Use of Waste Tyre Rubber in A Partial Replacement of Aggregate in Concrete

ME CIVIL DISSERTATION: “USE OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER IN A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE”
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The waste problem considered as one of the most crucial problems facing the world as a
source of the environmental pollution. During last recent years, many improvement in India
have occurred in all parts of life such as social, industrial, economical etc., this will lead to
generate new ways of living and increase the human requirements, and will also increase
types and quantities of the waste in India, without any active processes to provide solution
to this problem. Waste rubber tires cause serious environmental problems all over the
world. One of the potential means of utilizing the waste tires is to process this waste
material for the protection of the environment and society. It is suggested to use this waste
tires as an additive in portland cement concrete mixes, which would partially help in
solving this problem.
India manufacture 11.92 Crore tires in year 2010 – 11 increase by 22.72% than year 2009
– 10 (ATMA – Automotive Tire Manufacturer Association). With the exponential growth
in number of automobiles in India during recent years, the demand of tires as original
equipment and as replacement has also increased. The quantity of scrap tires produced in
India is not exactly available but the increasing trend of use of road transportation will
definitely create a problem of disposal in very near future. The total number of registered
buses, trucks, cars/jeeps/taxis and two wheelers up to 1997 in India were 0.5 million, 2.25
million, 4.7 million and 26 million, respectively. Considering the average life of the tires
used in these vehicles as 10 years after rethreading twice, the total number of waste
disposable tires will be in the order of 112 million per year. That’s why this is one of the
most crucial environmental issues all around the world is the disposal of the waste
materials.
Controlling of waste-tire rubber is very challenging for metropolises to handle because the
waste tire rubber is not easily biodegradable even after long-period of landfill treatment.
However, recycling of waste tire rubber is an alternative. Tire recycling or rubber recycling
is the process of recycling vehicles tires that are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due
to wear or irreparable damage such as punctures or wear and tear. These tires are among
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING, DHULE 1
the largest and most problematic sources of waste, due to the large volume produced and
their durability. Those same characteristics, which make waste tires such a problem, also
make them one of the most re-used waste materials, as the rubber is very resilient and can
be reused in other products. Approximately, one tire is discarded per person per year.
Accumulations of discarded waste tires have been a major worry because the waste rubber
is not easily biodegradable even after a long-period landfill treatment. Thus it gets gathered
and creates variety of problems. It creates unsightly appearance. If burnt under
conventional uncontrolled fashion it creates harmful vapors. If dumped in land fill sites, in
rainy seasons it collects water and harbors mosquito and fly breeding. If buried in land fill
sites, it slowly decomposes under anaerobic environment and generates methane. Methane
is generated by other sources also in land fill sites.
Waste-Tire rubber is one of the significant environmental problems worldwide. With the
increase in the automobile production, huge amounts of waste tire need to be disposed. Due
to the rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal, many countries banned the
disposal of waste tire rubber in landfills The main objectives of this research were to
provide more scientific evidence to support the use of legislation or incentive-based
schemes to promote the reuse of accumulated waste tires. This research focused on using
scrap tires as a replacement for a percentage of the local fine aggregates used in the concrete
mixes. In order to prevent the environmental problem from growing, recycling tire is an
innovative idea or way in this case.
Recycling of waste tire rubber is a substitute. Recycled waste-tire rubbers have been used
in different application. It has been used as a fuel for cement kiln, as feedstock for making
carbon black, and as artificial reefs in marine environment (Siddique and Naik, 2004). It
has also been used as a playground matt, erosion control, highway crash barriers, guard rail
posts, noise barriers, and in asphalt pavement mixtures. Other construction products are
also based on rubber powder obtained from the cryogenic milling of tires mixed with
asphalt or bituminous materials. Over the past two decades, research had been performed
to study the availability of using waste tire rubber in concrete mixes.
Recycling tire is the processes of recycling vehicles tires that are no longer suitable for use
on vehicles due to wear or irreparable damage (such as punctures). The cracker mill process
tears apart or reduces the size of tire rubber by passing the material between rotating

