Explicit congestion signaling,
186-187
binary approach, 186
credit-based approach, 187
rate-based approach, 187
Explicit congestion notification (ECN),
263-266,327
basic operation, 266
IP header, 264-265
TCP header, 265
TCP initialization, 265
Explicit routing, 366
Exponential RTO back off, 253
Extended service set (ESS), 538
Extension field, RTP fixed header, 372
Extension-Header field, entities, 128
~ Extension-method, 124
Exterior routing protocol (ERP),
391,419
Extranets, 13,35-36
F 206-209
Facilities request, packet header, 61
Facilities requests, 45
~ Failure recovery, unreliable network
\ service, 221
Fair queuing (FQ), 314-315
Fast Ethernet, 511,528-530
100BASE-T4,530-531
100BASE-X,530
full-duplex operation, 531
Fast recovery, 259-262
Fast retransmit, 258-260
Fault, defined, 588
Fault management, 588-589
overview, 588-589
user requirements, 589
FCFS,314
FCS, See Frame check sequence (FCS)
FEC, See Forwarding equivalence class
(FEC)
Fibre Channel, 24
File transfer, 86-95
File Transport Protocol (FTP), 26, 75,
77,86-95,203,307
commands, 88-89
model, 87-89
options, 91-95
ASCII option, 91
block mode, 93-94
compressed mode, 94-95
data types, 91-92
EBCDIC option, 91
file structure type, 92
file types, 92, 93
image option, 91-92
logical byte size option, 91-92
page structure type, 92
record structure type, 92
stream mode, 92
transmission modes, 92-95
standard objectives, 86
transfer, overview of, 89-91
transmission mode formats, 94
Filler string format, compressed
mode, 95
Finite state machine error, 423
First-corn, first served (FCFS), 314
First-in, first-out (FIFO) queuing
disCipline, 314
First-only retransmission strategy, 233
Fixed routing, 386-387
Flags field:
IP header, 283
TCP header, 229
Flooding, 406-407
Flow control, 176-177,188-190,
240-246,473-479
adaptive retransmission timer, 243
defined, 473
effect of window size on
performance, 240-242
end-to-end, 190
entry-to-exit, 190
exponential average, 243-246
hop scope, 190
internetworking, 279 Glossary, 611-616
INDEX
Global synchronization, 322
631
multiple protocol layers, at, 189 Go-back-N-ARQ, 483,485-487
network interface, 190 .gov,130
performance, 241 GPS, See Generalized processor
reliable sequencing network service, sharing (GPS) ,
'I
Graphical user interface (GUI), 34 I.
retransmission strategy, 242-243 Group Address field, Membership
scope, 189 Query message, 433
sliding-window, 476-479 Group Records field, Membership
stop-and-wait,475-476 Report message, 433
unreliable network service, 215-216 Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR)
Flow controlled service, data service, 460
transport, 224 Guaranteed service, ISA, 313
Flow descriptor, 351
Flow Label field, IPv6, 294
Forward explicit congestion H
notification (BECN), 269
Forwarded field, 122 Handoff, 467
Forwarding equivalence class (FEC), Handshake Protocol, 575-577
359-361,365-368 phase 1, 575-577
FQ,314-315 CipherSuit param~ter, 576
Fragment Offset field: Compression Method parameter,
fragment header, 299 576
IP header, 283 Random parameter, 575
Fragmentation, 574 Session ID parameter, 575
Frame check sequence (FCS), 191,481 Version parameter, 575
Frame Check Sequence field, 490 phase 2, 577
802.3 frame format, 521 phase 3, 577
Frame relay, 14,23,31,447-451 phase 4, 577
background, 448-449 Hash functions, 559-565
LAPF core protocol, 450-451 one-way, 561-563
protocol architecture, 449-450 secure, 563-564
control plane, 449 SHA-l,564-565
user plane, 449-450 HDLC, See High-level data link control
User data transfer, 450-451 (HDLC)
Address field, 451 HEAD request method, 123
Flag and Frame Check Sequence Header bits, 174
(FCS) Header Checksum field, IP header, 283
fields, 451 Header Error Control (HEC) field, 456
Frame Relay Forum, 468 Header Extension Length field:
Frame Relay Resource Center, 468 Hop-by-Hop Options header, 298
Frame structure, 488-490 routing header, 300
Frame transmission, model of, 474 Header format, TCP, 228-231
Frequency borrowing, 463 fields, 228-230
Frequency reuse, 462-463 push function, 230
From field, 124 urgent function, 230
FTP, See File Transport Protocol (FTP) Heaper hub (HHUB), 552
FTP value, Content-type field, 106 Hello packet, OSPF, 413
Full duplex service, data transport, 224 High-level data link control (HDLC),
Full-duplex operation, Fast 487-494
Ethernet,531 asynchronous balanced mode
Functions, Border Gateway Protocol (ABM), 487
(BGP),420-421 asynchronous response mode
(ARM), 488
basic characteristics, 487-488
G combined station, 487
commands/responses, 491·
Gardner, Martin, 571 data transparency, 489
Gateway, and security intermediary, 119 frame structure, 488-490
General Atomics, 27 Address field, 490
Generalized processor sharing (GPS), Control field, 490
318-319 Flag fields, 489
General-purpose algorithm, 566-567 Frame Check Sequence field, 490
Generic flow control, 456-457 Information field, 490
Generic Flow Control (GFC) field, 454 header, 488
GET request method, 123 normal response mode (NRM), 487
Gigabit Ethernet, 511,531-533 operation, 490-494
physical layer alternatives, 531-533 data transfer, 492
Global address, key characteristics disconnect, 492
of, 281 examples of, 492-494
632 INDEX
High-level data link control
(HDLC) (coni.)
