CROSS-SPECIALIZATION

TRAINING FOR GRADES 7-10

SCIENCE TEACHERS

Session 6
DNA REPLICATION
SCIENCE DOMAIN: BIOLOGY

Prepared by:

MARLITA C. VITTO
Head Teacher III
National Capital Region, Division of Manila
Department of Education
Objectives

At the end of the sixth session, the teachers should be able to:

1. discover the difference of DNA and RNA; using E-Comp Gadget;

2. construct a 2D model of DNA replication using foam nucleotide pieces;
2. show the process of DNA replication;
3. explain how replication happens and the end result.

Key Understandings
1. DNA contains a Deoxyiribose sugar while RNA contains a ribose sugar, while
both nucleic acids contains phosphate. DNA has the following nitrogenous
bases, cytosine paired with guanine, thymine paired with adenine while RNA has
the following nitrogenous bases, cytosine paired with guanine, uracil paired with
adenine. In terms of strands DNA has double strands while RNA has single
strand. DNA is found only in nucleus while RNA is found in nucleus, cytoplasm,
and some part of ribosome. There is only one type of DNA while there are 3
types of RNA namely mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. DNA is replicated DNA while
RNA is transcribed from DNA.
2. RNA: is a nucleic acid used is various body functions that uses Uracil instead
of thymine to save energy to manufacture.
3. Messenger (mRNA) molecules are long strands of RNA nucleotides that direct
ribosomes to make proteins. They travel from the nucleus to the ribosome.
4. Transfer (tRNA) molecules transport amino acids to the ribosomes.
5. Ribosomal (rRNA) molecules make up part of the ribosomes of the cell in the
cytoplasm.
6. DNA replicates by making a complementary strand to each original strand.
7. Primer is a short, single strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a
targeted DNA sequence.
8. DNA Polymerase replication enzyme, uses a DNA template to assemble a
complementary strand of DNA.
9. DNA helicase is an enzyme that breaks down the hydrogen bond.
Materials Time Allotment
Foam Nucleotide Kit
DNA E-Comp Gadget 3.5 hours only.
Illustrations, Graphic Organizer
Metacards
Worksheets
References
.
(Cecie Starr, Christine A. Evers, Lisa Starr 2014)
(Reading Essentials for Biology n.d.)
(Herma D. Acosta Liza A. Alvarez Dave G. Angeles Ruby D. Arne 2015)
(Biology God's Living Creation 1997)

Procedure

Introduce the session.

Say: “Good morning everyone! Welcome to a very exciting and interactive way of
discovering the master Plan of Life thru this session. Today, we’ll have a journey
together on the road to interactive learning of DNA Replication.

Let us begin with an activity. As JHS science teachers, we need to be familiar with
the structure of DNA and it’s function, how it contributes to the general make up of
an individual.

Preliminary Activity (10 mins)

List down 5 items or objects that need instructions?

Note to the Facilitator to Distribute the materials needed. (manila paper, marker)
Tell the participants that they will be presenting and describing their output
afterwards.

Analysis (10 mins: 2 mins each group)

The Facilitator will asked the following questions:
1. Can you give other items that come with instruction?
Expected answers:
1. Cooking recipes comes with instruction.
2. Blueprints of a house is an instruction to build the house.
3. Assembling and using toys, cars, televisions or computers and comes with
instructions as well.

SAY “DNA is the instruction manual for a living thing. Each time one of your cells
divides, your DNA is copied. That way, each new cell has its own copy of the
instruction manual.”
ACTIVITY 1-A: (20 mins)
SAY “It is important to know the structure to understand fully the process. To
refresh us with the structure of DNA let us go to the next activity using the E-Comp
Gadget.”

Title: DNA E-Comp Gadget

Procedure:
1. Given the E-Comp Gadget Identify the parts observed.
2. Identify the base pair of the given nitrogenous bases given in the gadget.
3. Use the terminal of A, T, G, C, to determine the base pair. Place the terminal in
the metal plate found in front of the bulb.
4. Once the bulb light it shows the base pair of the said nitrogen base.
5. Write the answer in the activity sheet.