corrugated steel drums. By this process an irregularly shaped torn particles having large
surface area are produced and this particles are commonly known as crumb rubber.
Unfortunately, not much attention has been paid to use the waste tires in Portland cement
concrete mixtures, particularly for highway use. Limited work was done by researchers to
investigate the potential use of rubber tires in conventional concrete mixtures.
Tire waste is one such waste material. It is basically a hard rubber material and as such is
sparingly biodegradable. There is a tremendous scope to re-use tire waste in cement
concrete. This is a nascent concept and needs due nourishing. The use of accumulated
waste materials in third world countries is still in its early phases. It will take courage for
contractors and others in the construction industry to recycle selected types of waste
materials in the concrete mixes. Different concrete specimens were prepared and tested in
terms of uniaxial compression and splitting tension. The main variable in the mixture was
the volumetric percentage of crumb tires used in the mix. The test results showed that even
though the compressive strength is reduced when using the crumb tires, it can meet the
strength requirements of light weight concrete. In addition, test results and observations
indicated that the addition of crumb rubber to the mix has a limited effect toward reducing
the workability of the mixtures. The mechanical test results demonstrated that the tested
specimens of the crumb rubber concrete remained relatively intact after failure compared
to the conventional concrete specimens.
It is also concluded that modified concrete would contribute to the disposal of the non-
decaying scrap tires, since the amount being accumulated in third world countries is
creating a challenge for proper disposal. Thus, obliging authorities to invest in facilitating
the use of waste tires in concrete, a fundamental material to the booming construction
industry in these countries, serves to purposes.
Waste-Tire rubber is one of the significant environmental problems worldwide. With the
increase in the automobile production, huge amounts of waste tire need to be disposed. Due
to the rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal, many countries banned the
disposal of waste tire rubber in landfills. Research had been in progress for long time to
find alternatives to the waste tire disposal. Among these alternatives is the recycling of
waste-tire rubber. Recycled waste tire rubber is a promising material in the construction
industry due to its light weight, elasticity, energy absorption, sound and heat insulating

properties. The main objectives of this research were to provide more scientific evidence
to support the use of legislation or incentive-based schemes to promote the reuse of
accumulated waste tires.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF WORK
 To study the existing disposal method of tire waste.
 To investigate proportional relationship between rate of strength loss and contain
of rubber in mix.
 To investigate the effect of tire waste on compaction factor of concrete.
 To investigate the effect of tire waste on compressive strength of concrete.
 To investigate the effect of tire waste on split tensile strength of concrete.
1.3 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
The present work proposes to investigate the impact of tire waste combination on various
parameters of concrete like cube compression strength, split tensile strength, etc. The tire
waste shall be used as a substitute of coarse aggregate in varying proportions.
Some researchers have reported that the loss of strength is due to the poor bonding between
tire material and concrete mixtures. They have treated tire material with alkali to roughen
the surface that leads to better bond formation and thus a better strength. These studies will
suggest a safe and environmentally consistent method of disposal of tire waste material.
Photograph 1.1 Generation of Scrap tire at S.T. Workshop, Jalgaon