initialization, 492
phases, 491
primary station, 487
secondary station, 487
station types, 487-488
trailer, 488
High-speed Ethernet, 528-534,
See also Ethernet
10-Gbps Ethernet, 533-534
Fast Ethernet, 528-530
Gigabit Ethernet, 531-533
High-speed LANs:
emergence of, 165-166,511-512
requirements calling for, 512
High-speed local backbone, 166
and high-speed LANs, 512
High-speed wireless LANs, 511
HMAC,602
Hold timer expired, 423
Hop Limit field, IPv6, 294
Hop-by-Hop Options header,
297-299
Hop-by-hop routing, 366
Host field, 124
HTML, See Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML)
HTTp, See Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
HTTP versions, and proxy, 118
Hubs, 522, 525-527
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML),
31-32,34
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
31,34,75,115-128,307
cache, 116,119
client, 116
connection, 116
defined, 116
elements, 122
entities, 116, 127-128
body, 128
defined, 127
header fields, 127-128
flexibility of, 117
gateway, 116,119
key terms related to, 117
messages, 116,119-123
BNF (Backus-Naur Form)
notation, 119-120
general header fields,
121-123
general structure of, 120
Simple-Request and Simple-
Response messages, 121
operations, example of, 117
origin server, 116,117
overview, 117-123
proxy, 116, 118-119
request messages, 123-125
header fields, 124-125
methods, 123-124
resource, 116
response messages, 125-127
header fields, 125-127
server, 116
tunnel, 116, 119
user agent, 116, 117
I classifier and route selection, 311
lAB, See Internet Architecture Board
(lAB)
ICMP, See Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP)
Ideal network utilization, 181
Identification field:
fragment header, 299
IP header, 283
Identification parameter, IP service
primitives, 282
Identifier field, 135
IDRP,425
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards
Committee, 543
IEEE 802 protocol architecture, 64
IEEE 802 reference model, 513-514
IEEE 802.11, 511,537-542
architecture, 537-538
medium access control, 539-541
access control, 540-541
reliable data delivery, 539-540
physical layer, 541-542
services, 538-539
association, 538-39
authentication, 539
disassociation, 539
privacy, 539
reassociation, 539
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANWorking
Group, 543
IEEE 802.3 medium options at 10
mbps, 511, 521-522
10BASE5 medium specification, 522
10BASE-T medium specification,
522
IEEE Communications Society, 6
IEEE Technical Committee on
Security and Privacy, 582 '
IESG,7
IETF, 6, See Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF)
IETF Security Area, 582
If-Modified-Since field, 124
IGMP, See Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP)
Image type, MIME, 106
Immediate option, acknowledge policy,
233
Implementation policy options, TCp,
232-234
accept policy, 232-233
acknowledge policy, 233
deliver policy, 232
retransmit policy, 233
send policy, 232
Implicit congestion signaling, 185-186
Implicit congestion notification, 264
INDICATION primitive, 53
Individual retransmission strategy, 233
Inelastic traffic, 168,308-309
Information security, 548
Informational status codes, 125-126
.int, 130
Integrated services architecture (ISA),
305,306-314
approach,309-310
components, 310-311
admission control, 309,310-311
management agent, 311
packet scheduler, 311
rese:vation protocol, 310
routmg protocol, 311
discard policy, 310
Internet traffic, 307-309
elastic traffic, 307-308
inelastic traffic, 308-309
packet discard, 309
queuing discipline, 310, 314-321
bit-round fair queuing (BRFQ)
315,317-318 '
fair queuing (FQ), 314-315
generalized processor sharin a
(GPS),318-319 "
processor sharing (PS), 315-317
weighted fair queuing (WFQ),
319,320-321
random early detection (RED),
321-327
algorithm, 323-327
defined, 322
design goals, 322-323
explicit congestion notification
(ECN) , 327
motivation, 322
routing algorithm, 309
services, 311-314
best effort, 313-314
categories of, 311
controlled load, 313-314
guaranteed service, 313
Integrated services (IS), 305
Integrated Services Working
Group, 338
Integrity, 549
Interconnection points, 27
Inter-Domain Routing Protocol
(IDRP), 419,425
Interfaces, and routers, 63
Interior routing protocols (IRP),
385-413
distance-vector protocol: RIP,
399-405
Internet routing principles,
385-393
adaptive routing, 387-390
autonomous systems, 390-392
distance-vector routing, 392
exterior routing protocol
(ERP),391
fixed routing, 386-387
interior routing protocol
(IRP),391
link-state routing, 392-393
path-vector routing, 393
routing approaches, 392-393
routing function, 386-390
least-cost algorithms, 393-399
Bellman-Ford algorithm, 396-398
comparison of algorithms, 398-399
Dijkstra's algorithm, 394-396
link-state protocol: OSPF, 405-413
link-state routing approach, 405-407
flooding, 406-407
general description, 405-406
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
protocol, 392,405-413
area, 412
f
!
Database description packet, 413
fields, 412-413
Hello packet, 413
link costs, 410-411
link -state acknowledgment
packet, 413
link-state request packet, 413
link-state update packet, 413
Maximize Reliability metric, 410
Maximize Throughp ut metric, 411
Minimize Delay metric, 411
Minimize Monetary Cost
metric, 410
Normal metric, 410
overview, 407-410
packet format, 412-413
packet types, 413
Routing Informati on Protocol (RIP),
399-405
Address Family field, 404
algorithm, 399-400
Command field, 404
counting to infinity problem, 403
details, 402-404
distance-sector route approach,
399-402
distributed Bellman-Ford
algorithm, 400-402
increment al update, 402
IP Address field, 404
limitations of, 404
Metric field, 404
packet format, 404-405
poisoned reverse, 404
split horizons rule, 404
topology changes, 402-403
Version field, 404
Intermedi ate hubs, 522
Intermedi ate systems (ISs), 62
Internatio nal Reference Alphabet
(IRA), 71
Internet, 13,24-31
acceptable use pOlicies, 27
ARPANE T, 24-26, 29
brief history of, 24-27
culture of, 27
interconnection points, 27
Internet service providers (ISPs),
28-29
National Science Foundation, 26-27
World Wide Web, 27-29
Internet address, 280-281
Internet Architect ure Board (lAB), 7,
54,577
Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP),2 87-290
address mask reply message, 290
address mask request message, 290
destination unreachab le message,
288-289
echo message, 289
echo reply message, 289
paramete r problem message, 289
redirect message, 289
source quench message, 289
time exceeded message, 289
timestamp message, 289-290
timestamp reply message, 289-90
Internet Engineering Steering Group
(IESG),7
Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF),7, 57,291
areas, 8
Internet Explorer, 28
Internet Group Managem ent Protocol
(IGMP), 419,430-434
defined, 430-431
general query, 431
Group Address field, 433
group membership with IPv6, 434
group-and-source specific query, 431
group-specific query, 431
Max Response Time field, 433
Membership Query message, 431
Members hip Report message, 433
message format, 431-434
Number of Sources field, 433
operation, 434
QQIC (querier's querier interval
code) field, 433
QRV (querier's robustness variable)
field,433
S Flag field, 433
Source Addresses field, 433
Type field, 431
Internet Header Length (IHL) field, IP
header, 283
Internet organizations, 7
Internet Protocol (IP), 54-61,203,
281-300
addresses, 284-287
Internet protocols, 273-300
network classes, 284-285
subnets/subnet masks, 285-287
Data field, 283
Destinatio n Address field, 283
Destinatio n Options header, 300
DS/ECN field, 283
Flags field, 283
Fragment Offset field, 283
Header Checksum field, 283
Identification field, 283
Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP),2 87-290
address mask reply message, 290
address mask request message, 290
destination unreachab le message,
288-289
echo message, 289
echo reply message, 289
paramete r problem message, 289
redirect message, 289
source quench message, 289
time exceeded message, 289
timestamp message, 289-290
times tamp reply message, 289-90
Internet Header Length (IHL)
field, 283
IPv6, 57-58,290-300
addresses, 296-297
anycast, 297
Authentication header, 292
Destinatio n Address field, 294
Destinatio n Options header, 292,
300
DS/ECN field, 293-294
Encapsulating Security Payload
header, 292
enhancements over IPv4, 291
extension headers, 292
flow label, 295-296
INDEX 633
Flow Label field, 294
Fragment header, 299
header, 293-296
Hop Limit field, 294
Hop-by-H op Options header,
297-299
IP Next Generatio n (IPng),
290-291
multicast, 297
Next Header field, 294
Payload Length field, 294
Routing header, 292,299-300
Source Address field, 294
structure, 292-293
unicast, 297
Version field, 293
operation of, 58-61
Options field, 283
Padding field, 283
Protocol field, 283
route recording, 282
security option, 282 i
services, 282
Source Address field, 283
source routing, 282
specification of, 281-282
stream identification, 282
Time to Live field, 283
timestamping, 282
Total Length field, 283
Version field, 283
internetworking, 273-281
addressing, 280-281
addressing level, 280
addressing modes, 281
addressing scope, 281
basic operation, 273-276
broadcast, 281
design issues, 276-281
error control, 279
flow control, 279
fragmentationireassembly,277-279
multicast, 281
routing, 276-277
unicast address, 281
InteJ;Ilet resources, 5-6
Internet service providers (ISPs),
28-29,28- 30
Internet Society, 6
Internet standards, 6~9
applicability statement (AS), 9
standardiz ation process, 7-8
technical specification (TS), 9
Internet traffic, 307-309
elastic traffic, 307-308
inelastic traffic, 308-309
Internetting, 26
Internetworking, 61-65,273-281
addressing, 280-281
addressing level, 280
addressing modes, 281
addressing scope, 281
basic operation, 273-276
bridges, 62-63
broadcast, 281
defined, 61-62
design issues, 276-281
end systems (ESs), 62
error control, 279
634 INDEX
Internetworking (cant.)