ANALYSIS 1-A (20 mins)

The Facilitator will asked the following questions:
1. What have you observed with the light bulbs that correspond to the nitrogen
base?
It lights when you place the terminal in the metal plate.
2. Do all bulbs that correspond to the nitrogen base light?
No, not all bulb light.
3. How do the bulbs that correspond to the nitrogen bases light?
It lights when you place it on the metal plate of the nitrogen base.it complements.
4. As bulb lights it show base pair, what are the base pair of
Cytosine? Guanine
Guanine? Cytosine
Thymine? Adenine
Adenine? Thymine
5. What are the observable parts of a DNA observed in the gadget?
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

This time let us proceed to the next nucleic acid which is involved in the process of
manufacturing protein, the RNA.

ACTIVITY 1-B:
Title: Getting to know the RNA Structure Picture Analysis
Procedure:
1. Given the illustration Identify the parts observed.
2. Identify the nitrogenous bases of RNA.
3. Write the answer in the activity sheet.

ANALYSIS 1-B
The Facilitator will ask the following questions:
1. What are the observable parts of an RNA observed?
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
3. Base on the gadget and illustration what is the difference between DNA and
RNA?
Note to the Facilitator to distribute the materials needed.
Give the instructions to the participants that they will be looking for the
complimentary base pair of the given nitrogenous base. Worksheet will be
distributed together with Manila paper and marker.
Tell the participants that they will be presenting and describing their output
afterwards.

DNA and RNA are the two nucleic acids involved in the process of protein
synthesis.
Let us identify the difference between the two using a Graphic Organizer.

ACTIVITY 2: (10 mins)

Title: Comparison of DNA and RNA: Backbone Foldable
Procedure:
1. Each group will be given cartolina and meta strips. Write the information about
DNA and RNA from the word pool base on the picture given.
2. Post the meta strips in the cartolina and organize it into backbone foldables .
3. Participants will present their output.
ANALYSIS 2 (10 mins)
The Facilitator will asked the following questions:
1. What is the difference between the sugar of DNA and RNA?
2. How many strands do DNA have? RNA?
3. Identify the nitrogenous base of DNA and RNA
4. What are the types of RNA? Functions of each type.

Note to the Facilitator to distribute the materials needed.

Give the meta strips, manila paper and marker to the participants that they will
write the information about DNA and RNA.
Tell the participants that they will be presenting and describing their output
afterwards.

Facilitator will discuss in detail what is RNA and the three kinds of RNA.
RNA is a nucleic acid used in various body functions that uses Uracil instead of
thymine to save energy to manufacture.
Types of RNA
1. Messenger (mRNA) molecules are long strands of RNA nucleotides that direct
ribosomes to make proteins. They travel from the nucleus to the ribosome.
2. Transfer (tRNA) molecules transport amino acids to the ribosomes.
3. Ribosomal (rRNA) molecules make up part of the ribosomes of the cell in the
cytoplasm.

ACTIVITY 3: (30 mins)

Title: Flow of Genetic Information Kit
Procedure:
1. Each group will use the patterns of DNA provided.
2. Build a model of a strand of a DNA molecule. The strand should contain 9 base
rungs following the given order of the nucleotides below.
Guanine
Cytosine
Cytosine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
3. Attach the nitrogen base to the sugar and phosphate to form the nucleotides.
4. Let this arrangement represent the left half of your DNA.
5. Make a complimentary strand for the first strand that you made in step 3.
6. Once you have made your DNA model, separate the two strands of the DNA
model down the middle so that there are now two single strands of DNA.
7. Create new double stranded DNA by matching complimentary nucleotides to the
bases on each single strand by following step 3.
8. Use the E-Comp Gadget to check the pairing of the nitrogenous bases.