Division
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Ahangar-Asr A., Faramarzi A, & Javadi A.A. et al (1) found that, as rubber
aggregate are increase there is decrease in mechanical properties of concrete
depends on type and content of rubber used. A new data mining technique, named
Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) is developing to predict the mechanical
behavior of rubber concrete. Three separate models were developed to predict the
properties of concrete. The developed EPR models provide very accurate
predictions for strength parameters of rubber concrete. (A Ahangar-Asr 2010)
2) Aiello M. A. et al (2) investigate the properties of various concrete mixture at fresh
and hardened state produced by partial substitution of coarse and fine aggregate
with proportion of 31.10%, 29.10%, 17.40%, 9.24%,and 8.44% by weight and
having opening size 20, 16, 12.5, 10, and 8mm respectively of waste tires rubber
particle having same dimension of replaced aggregate .After the analysis
workability of fresh concrete is slightly improved by partial substitution of coarse
and fine aggregate with rubber shreds. Reduction in the compressive strength for
both type of rubcrete specimen with increase in amount of replaced aggregate. (
M.A.Aiello et al 2009 )
3) Azmi N. J., Mohammed B. S., Al-Mattarneh H. M. A. et al (3) had carried out a
program to develop information about the mechanical properties of rubberized
concretes. The results revealed that although there is a reduction in strength for
crumb rubber mixture, but slump values increase as the crumb rubber content
increase from0% to 30%.Means that crumb rubber mixture is more workable
compare to normal concrete and can be acceptable to produce crumb rubber
concretes. The results also indicated that inclusion crumb rubber in concrete
reduced the static modulus elasticity. (N. J. Azmi et al 2008)
4) Batayne Malek K. Marie Iqbal, Asi Ibrahim et al (4) focused on use of crumb
tires as a replacement of the local fine aggregates used in the concrete mixes in
Jordan. The test results showed that even though the compressive strength is
reduced when using the crumb tires, it can meet the strength requirements of light

weight concrete. The mechanical test results demonstrated that the tested specimens
of the crumb rubber concrete remained relatively intact after failure compared to
the conventional concrete specimens. Although the strength of modified concrete
is reduced with an increase in the rubber content, its lower unit weight meets the
criteria of light weight concrete that fulfill the strength requirements. Although it is
not recommended to use this modified concrete in structural elements where high
strength is required, it can be used in many other construction elements like
partition walls, road barriers, pavement, sidewalks, etc. which are in high demand
in the construction industry. (Malek K. Batayne et al 2008)
5) Bignozzi M.C., Sandrolini F et al (5) prepared self-compacting concrete
containing different amount of untreated tire waste to investigate and their
mechanical and microstructural behavior. They concluded that self-compacting
rubberized concrete required slightly higher amount of super plasticizer than self-
compacting concrete to reach self-compacting properties, keeping constant
water/cement and water/powder ratios. Concrete compressive strength and stiffness
decreases with increasing amount of rubber phase in the mix, but the obtained
values are higher than those of Ordinary Portland cement concretes admixed with
similar amount of tire mix. Significant concrete deformability before failure and
capability to withstand post failure loads with some further deformations are
exhibited by loads with some further deformation due to tire rubber waste presence.
Self-compacting rubberized concrete porosity is only poorly affected by the
presence of significant amount of rubber phase in comparison with that of ordinary
self-compacting concrete. (M.C.Bignozzi et al 2006)
6) Cairns R. A. & Kew H.Y. & Kenny M.J. et al (6) study investigates the potential
of incorporating recycled rubber tire chips into ordinary Portland cement concrete.
Plain rubber aggregate and rubber aggregate coated with cement paste were used.
The results showed that, that concrete incorporating rubber aggregate has lower
workability, unit wt. & exhibited a notable reduction in compressive strength. It
does not exhibit a typical failure mode of plain concrete and a beneficial effect on
flexural strength was observed. The use of rubberized concrete in concrete block
probably shows the greatest potential for success at present. (Cairns R. A. 2004).