example, 64-65
flow control, 279
fragmentationlreassembly,277-279
intermediate systems (ISs), 62
internet, 62
intranets, 62
multicast, 281
routers, 62,63
routing, 276-277
subnetwork, 62
unicast address, 281
Interoperability Lab, 543
Interpret as Command (lAC)
character, 82
Intranets, 13,31-35,62
advantages of, 31
defined, 31
electronic mail, 34
features, 31
intranetWeb,32-34
Web content, 32
Web/database applications, 32-34
Web/database connectivity, 33
network news, 34--35
INVITE method, SIp, 143-144
lP, See Internet Protocol (IP)
IP Address field, RIP packet, 404
IP datagram, 60
IP headers, 58
IP service pritnitives, 282
IPSec protocol mode, and security
association, 579
IPv4 address formats, 285
IPv4IIPv6 security, 577-582
Authentication header, 578,580-581
Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP), 578,581-582
IPSec applications, 578
IPSec scope, 578
security association, 578-579
IPv6, 57-58,290-300
addresses, 296-297
anycast, 297
Authentication header, 292
Destination Address field, 294
Destination Options header,
292,300
DSIECN field, 293-294
Encapsulating Security Payload
header, 292
enhancements over IPv4, 291
extension headers, 292
flow label, 295-296
Flow Label field, 294
fragment header, 299
header, 293-296
Hop Litnit field, 294
Hop-by-Hop Options header,
297-299
IP Next Generation (IPng),
290-291
multicast, 297
Next Header field, 294
Payload Length field, 294
Routing header, 292,299-300
security, 577-582, See also IPv4IIPv6
security
Source Address field, 294
structure, 292-293
unicast, 297
Version field, 293
Web page, 301
IPv6 Forums, 301
IPv6 header, 58
IpV6 Information Page, 301
IRA, 71
IS, 305
ISA, See Integrated services
architecture (ISA)
ISDN, 29
J Link-state request packet, OSPF 413
Jacobson's algorithm, 250-253
Jitter,18
and inelastic traffic, 308
Jumbo payload option, Hop-by-Hop
Options header, 298
K Local area networks (LANs), 23-24,
Kalm, Bob, 26
Karn's algorithm, 253-254
Keep-Alive field, 122-123
Keepalive message, 422
Kendall's notation, 200
Key distribution, 556-558
Key distribution center, 557
Key management, 571-572 .
L high-speed Ethernet, 528-534
Label distribution, 367-368
Label format/placement, 363-365
label stack, 364--365
time to live processing, 364
Label switched path (LSP), 360,
365-368
topology of, 366
Label switched routers (LSRs),
345,359
Labeled service, data transport, 224
LANs, See Local area networks
(LANs)
LAPF core protocol, 450-451
LAPF (Link Access Procedure for
Frame Mode Bearer Services),
190,449
core formats, 450
Last block in file, Descriptor field, 93
Last block in record, Descriptor
field, 93
Last-in, first-out (LIFO), 197
Last-Modified field, 127
Layer 3 switches, 527-528
Layers, OSI, 48
justification of, 49
principles used in defming, 47
Layer-specific standards, 52
Least-cost algorithms, 393-399
Length field:
BGP messages, 422
RTP packets, 374
Length/Type field, 802.3 frame
format, 521
Lifetime, and security association,.579
Litnited transtnit, 261-263
Link costs, OSPF, 410-411
Link field, 127
LINK request method 124
Link-state acknowledgment packet
OSPF,413 '
Link-state protocol: OSPF, 405-413
bnk costs, 410-411
Maxim~e Reliability metric, 410
Mru.:lI11.'ze Throughput metric, 411
Mmmllze Delay metric, 411
Minitnize Monetary Cost metric 410
Normal metric, 410 '
overview, 407-410
Link-state routing, 392-393,405-407
flooding, 406-407
general description, 405-406
Link-state update packet, OSPF 413
Living Internet web site, 36 '
LLC, See Logical link control (LLC)
LLC data field, 802.3 frame format 521
LLC PDU field, MAC frames, 516 '
31,61,511-542
10-Gbps Ethernet, 533-534
bridges, 523-525
operation, 524
Ethernet,517-522
bus topology LAN, 517-519
classical, 517-521
CSMNCD,519-520
IEEE 802.3 medium options at 10
mbps,521-522
MAC frame, 520-521
10-Gbps Ethernet, 533-534
Fast Ethernet, 528-530
Gigabit Ethernet, 531-533
high-speed LANs:
emergence of, 165-166,511-512
requirements calling for, 512
hubs, 525-527
IEEE 802 reference model, 513-514
layer 3 switches, 527-528
logical link control (LLC), 514--516
acknowledged connectionless
service, 515-516
connection-mode service,
515-516
defined, 514
services, 514--515
unacknowledged connectionless
service, 514--516
medium access control (MAC), 514,
516-517
physical layer, 514
protocol architecture, 511,513-517
switches, 525-527
wireless LANs, 534--542
applications, 535-536
IEEE 802.11 architecture,
537-538
IEEE 802.11 medium access
control, 539-541
IEEE 802.11 physical layer,
541-542
IEEE 802.11 services, 538-539
LAN requirements, 536-537
LocalPref attribute, Path Attributes
field, 422
. Location field, 125
Logical connections, 452
1
1
Logical link control (LLC), 190,
514-516
acknowledged connectionless
service, 515-516
connection-mode service, 515-516
defined, 514
services, 514-515
unacknowledged connectionless
service, 514-516
Logical link control (LLC) layer, 64
London Internet Exchange (LINX), 27
Lost frame, 482
LSP, See Label switched path (LSP)
LSRs, See Label switched routers
(LSRs)
M Mail Extension (MIME)
M Flag field, fragment header, 299
MAC, See Medium access control
(MAC)
MAC Control field, MAC frames, 516
MAC frame, 520-521
Macrocells, 464
MAE East/MAE West, 27
MAIL command, SMTp, 100
Mail transfer, SMTP, 100-101
Mail-server value, Content-type
field, 106
Major Version field, SSL Record
Protocol header, 574
Management:
accounting, 589
user requirements, 589
configuration and name, 590
user requirements, 590
key, 571-572
retransmission timer, 250-254
exponential RTO backoff, 253
Jacobson's algorithm, 250-253
Karn's algorithm, 253-254
RTT variance estimation, 250-253
window, 254-263
Management agent, 311
Management information systems
(MIS),165
MANs, See Metropolitan area
networks (MANs)
Marker element, traffic conditioning
function, 333
Marker field:
BGP messages, 422
RTP fixed header, 372
Max Response Time field, Membership
Query message, 433
Maximize Reliability metric, 410
Maximize Throughput metric, 411
Maximum packet sizes, and routers, 63
Media files, 31
Medium access control (MAC), 511,
514,516-517,539-541
access control, 540-541
reliable data delivery, 539-540
Medium access control (MAC)
layer, 64
Message authentication code, 574
Message format, Domain Name System
(DNS),136
Message formats, Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP), 421
Message header error, Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP), 423
Message type, MIME, 105
Messages:
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP),
421-423
Domain Name System (DNS),
135-137
Meta-signaling channel, 453
Meter element, traffic conditioning
function, 333
Metric field, RIP packet, 404
Metropolitan area networks (MANs),
24,533
Microcells, 464
.mil,130
MIME, See Multi-purpose Internet
MIME-Version field, 123
Minimize Delay metric, 411
Minimize Monetary Cost metric, 410
Minor Version field, SSL Record
Protocol header, 574
MIS, 165
Mobile telecommunications switching
office (MTSO), 465
Mobile unit initialization, 466-467
Mobile-originated call, 467
Modulo 2 arithmetic, 499-502
Mosaic, 31
MOSPF, See Multicast Extensions to
Open Shortest Path First
(MOSPF)
MOSPF Working Group, 441
MOVE request method, 124
MPLS, See Multiprotocollabel
switching (MPLS)
MPLS Forum, 379
MPLS Resource Center, 379
MPLS Working Group, 379
MTSO, See Mobile
telecommunications switching
office (MTSO)
Multicast, 281, 297
Multicast Address field, group record, 433
Multicast Extensions to Open Shortest
Path First (MOSPF), 419,
435-438
equal-cost multipath ambiguities, 435
interarea multicast forwarders, 436
interarea multicasting, 435-436
inter-AS multicast forwarders, 437
inter-AS multicasting, 436-438
wildcard multicast receiver, 436
Multicasting, 425-441
applications, 426
defined, 425
example configuration, 426-427
Internet Group Management
Protocol (IGMP), 430-434
defined, 430-431
general query, 431
Group Address field, 433
group membership with IPv6, 434
group-and-source specific
query, 431
group-specific query, 431
Max Response Time field, 433
Membership Query message, 431
Membership Report message, 433
message format, 431-434
INDEX 635
Number of Sources field, 433
operation, 434
QQIC (querier's querier interval
code) field, 433
QRV (querier's robustness
variable) field, 433
S Flag field, 433
Source Addresses field, 433
Type field, 431
multicast addresses, 425
multicast extensions to Open
Shortest Path First (MOSPF),
435-438
equal-cost multipath ambiguities,
435
interarea multicast forwarders, 436
interarea multicasting, 435-436
inter-AS multicast forwarders, 437
inter-AS multicasting, 436-438
wildcard multicast receiver, 436
multiple unicast stra,tegy, 426
Protocol Independent Multicast
(PIM), 438-441
sparse-mode PIM, 439-441
strategy, 438-439
requirements for, 429-430
strategy, 427-428
traffic generated by strategies, 428
transmission example, 428
MultiExitDisc attribute, Path
Attributes field, 422
Multimedia, and multicasting, 426
Multipart type, MIME, 103-104
Multipart/alternative subtype,
MIME, 105
Multipartldigest subtype,MIME, 105
Multipart/mixed subtype, MIME, 105
Multipart/parallel sUbtype, MIME, 105
Multiple unicast strategy, 426
Multiplexing, 221-222
example of, 223
reliable sequencing network
service, 206
Multiprotocollabel switching (MPLS),
345,357-368
background, 357-359
. connection-oriented QoS
support, 358
rilUltiprotocol support, 359
traffic engineering, 358-359
virtual private network (VPN), 359
forwarding equivalence class (FEC),
359-361,365-368
label distribution, 367-368
label format/placement, 363-365
label stack, 364-365
time to live processing,364
label stacking, 363
label switched path (LSP), 360,
365-368
topology of, 366
label switched routers (LSRs), 359
labels, 365-368
operation, 359-363
packet forwarding, 362
route selection, 366-368
constraint-based routing
algorithm, 367
explicit routing, 366
hop-by-hop routing, 366
terminology, 360
636 INDEX

Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extension user requirements, 591 Change .Cipher Spec ProtOCOl, 575
(MIME), 95,102-110,137 Simple Network Management connectIOn, 573
application type, 106-107 Protocol (SNMP), 587, Handshake Protocol, 575-577
application/octet-stream subtype, 593-603 protocol stack, 573
106-107 Version 1, 593-597 record protocol, 574-575
application/Postscript subtype, 107 Version 2, 597-602 session, 573
base64 transfer encoding, 108 Version 3, 602-603 security requirements, 548-550
content types, 103-107 systems, 592-593 synunetric encryption, 547, 550-558
Content-Description field, 103 agent, 593 Advanced Encryption Standard
Content-ID field, 103 elements of, 592 (AES), 552-555
Content-Transfer-Encoding field, 103 manager, 593 brute-force attack, 551-552
Content-Type field, 103 Network management application ciphertext,551
defined, 102 (NMA),593 cryptanalysis,551
header fields, 103 Network management entity Data Encryption Standard (DES)
image type, 106 (NME),593 552 '
message type, 105 Network Management Web site, 603 decryption algorithm, 551
message/external-body subtype, 106 Network reachability, 420-421 encryption algorithms, 550,552-555
message/partial subtype, 105 Network security, 547-582 encryption devices, location of
message/rfc822 subtype, 105 active attacks, 549-550 555-556 '
MIME-Version field, 103 denial of service, 550 key distribution, 556-558
multipart type, 103-104 masquerade, 549 key distribution center, 557
multipart/alternative subtype, 105 modification of messages, 550 permanent key, 557
multipart/digest subtype, 105 replay, 549 plaintext, 550
multipart/mixed subtype, 105 active threats, 547 secret key, 550
multipart/parallel subtype, 105 authenticity, 549 security service module (SSM), 557
overview of, 103 availability, 549 session key, 557
quoted-printable transfer encoding, computer security, 548 traffic padding, 558
107-108 confidentiality, 548, 550-558 Transport Layer Security (TLS), 548,
text type, 103 defined, 548 572-573
transfer encodings, 107-110 encryption, 547 . Network service access point
video type, 106 hash functions, 559-565 (NSAP),52
,museum, 130 one-way, 561-563 Network World, 6
Myron Hlynka's QueueingTheciry secure, 563-564 Network-controlled
Page, 193 SHA-1,564-565 establishmentlrelease, 454
information security, 548 Networking configuration, 30-31
integrity, 549 Networking Links web site, 67
N IPv4/IPv6 security, 577-582 Next Header field:
Authentication header, 578, Authentication header, 580
.name,130 580-581 ESP packet, 581
Name resolution, 133, 134-135 Encapsulating Security Payload Hop-by-Hop Options header, 297
Name servers, 128 (ESP), 578,581-582 IPv6,294
National Institute of Standards and IPSec applications, 578 routing header, 299
Technology (NIST), 552 IPSec scope, 578 Next header field, fragment header,
National Science Foundation, 26-27 security association, 578-579 299
Negotiation phase, VTP, 79 message authentication, 559-565 NextHop attribute, Path Attributes