ANALYSIS 3 (20 mins)

The Facilitator will asked the following questions:
1. Compare the two new strands of DNA. Are they the same or different? Why?
They are the same Because Each new strand formed is a complement of one of
the original strands. The result is the formation of two DNA molecules containing
the original DNA strand and the complementary daughter strands. The two new
daughter strands are also complementary to each other.
2. How do the nucleotides in DNA pair?
It pairs because of Hydrogen Bonds. The two chains of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. In DNA,
cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and thymine forms two
hydrogen bonds with adenine.
3. Which nitrogen bases fit together to make base pairs?
Adenine and thymine fit together, and guanine and cytosine fit together.
4. How is information from DNA passed on from one cell to another?
Before a cell can divide by mitosis or meiosis, it must first make a copy of its
chromosomes. The DNA in the chromosomes are then copied in a process called
DNA replication.
5. In the activity the DNA replicate. Why does DNA replicate?
To produce a copy of the genetic material that will be transferred to new cells
during mitosis or to new gametes during meiosis
6. What is the copying of the DNA called?
It is called DNA Replication.
7. How do you compare DNA molecule to a zipper?
The pairing of the bases produces a long, two-stranded molecule that is often
compare to a zipper. If you look at a zipper, the sides of the zipper represent the
sugar and phosphate units, while the teeth of the zipper represent the pairs of
nitrogenous bases of the DNA.
8. When a DNA molecule unzips to form two strands, what is added to each
strand? What is produced?
Complementary bases attach to the exposed bases on the strands so that two
complete molecules of DNA are produced.
ABSTRACTION (20)
1. Discuss the process of making an exact copy of the DNA from the parent DNA
creating a daughter DNA for manufacturing of proteins that will determine the
make-up of an individual.

Facilitator will give pictures to each group and ask the group to:
1. Arrange the sequence of DNA replication base on the given strips.
2. Identify the sequence by DNA replication and encircle the part that is being
described in the strips.

The Facilitator will SAY”

1. As replications begins, an enzyme called Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds

that hold the double helix together, so the two DNA strands unwind and separate
or split.
2. The bases attached to each other strand then pair up with the free nucleotides..
The complementary nucleotides are added to each strand by DNA polymerases to
form new strands.
DNA pairs because of Hydrogen Bonds. The two chains of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. In DNA,
cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and thymine forms two
hydrogen bonds with adenine.

3. Two new molecules, each with a parent strand and each with a new strand are
formed. The DNA replication is known as semi-conservative replication, because
one of the old strands is conserved in each new molecule.
Each new strand formed is a complement of one of the original strands. The result
is the formation of two DNA molecules containing the original DNA strand and the
complementary daughter strands. The two new daughter strands are also
complementary to each other.
Adenine and thymine fit together, and guanine and cytosine fit together
How is information from DNA passed on from one cell to another?
Before a cell can divide by mitosis or meiosis, it must first make a copy of its
chromosomes. The DNA in the chromosomes are then copied in a process called
DNA replication.
DNA replicate to produce a copy of the genetic material that will be transferred to
new cells during mitosis or to new gametes during meiosis
DNA molecule is often compared to a zipper. If you look at a zipper, the sides of
the zipper represent the sugar and phosphate units, while the teeth of the zipper
represent the pairs of nitrogenous bases of the DNA.
When DNA molecule unzips to form two strands, complementary bases attach to
the exposed bases on the strands so that two complete molecules of DNA are
produced.

APPLICATION (20 mins)

Facilitator will as the participants to:
Sketch or construct a model using foam nucleotides the new and old strands after
one round of replication.
Make your own pattern of nitrogen bases.

The Facilitator will ask the following questions:

1. What did you use as template in making the new strand?
2. What do we call the old strand of DNA?
3. What do we call the new strand?
4. What were the enzymes involve in DNA replication?

Closing

“As we keep discovering our world science blends with spirituality and accepts we
must believe in order to see.”
ACTIVITY 2

Activity Sheet on Comparison of DNA and RNA

Title: Comparing DNA and RNA thru Backbone Foldable

I. OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the basic parts of a DNA and RNA

2. Compare DNA with RNA in terms of its structure and uses

II. MATERIALS
Meta strips, glue, marker, cartolina

III. PROCEDURES:

1. Each group will be given cartolina and meta strips. Write the information about
DNA and RNA from the word pool base on the picture given.
2. Post the meta strips in the cartolina and organize it into backbone foldables .
3. Participants will present their output.