7) Durham Stephan A., Kardos Adam et al (7) having primary object of study to
evaluate the reuse potential of crumb rubber in concrete mixtures for pavement
application. Based on the result of this study confirms that upto 30% crumb rubber
may be used for highway application and still produce concrete with the fresh and
hardened properties required of such mixtures. (Stephan A. Durham et al 2012)
8) Eldin Neil N. et al (8) investigated the strength and toughness properties of
concrete in which amount of rubber tire particle of several size were used as
aggregate. The two type of rubber used in experiment named ‘Edges’ and ‘Preston’
with 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% replacement by coarse aggregate for each type. The
compressive, tensile strength test are conducted on specimen. He concludes that
reduction up to 85% of compressive strength and up to 50% of tensile strength were
observed when coarse aggregate was replace by rubber. A smaller reduction in
compressive strength (65%) was observed when sand was replacement by crumb
rubber. Rubber containing concrete did not exhibit brittle failure under compressive
and split tension. (Neil N. Eldin,et al 1993)
9) Emira Nadim A., Bajaba Nasser S. et al (9) The results of this study indicate that
there is a great potential for the utilization of waste tires in concrete mixes upto
10%, 20%, and 30%. Based on these results, they concluded that, increasing the
curing time tend to increase the compressive strength for all crumbed rubber sizes.
The rubberized concrete mix using recycled tires agreed with the values of
compressive test for light and moderate weight structural concrete. Although the
strength of rubberized concrete is reduced with an increase in the rubber content,
its lower unit weight meets the criteria of light weight concrete that fulfill the
strength requirements. Although it is not recommended to use this rubberized
concrete in structural elements where high strength is required, it can be used in
many other construction elements like partition walls, road barriers, pavements,
sidewalks, etc. which are in high demand in the construction industry. Rubberized
concrete can be used in applications where energy and impact attenuation is
required due to its high flexibility.(Nadim A. Emira et al 2012).
10) Gammal El, Abdel Gawad A.K. et al (10) investigated the effect of waste tire
rubber as a replacement to natural aggregate in concrete mixture on the density and

compressive strength of concrete. They conclude that, there was a significant

reduction in the compressive strength of concrete. During testing of the specimens,
a significant amount of compressibility was observed allowing the specimen to
absorb a large amount of energy under compressive loads. There was a ductile,
plastic failure of concrete utilizing waste tire rubber rather than brittle failure. As
the amount of rubber in the mix decreases the density of concrete increases. It can
be used in the production of curbs, roads, concrete pavements and non-bearing
concrete wall. (EI-Gammal 2010)
11) Ganesan N., Bharati Raj. J and Shashikala A.P.. et al (11) investigate the
strength and durability characteristics of self-compacting rubberized concrete with
and without the addition of fibers. The reduction in compressive strength due to the
incorporation of scrap rubber in self-compacting concrete could be compensated to
some extent by the addition of steel fibers. All the evaluated durability
characteristic were found to be within limits prescribed by the codes of normal
concrete. However when compare to self-compacting concrete, self-compacting
rubberized concrete satisfied all the durability requirement better than self-
compacting concrete except for sorptivity index. The rubberized concrete with
fibers was seen to have the best resistance against abrasion. These results suggest
that Self Compacting Rubberized Concrete may be useful cementations composite
with better durability characteristics than conventional Self compacting Concrete.
(N. Ganesan et al 2012)
12) Gintautas Skripkiunas, Audrius Grinys, Benjaminas Cernius et al (12)
analyzed the effect of fine composition of the elastic aggregate made up from
rubber waste on the elastic properties of concrete under the static and dynamic load.
They conclude that, rubber waste additives reduced both static and dynamic
modulus of elasticity. Ultimate strain on concrete failure load is 36% - 47% higher
for concrete with tire rubber waste additives. (Gintatutas Skipkiunnas 2007)
13) Gobba Sara, Giuseppe Carlo Marano, Massimo Borsa And Marcello Molfetta
et al (13) identified optimal types and quantities of aggregates in concrete mixtures
for engineering applications. They observed that, rubcrete mix possesses interesting
properties that can be useful in structural and non-structural applications. Mix 07-