Neighbor acquisition, 420,422 approaches to, 559-563 field, 422-423
Neighbor reachability, 420 code, 560-561 Nodes, 14
Neighbors, 420, 422 using synunetric encryption, 559 Non-HTTTP server, and gateway, 119
.net,130 without message encryption, Non-Real-Time Service, 458, 459-460
Netscape Navigator, 28 559-560 Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
Network access layer, 42 passive attacks, 549 (nrt-VBR),459
Network classes, 284-285 release of message contents, 549 Normal metric, 410
Network layer, OSI, 49 traffic analysis, 549 Normal response mode (NRM), 487
Network management, 587-603 passive threats, 547 Notification message, 422-423
accounting management, 589 public-key encryption, 547,565-572 NSAP,52
user requirements, 589 authenticator, 568 NScount field, 130
configuration and name cipher text, 566 NSFNET, 26-27
management, 590 decryption algorithm, 566 Number of Group Records field,
user requirements, 590 digital signature, 568 Membership Report message,
defined, 587 encryption algorithm, 566 433
fault, defined, 588 general-purpose algorithm, Number of Sources field:
fault management, 588-589 566-567 group record, 433
user requirements, 589 key management, 571-572 Membership Query message, 433
network management application plaintext, 566 NYSERnet, 27
(NMA),593 private key, 566
network management entity public key, 566
(NME),593 public-key certificate, 572 o
performance management, 590-591 RSA algorithm, 568-571
user requirements, 591 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 548, Octet tokens, 312
requirements, 588-591 572-577 Ongoing call, 467
security management, 591 architecture, 573 Opcode field, 135
 INDEX 637
Open message, 422 Ordered delivery, unreliable network Performance management, 590-591
Open message error, 423 service, 213 user requirements, 591
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Ordered service, data transport, 224 Performance metrics, 173-178
protocol, 385, 392, 405-413 .org,130 congestion control, 177
area, 412 Origin attribute, Path Attributes delay, 174-175
Database description packet, 413 field, 422 delay times throughput product,
fields, 412-413 OSI, See Open Systems 175-177
Hello packet, 413 Interconnection (OSI) reference error control, 177
link costs, 410-411 model flow control, 176-177
link-state acknowledgment OSPF, See Open Shortest Path First queuing delays, 178
packet, 413 (OSPF) protocol stop-and-wait protocol, 176
link-state request packet, 413 OSPF working group, 414 throughput, 174
link-state update packet, 413 Performance requirements, 169-173
packet format, 412-413 response time, 169-173
packet types, 413 p throughput, 173
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Per-hop behavior, 334-336
reference model, 39,41,46-54 Packet discard, 309 assured forwarding (AF) PHB,
application layer, 49 Packet format, OSPF, 412-413 335-336
data link layer, 49 Packet forwarding, 362 expedited forwarding (EF) PHB,
environment, 50 Packet header, 60-61 334-335
layers, 48 Packet loss, 168 Permanent key, 557
justification of, 49 and inelastic traffic, 308 Permanent Negative Completion reply,
principles used in defining, 47 Packet scheduler, 311 SMTp, 98 '
network layer, 49 Packet switching, 13,15-22,42 Physical layer, 49,514
physical layer, 49 advantages o~ 16, 18 Piggybacking, 478
presentation layer, 49 basic operation, 16-19 PIM, See Protocol Independent
service primitives/parameters, compared to circuit switching, Multicast (PIM)
53-54 18-19 PIMWorking Group, 441
session layer, 49 data transmission, 16 Plaintext, 550,566
standardization within OSI datagram approach, 17, 19,21 Points of presence (PoPs), 533
framework, 51-53 disadvantages o~ 18-19 Poisoned reverse, 404
addressing, 52 packet size, 21 Poisson arrival rate, 201
protocol specification, 52 packets, use of, 16 Policies:
service definition, 52 routing, 21-22 acceptable use, 27
transport layer, 49 congestion, 22 discard, 310
Operation: failure, 21 drop-tail, 327
basic e-mail operation, SMTP, 95-97 switching technique, 19-21 TCP, 232-234
bridges, 524 virtual circuit approach, 19-20 Ports, 42
operation, 524 Packet Type field, RTP packets, 374 Positive acknowledgment, 482
cellular wireless networks, 465-468 Packet types, OSPF, 413 Positive Completion reply, SMTP, 98
operation, 465-468 Packets, 70-72 Positive Intermediate reply, SMTP, 98
differentiated services (DS), 332-334 Pad field, 802.3 frame format, 521 POST request method, 123
domain Name System (DNS), Pad Length field, ESP packet, 581 Power workgroups, 165-166
132-137 Pad1 option, Hop-by-Hop Options high-speed LANs, 512
explicit congestion notification, 266 header, 298 Pragma field, 123
Fast Ethernet, 531 Padding field: Preamble field, 802.3 MAC frames, 520
HDLC,490-494 ESP packet, 581 Presentation layer, OSI, 49
HTTP,l17 IF header, 283 Prip:l.ary station, 487
IGMp, 434 RTP fixed header, 372 Private key, 566
internetworking,273-276 RTP packets, 374 .pro,130
multiprotocollabel switching PadN option, Hop-by-Hop Options Processing delay, 174
(MPLS),359-363 header, 298 Processor sharing (PS), 315-317
packet switching, 16-19 Paging, 467 Projects, 608-610
protocol architecture, 45 Parameter problem message, 289 performance modeling, 609-610
RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Parameters field, ICMP message, 288 reading/report assignments, 610
Protocol), 351-356 Parity check, 480-481 research projects, 610
TCP,58-61 Passive attacks, 549 simulation, 609
TCP/IP,65-67 Passive threats, 547 sockets programming, 608-609
Telnet,78 PATCH request method, 123 Propagation delay, 174
Option data parameter, IP service Path MTU, and security association, Protocol, defined, 40
primitives, 282 579 Protocol architecture, 513-517
Option negotiation commands, Path-vector protocols, 419-425 application layer, 42
Telnet,82 routing, 393 defined, 41
Option subnegotiation commands, Payload Length field: need for, 39-40
Telnet,82 Authentication header, 580 network access layer, 42
Options field: IPv6,294 and networks, 43
Hop-by-Hop Options header, 298 Payload Type field, 454-456 operation o~ 45
IP header, 283 RTP fixed header, 372 peer layers, 40
TCP header, 230 PDUs, See Protocol data units (PDUs) ports, 42
OPTIONS method, SIP, 143 Peer, 40 protocol data unit (PDU), 44-45
OPTIONS request method, 123 Peer layers, 40 service access points (SAPs), 42
 638 INDEX
Protocol architecture (cant.)