BACKBONE FOLDABLES

DNA vs RNA
Nucleic acid
No. of strands
Sugar
Bases
Location
Process
Enzymes involved
Base pairing
Types
Function/s

Word bank:
 G, C, A, U protein synthesis Deoxy
ribonucleic acid
 G, C, A, T Ribonucleic acid Double strand
 Inheritance of traits & enzyme production Single
strand
 deoxyribose sugar ribose sugar both nucleus
and cytoplasm
 In eukaryotes found inside the nucleus mRNA, rRNA,
tRNA
 Replication Transcription & Translation

Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference between the sugar of DNA and RNA?
2. How many strands do DNA have? RNA?

3. Identify the nitrogenous base of DNA and RNA

4. What are the types of RNA? Functions of each type.

ACTIVITY 1
Activity Sheet on DNA
Title: DNA E-Comp Gadget

I. OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the basic parts of a DNA

2. Find the complementary base pair of the nitrogen bases

II. MATERIALS
E-Com Gadget, Marker, Manila Paper

III. PROCEDURES:

1. Given the E-Comp Gadget Identify the parts observed.

2. Identify the base pair of the given nitrogenous bases given in the gadget.
3. Use the terminal of A, T, G, C, to determine the base pair. Place the terminal in
the metal plate found in front of the light bulb.
4. Once the bulb light it shows the base pair of the said nitrogen base.
5. Write the answer in the activity sheet.

Guide Questions:
Q1. What have you observed with the light bulbs that correspond to the nitrogen
base?

Q2. Do all bulbs that correspond to the nitrogen base light?

Q3. How do the bulbs that correspond to the nitrogen bases light?

Q4. As bulb lights it show base pair, what are the base pair of
Cytosine?
Guanine?
Thymine?
Adenine?

Q5. What are the observable parts of a DNA observed in the gadget?

Q6. Write the complementary base pair of the following:

Nitrogen base Complementary Base pair

Guanine
Cytosine
Cytosine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Grade 9
Activity Sheet on RNA
Title: Getting to Know the RNA Structure

I. OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the basic parts of RNA

2. Differentiate the types of RNA
2. Find the complementary base pair of the nitrogen bases in RNA

II. MATERIALS
Illustrations, Marker, Manila paper

III. PROCEDURES:

1. Given the illustration analyse and identify the parts RNA observed.
2. Identify the nitrogenous bases of RNA.
3. Write the answer in the activity sheet.

Guide Questions:
Q1. What are the observable parts of an RNA?
Q2. Base on the gadget and illustration what is the difference between DNA and
RNA in terms of structure?
Q3. What are the three types of RNA? What is the function of each type?
ACTIVITY 3
Activity Sheet on DNA Replication
Title: Flow of Genetic Information Kit

I. OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the basic parts of a DNA

2. Find the complementary base pair of the nitrogen bases

II. MATERIALS
E-Com Gadget, Marker, Manila Paper

III. PROCEDURES:

1. Each group will use the patterns of DNA provided.

2. Build a model of a strand of a DNA molecule. The strand should contain 9 base
rungs following the given order of the nucleotides below.
Pattern:
Guanine
Cytosine
Cytosine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
3. Attach the nitrogen base to the sugar and phosphate to form the nucleotides.
4. Let this arrangement represent the left half of your DNA.
5. Make a complimentary strand for the first strand that you made in step 3.
6. Once you have made your DNA model, separate the two strands of the DNA
model down the middle so that there are now two single strands of DNA.
7. Create new double stranded DNA by matching complimentary nucleotides to the
bases on each single strand by following step 3.
8. Use the E-Comp Gadget to check the pairing of the nitrogenous bases.
Guide Questions:
Q1. Compare the two new strands of DNA. Are they the same or different? Why?

Q2. How do the nucleotides in DNA pair?

Q3. Which nitrogen bases fit together to make base pairs?

Q4. How is information from DNA passed on from one cell to another?
.
Q5. In the activity the DNA replicate. Why does DNA replicate?

Q6. What is the copying of the DNA called?

Q7. How do you compare DNA molecule to a zipper?

Q8. When a DNA molecule unzips to form two strands, what is added to each
strand? What is produced?