simple, 40-46
standardized, 46
three-layer model, 42-45
transport layer, 42
Protocol data units (PDUs), 44-45,48,
60,61,274
Protocol field, IP header, 283
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM),
419,438-441
,.' sparse-mode PIM, 439-441
strategy, 438-439
\ Protocol stack, 573
Proxy, and security intermediary, 118
Proxy server, 138
Proxy-Authenticate field, 127
Proxy-Authorization field, 124
PS, 315-317
PSINet,27
Public field, 127
Public key, 566
Public-key certificate, 572
Public-key encryption, 547,565-572
authenticator, 568
cipher text, 566
decryption algorithm, 566
digital signature, 568
encryption algorithm, 566
general-purpose algorithm,
566-568
key management, 571-572
plaintex!, 566
private key, 566
public key, 566
public-key certificate, 572
RSA algorithm, 568-571
PUT request method, 123
Q integrated layer processing,
QDcount field, 130
QQIC (querier's querier interval code)
field, Membership Query
message, 433
QRV (querier's robustness variable)
field, Membership Query
message, 433
Quality of service (QoS), 164-169
on the Internet, 167-169
support, protocols, 345-378
Query Class field, 137
Query Response field, 135
Query Type field, 137
Queuing, 195-201
models, 196-197
model characteristics, 196-197
queue parameters, 196
results, 197-201
assumptions, 199-200
basic queuing relationships,
197-199
single-server queues, 200-201
Queuing delays, 178
Queuing discipline, 310,314-321
bit-round fair queuing (BRFQ), 315,
317-318
fair queuing (FQ), 314-315
generalized processor sharing (GPS),
318-319
processor sharing (PS), 315-317
weighted fair queuing (WFQ), 319,
320-321
Quoted-printable transfer encoding,
107-108
R Release of message contents, 549
Radix-64 encoding, 109
Raj Jain's home page, 267
Random early detection (RED),
321-327
algorithm, 323-327
calculating average queue size,
324-325
determining packet discard,
325-327
defined, 322
design goals, 322-323
explicit congestion notification
(ECN),327
motivation, 322
Range field, 124
Rate-based approach, explicit
congestion signaling, 187
Raw sockets, 149
RCPT command, SMTP, 100
Rdata element, 132
Rdata field length, 131
Real-Time Service, 458-459
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP),
139,345,368-378
mixer, 371
participant IP addresses, 371
protocol, 370-373
concepts, 370-372
fixed header, 372-373
protocol architecture, 369-370
application-level framing, 369
369-370
RTCP port number, 371
RTP Control Protocol (RTCP),
373-378
application-defined packet, 378
formats, 375
Goodbye (BYE) packet, 378
identification function, 373
quality of service (QoS) and
congestion control function,
373
Receiver Report (RR), 377
Sender Report (SR), 376-377
session control function, 374
session size estimation and scaling
function, 373-374
Source Description (SDES)
packet, 377-378
RTP port number, 370
translator, 371
Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
(rt-VBR),459
Real-time workgroups, and
multicasting, 426
Receiver buffer, 226
Receiver, SMTP, 97
Record protocol, 574-575
Record Type field, group record, 433
Recursion Available field, 135
Recursion Desired field, 135
RED, See Random early detection
(RED)
Redirect message, 289
Redirection status codes, 125-126
References, 617-624
Referrer field, 125
REGISTER method, SIP, 143
Reliability, and routers, 63
Reliable Multicast Links, 441
Reliable sequencing network service
204-212 '
addressing, 204-206
connection establishment and
termination, 209-212
connection termination, 209-212
flow control, 206-209
multiplexing, 206
Rendezvous point (RP), 439
Replicated byte format, compressed
mode, 94
REQUEST primitive, 53
Request-Header' field, 121
Request-Line field, 121
Res field, fragment header, 299
Reservation protocol, 310
Reserved field:
Authentication header, 580
fragment header, 299
TCP header, 229
Resource records (RRs), 130-132
class element, 131
domain name element, 131
Rdata element, 132
Rdata field length, 131
time to live element, 131
type element, 131
types of, 132
Resource ReSerVation Protocol
(RSVP), 327,345,346-357
data flows, 350-351
filter spec, 351
flow descriptor, 351
flowspec, 351
goals/characteristics, 348-350
receiver-initiated reservation, 349
soft state, 350
host model, 357
operation, 351-356
filtering, 353
fixed-filter (FF) style, 354-355
reservation attribute, 353
reservation styles, 353-356
sender selection, 353
shared-explicit (SE) style, 356
styles/attributes, 354
wildcard-filter (WF) style,
353-354
protocol mechanisms, 356-357
Response Code field, 135
RESPONSE primitive, 53
Response time, 169-173
competing requirements, 170
computer processing power, 170
response time ranges, 170
system response time, 171
user response time, 171
World Wide Web (WWW),
172-173
Response-Header field, 121
Response-Line field, 121
 INDEX 639
Responses, high-level data link control RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), Sequence number:
(HDLC),491 373-378 TCP header, 60
Restart marker, Descriptor field, 94 application-defined packet, 378 transport PDU header, 44
Retransmission after timeout, 482 formats, 375 Sequence number counter, and security
Retransmission strategy, unreliable Goodbye (BYE) packet, 378 association, 579
network service, 213 identification function, 373 Sequence Number field:
Retransmission timer management, quality of service (QoS) and Authentication header, 580
250-254 congestion control function, 373 ESP packet, 581
exponential RTO backoft; 253 Receiver Report (RR), 377 RTP fixed header, 372-373
," Jacobson's algorithm, 250-253 Sender Report (SR), 376-377 TCP header, 229
\ Karn's algorithm, 253-254
RTT variance estimation, 250-253
session control function, 374
session size estimation and scaling
Sequencing, 19
Server error status codes, 125-126
Retry-After field, 127 function, 373-374 Server hierarchy, 133-134
Reuse factor, 463 Source Description (SDES) packet, Service access points (SAPs), 42,52
RFC 822,101-102 377-378 Service categories, ATM, 457-460
RFC publication, 7 RTP port number, 370 Available Bit Rate (ABR)
RFCtypes,9 RTT variance estimation, 250-253 service, 460
RFCs, 605-607 Constant Bit Rate (CBR) service,
RIP, See Routing Information Protocol 458-459
(RIP)
Root name servers, 133-134
s Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR)
service, 460 ,
Route selection, MPLS, 366-368 S Flag field, Membership Query Non-Real-Time Service, 458,
Router alert option, Hop-by-Hop message, 433 459-460
Options header, 297-299 SAPs, See Service access points (SAPs) Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
Router ID field, OSPF packets, 412 Satellite communication (SATNET), (nrt-VBR),459
Routers, 62, 63, 188 26 Real-Time Service, 458-459
packet discard, 309 SDUs,456 Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
routing algorithm, 309 Secondary station, 487 (rt-VBR),459
Routing, 21-22, 276-277 Secret key, 550 Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR),
congestion, 22 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1), 459-460
failure, 21 564-565,568 Service data units (SDUs), 456
Routing algorithm, ISA, 309 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 548, Session Description Protocol (SDP),
Routing approaches, 392-393 572-577 137-139,148
Routing function, 385, 386-390 architecture, 573 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 75,
Routing header, IPv6, 292, 299-300 Change Cipher Spec Protocol, 575 115,137-148
Routing information exchange, connection, 573 Call-ID header, 146
423-425 Handshake Protocol, 575-577 client, 137
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), protocol stack, 573 componetns,137-139
385, 399-405 record protocol, 574-575 Contact header, 146
Address Family field, 404 session, 573 Content-Type header, 146
algorithm, 399-400 Security association: CSeq header, 146
Command field, 404 defined, 578 From header, 146
counting to infinity problem, 403 IP destination address, 579 header fields, 145
details, 402-404 parameter, 579 location service, 138
distance-sector route approach, security parameters (SPI), 579 Max-Forwards header, 146
399-402 security protocol identifier, 579 messages, 143-148
distributed Belhnan-Ford algorithm, Security intermediary: r.equests,143-146
400-402 and gateway, 119 responses, 146-148
incremental update, 402 and proxy, 118 operation examples, 140-142
IP Address field, 404 Security Parameters Index field: protocols, 137-139
limitations of, 404 Authentication header, 580 proxy server, 138
Metric field, 404 ESP packet, 581 redirect server, 138
packet format, 404-405 Security parameters (SPI), 579 registrar, 138
poisoned reverse, 404 Security protocol identifier, 579 response code, 143, 147
split horizons rule, 404 Security requirements, 548--549 server, 138
topology changes, 402-403 Security service module (SSM), 557 Session Description Protocol (SDP),
Version field, 404 Segment buffer, 227 137-139,148
Routing philosophies, comparison of, 406 Segment pacing, 247-248 To header, 146
Routing protocol, 311,385 Segments Left field, routing Uniform Resource Identifier (URl),
Routing Type field, routing header, 300 header, 300 139-140
RRs, See Resource records (RRs) Self-clocking behavior, 247 user agent, 138
RSA algorithm, 568-571 Self-similar traffic, 191-192 Via headers, 146
RSA public-key encryption algorithm, Semantics, 73 Session key, 557
568-571 protocols, 40 Session, Secure Sockets Layer
RSvp, See Resourse ReSerVation Semipermanent establishment/release, (SSL),573
Protocol 454 Settlements, 27
RSVP Project, 379 Semipermanent virtual channels, 453 Shaper element, traffic conditioning
RSVP Working Group, 379 Send buffer, 226 function, 333
RTCP port number, 371 Sender, SMTP, 96-97 SHA-1, See Secure Hash Algorithm
RTF, See Real-TIme Transport Sequence counter overflow, and (SHA-1)
Protocol (RTP) security association, 579 Shielded twisted pair (STP), 529
 640 INDEX

Signaling: performance issues, 503-509 Stream sockets, 149

control, 453--454
explicit congestion, 186-187
implicit congestion, 185-186
urgent data, 224
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),
75,95-102,203,307
basic e-mail operation, 95-97
commands, 98
connection closing, 101
t·' connection setup, 99-100
\ DATA command, 100-101
defined, 95
MAIL command, 100
mail transfer, 100-101
overview, 97-99
protocol, 97
RCPT command, 100
receiver, 97
replies, 98-99
RFC 822,101-102
sender, 96-97
Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP), 56-57,61,307,587,
593-603
Version 1, 593-597
basic concepts, 593-594
Get capability, 594
management agent, 594
management information base
(MIB),594
management station, 594
network management
protocol, 594
network management protocol
architecture, 595-597
Notify capability, 594
Set capability, 594
Version 2, 597-602
allowable data types, 600
elements of, 598
GetBulkRequest-PDU,601
GetNextRequest-PDU,600-601
GetRequest-PDU,600
InformRequest-PDU,602
management information base
(MIB),598
protocol data units (PDU), 599-600
protocol operation, 599-602
SetRequest-PDU,601
SNMPv2-Trap-PDU,601-602
structure of management
information (SMI), 598,599
Version 3, 602-603
management information base
(MIB),603
User-Based Security (USM)
model, 602
Simple Web Site, 603
Single-server queues, 200-201
formulas for, 200
SIP, See Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP)
SIP Forum, 158
SIP Working Group, 158
Skutch,Alexander,239
Sliding-window flow control, 476--479,
503-509
ARQ, 506-509
error-free sliding-window flow
control, 504-506
stop-and-wait flow control, 503-504
timing of protocol, 505
Slow start, 254-258
SMTP, See Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP)
SMTP/822 scheme, limitations of, 102
SNMP, See Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP)
Sockets, 148-157
application programming interface
(API),149
communication, 152-154
connection, 152
datagram communication, 153-154
datagram sockets, 149
defined, 148-149
examples, 154-157
functions, 150-151
interface calls, 149-154
IP addresses, 149
port, 149
raw sockets, 149
setup, 149-152
stream communication, 152
stream sockets, 149
system calls, 154
Sockets application interface
(API),115
SONET (synchronous optical
network), 31 . traffic padding, 558
Source Address field:
802.3 frame format, 520
IP header, 283
IPv6,294
Source Address parameter, IP service
primitives, 282
Source Addresses field, Membership
Query message, 433
Source MAC Address field, MAC
frames, 516
Source Port field, TCP header, 228
Source quench message, 289
Sources Addresses field, group
record, 434
Speed, need for, 164-169
Split horizons rule, 404
SSL, See Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
SSM,557
Standardization process, 7-8
Standardized protocol architectures, 46
Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 24
Start Frame Delimited (SFD) field,
802.3 frame format, 520
State, 553
Station types, 487--488
Stations, 13
Stop-and-wait ARQ, 483,484
Stop-and-wait flow control, 475--476,
503-504
Stop-and-wait protocol, 176
Store-and,forward switch, 527
STp, 529
Strategy:
batch retransmission, 233
first-only retransmission, 233
individual retransmission, 233
multiple unicast, 426
retransmission, error control,
242-243
Stream communication, 152
Subnets/subnet masks, 285-287
Subnetworks, 58, 58-59, 62, 528
Successful status codes, 125-126
Su~pect data, Descriptor field, 93
SWitches, 525-527
Switching:
circuit, 13,14-15,42
multiprotocollabel switching
(MPLS), 345,357-368
packet, 13, 15-22, 42
Symmetric encryption, 547, 550-558
Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES),552-555
brute-force attack, 551-552
ciphertext, 551
cryptanalysis, 551
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
552 '
decryption algoritlun, 551
encryption algorithms, 550,552-555
encryption devices, location of,
555-556
key distribution, 556-558
key distribution center, 557
permanent key, 557
plaintext, 550
secret key, 550
security service module (SSM), 557
session key, 557
Synchronization Source Identifier field:
RTP fixed header, 373
RTP packets, 376
Syntax, 73
protocols, 40
System calls, 154
System Network Architecture
(SNA),46
T
TCP, See Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
TCP entity state diagram, 219
TCP header, 57, 60
TCP segment, 56,59-60
TCP services, summary of, 222
TCP-FriendlyWebsite,267
TCP/IP layers, 54-56
TCP/IP protocol architecture, 39,46,
54-61
application layer, 55
host-to-host layer, 55
internet layer, 55
Internet Protocol (IP), 55
IPv6,57-58
operation of, 58-61
network access layer, 55
operation of TCP/IP, 65-67
physical layer, 55
protocol interfaces, 61
TCPIIP layers, 54-56
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP),55
operation of, 58-61
and UDP, 56-57
transport layer, 55
TCP/IP protocol suite, 13,26,31,35,39,
41,46,80,595
r
I
TCP/IP Resources List Web site, 235
Technical specification (TS), 9
Teleconferencing, and multicasting, 426
Telnet, 75, 77-86, 83, 148,203,305,307
Abort Output (AO) command, 83
assigned options, 84
commands, 82
Data Mark (DM) command, 83
design of, 78
Interrrupt Process (IP) command, 83
longevity of, 86
network virtual terminal (NVT),
78-80
operational environment, 78
option negotiation, 85-86
Option negotiation commands, 82
Option subnegotiation
commands, 82
options, 83-85
remote terminal access, 78-80
server Telnet module, 80
synch mechanism, 83
transfer protocol, 80-82
user Telnet module, 80
virtual terminal protocol (VTP), 79
Telnet.org, 110
10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance, 543
10-Gbps Ethernet, 533-534
Terminal access, 77-86
TFT value, Content-type field, 106
TFTP, See Trivial File Transfer Protocol
(TFTP)
3G Americas, 469
Three-layer model, 42-45
Three-way handshake, 218-220
examples of, 220
Throughput, 168, 173, 174
and inelastic traffic, 308
Time exceeded message, 289
Time to live element, 131
Time to Live field, IP header, 283
Time to live parameter, IP service
primitives, 282
Timely service, data transport, 224
Timestamp field, RTP fixed header, 373
Timestamp message, 289-290
Timestamp reply message, 289-90
Timing:
protocols, 40
TFTP, 73
Title field, 127
Token bucket scheme, 312
Top-level Internet domains, 130
Total Lengtb field, IP header, 283
Traffic analysis, 549
Traffic channels, 466
Traffic conditioning function, 333
Traffic control, 239-266
Traffic management, 187-188
fairness, 187
quality of service, 187-188
reservations, 188
Traffic padding, 558
Traffic specification (TSpec), 311
Transfer encodings, MIME, 107-110
Transfer-Encoding field, 127-128
Transient Negative Completion reply,
SMTP,98
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
55, 203, 226-234
basic operations, 226-228
congestion control, 246-263
TCP flow and, 247-250
congestion control measures,
implementation of, 249
connection establishment, 231
connection maintenance, 224
connection management, 222-223
connection termination, 224, 231
data transfer, 231
data transport, 223-224
error reporting, 224
explicit congestion notification
(ECN),263-266
basic operation, 266
IP header, 264--265
TCP header, 265
TCP initialization, 265
flow control performance, 241
flow control/error control, 240-246
adaptive retransmission timer,
243-246
effect of window size on
performance, 240-242
exponential average, 243-246
retransmission strategy, 242-243
simple average, 243
header format, 228-231
fields, 228-230
push function, 230
urgent function, 230
implementation policy options,
232-234
accept policy, 232-233
acknowledge policy, 233
deliver policy, 232
retransmit policy, 233
send policy, 232
implicit congestion notification, 264
mechanisms, 231
multiplexing,221-222
operation of, 58-61
receiver buffer, 226
retransmission timer management,
250-254
exponential RTO back off, 253
Jacobson's algorithm, 250-253
Karn's algoritbm, 253-254
RTT variance estimation, 250-253
segment buffer, 227
segment pacing, 247-248
self-clocking behavior, 247
send buffer, 226
service categories, 221-224
service parameters, 227
service primitives, 224--226
service request primitives, 225
service response primitives, 226
services, 221-226
summary of, 222
special capabilities, 224
traffic control, 239-266
UDP, and, 56-57
window management, 254--263
dynamic window sizing on
congestion, 255-258
fast recovery, 259-262
fast retransmit, 258-260
limited transmit, 261-263
slow start, 254--256,257,258
Transmission delay, 174
Transport layer, 42,55
INDEX 641
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocol, 139,548,572-573
Transport PDU, 44-45
header, 44
Transport protocol timers, 214
Triple DES (3DES), 552
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP),
40,70-73
defined, 70
errors/delays, 71,73
packets, 70-72
semantics, 73
syntax, 73
timing, 73
transfer overview, 72-73
Truncated field, 135
Two-way handshake, 217-218
Type field:
BGP messages, 422
ICMP message, 288
Membership Query message, 431
Membership Report message, 433
OSPF packets, 412
Type of service indicators parameter,
IP service primitives, 282
T-1 connection, 29
u
UDp, See User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
UDP header, 57
Uncompressed data format,
compressed mode, 94
Unicast, 297
Unicast address, 281
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI),
139-140 .
Unless field, 125
UNLINK request metbod, 124
Unreliable network service, 212-221
connection determination, 220-221
connection establishment, 216-220
duplicate detection, 214--216
failure recovery, 221
flow control, 216
. ordered delivery, 212-213
retransmission strategy, 213-214
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP), 529
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR), 459-460
Update message, 422
Update message error, 423
Upgrade field, 123
Urgent data signaling, 224
Urgent Pointer field, TCP header, 230
URI,139-140
URL-Header field, 128
.us,130
USENET, 6,34--36,345
User data transfer, 450-451
Address field, 451
Flag and Frame Check Sequence
(FCS) fields, 451
User Datagram Protocol (UDP),
56-57,61,167,203,234--235
header, 235
User modules (UMs), 535
User-Agent field, 125
User-Based Security (USM)
model, 602
642 INDEX
User-network interface (UNI), 456
UTP,529
UUNET,27
v WFQ, See Weighted fair queuing
Vendors, 6
Verison field, IP header, 283
Version field:
IPv6,293
OSPF packets, 412
RIP packet, 404
RTP fixed header, 372
RTP packets, 374
Video type, MIME, 106
View-Based Access Control Model
(VACM),602
Vine, Barbara, 163,273
Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
field,454
Virtual channels, 451-454
characteristics of, 452-453
semipermanent, 453
Virtual channels/virtual paths, 451-454
Virtual circuit, 19-20
Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) field, 454
Virtual paths, 451-454
advantages of, 452
characteristics of, 452-453
customer-controlled
establishment/release, 454
methods, 454
network-controlled
establishment/release, 454
semipermanent
establishment/release, 454
Virtual private network (VPN), 36
Voice over IP (VoIP), 137
w cell sectoring, 464
WANs, See Wide area networks
(WANs)
Web content, Intranet Web, 32
Web resources, 5-6
Web/database applications, Intranet
Web,32-34
Web/database connectivity, 33
Intranet Web, 33
Web/database system, compared to
traditional database approach,
32-33
Weighted fair queuing (WFQ), 319,
320-321
(WFQ)
Wholesalers, and ISPs, 29
Wide area networks (WANs), 15,
23-24,31,61,447-468
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM),
451-460
cell loss priority (CLP), 456
cells, 454-457
control signaling, 453-454
generic flow control, 456-457
Generic Flow Control (GFC)
field,454
Header Error Control (HEC)
field,456
logical connections in, 452
meta-signaling channel, 453
Payload Type (PT) field, 454-456
semipermanent virtual
channels, 453
service categories, 457-460
Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
field,454
virtual channels/virtual paths,
451-454
Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)
field,454
cellular wireless networks, 460-468
adding new channels, 463
base station, 461,465
call accepted, 467
call blocking, 467
call drop, 467
call termination, 467
calls to/from fixed and remote
mobile subscriber, 468
cell splitting, 463-464
cellular network oranization,
461-465
cellular radio, 461
control channels, 466
defined, 460
frequency borrowing, 463
frequency reuse, 462-463
handoff, 467
increasing capacity, 463-464
microcells, 464
mobile telecommunications
switching office (MTSO), 465
mobile unit initialization, 466-467
mobile-originated call, 467
ongoing call, 467
operation, 465-468
paging, 467
traffic channels, 466
corporate WAN needs, 166
frame relay, 447-451
background, 448-449
control plane, 449
protocol architecture, 449-450
user plane, 449-450
user data transfer, 450-451
Address field, 451
Flag and Frame Check Sequence
(FCS) fields, 451
Wi-FiAlliance, 543
Window field, TCP header, 229
Window management, 254-263
dynamic window sizing on
congestion, 255-258
fast recovery, 259-262
fast retransmit, 258-260
limited transmit, 261-263
slow start, 254-258
Wireless Ethernet Compatibility
Alliance (WECA), 542
Wireless LAN Alliance, 543
Wireless LANs, 534-542
applications, 535-536
IEEE 802.11 architecture, 537-538
IEEE 802.11 medium access control,
539-541
IEEE 802.11 physical layer, 541-542
IEEE 802.11 services, 538-539
LAN requirements, 536-537
Wireless networks, 24
World Wide Web (WWW),27-29,116
WRAPPED request method, 124
WWW, See World Wide Web (WWW)
WWW Consortium, 157
WWW-Authenticate field, 127
z
Zone, 133