PR with rubber particles from truck tires and mix 010-PR with rubber from car tires
satisfied the required qualifications of having a low specific gravity (<2100 Kg/m3)
and acceptable compressive strength for possible structural applications. Mix 08-
PR with particles from truck tires and 012-PR with rubber from car tires showed
very low density (even <1000 kg/m3), offering concrete useful for non-structural
applications. (Sara Gobba et al 2010)
14) Guneyisi Erhan Gesoglu Mehmet, Turan O zturan et al (14) investigated that
rubberized concrete mixtures with and without silica fume appeared to be workable
to certain degree and reduction in weight by 77% by replacing 50% total aggregate
volume. There is systematic reduction in compressive, splitting tensile strength and
modulus of elasticity with the increase in the rubber content from 0 to 50%.
However the use of silica fume considerably enhances these mechanical properties,
from practical point of rubber content should not exceed 25% of total aggregate
volume due to the severe reduction in strength. (Erhan Guneyisi 2004)
15) Hilal Ameer Abdula Rahman et al (15) Studied that, a partial replacement in
foamed concrete by crumb rubber leads to reduced density of concrete. Water
absorption increases with increasing in crumb rubber of tire content. With increase
in crumb rubber content in the mixture decreasing in the strength of rubberized
foamed concrete (that is Compressive, flexural, tensile & impact). Rubberized
concrete shows a cohesive behavior at failure. He found that rubberized concrete is
the best solution for non-structural purpose. (Ameer Abdula Rahman Hilal 2011)
16) Huang Bashan et al (16) Conducted the investigation into waste tire rubber filled
concrete in this study rubberized concrete was treated as a multiphase particulate
filled composite material. A modified three layer built in composite model was
proposed based on a previous study on ordinary concrete. It is found that the
following ways will be effective in increase the strength of rubberized concrete- I)
Reducing the maximum rubber size, II) Using Stiffer coarse aggregate, III)
Employing uniform coarse aggregate size distribution. (Bashan Huang,et al 2008)
17) Mavroulidou M., Figueiredo J et al (17) studied physical and mechanical
properties of concrete containing recycled tire aggregates to assess its suitability as
a construction material. They observed that, the particle size distribution of the

rubber aggregates is very close to that of the respective mineral coarse aggregates.
Due to low specific gravity of the rubber aggregates, there was reduction in the
density of concrete. The mixes with rubber aggregates showed very little increase
in compressive strengths between the 7 and 28 days of curing with the only
exception of the 10% coarse rubber aggregates. Split tensile strength of the mixes
was also reduced with rubber aggregates content. Modulus of elasticity is reduced
upon the addition of rubber aggregates implying a loss in stiffness which would
result in increased deflection of elements built with concrete containing rubber
aggregates. A slight reduction in the modulus of rupture is smaller compared to
other properties. There is a potential large market for concrete products like
sidewalks, driveways etc. in which inclusion of rubber aggregates would be
feasible. (M. Mavroulidou et al 2010).
18) Naik Tarun R. and Siddique Rafat et al (18) studied that, an effect of utilize scrap
tires in portland cement concrete and benefits of using magnesium oxychloride
cement as binder for rubberized concrete. The reduction in compressive strength of
concrete due to the inclusion of rubber aggregates, limits its use in some structural
applications. The properties like lower density, higher impact and toughness
resistance, enhanced ductility, and better sound insulation etc. can be advantageous
to some construction application. They found relatively high-strength in rubber
concrete using magnesium oxychloride cement, which gives better bonding to
rubber and significantly improves the performance of rubber concrete. (Tarun R.
Naik et al 2002)
19) Nehdi Moncef and Khan Ashfaq et al (19) they concluded that, although a rub
Crete mixture generally has reduced compressive strength that may limit its use in
certain structural application. But it possesses desirable properties such as lower
density, higher toughness, higher impact resistance, enhance ductility and more
efficient in sound and heat insulation. Structural application involving rub Crete
may still be possible if appropriate percentage of rubber aggregate is use. It is also
possible to produce relatively high strength rub Crete mixtures by using magnesium
oxycloride cement, which achieves better bonding characteristics to rubber and
greatly improves the performance of rub Crete mixtures. In addition, the adhesion

between rubber particles and other constituent of the rub crete matrix can be
improved by pretreating the rubber aggregate. Rub crete mixtures usually absorb
significant plastic energy & undergo relatively large deformation without full
disintegration. Using rub crete as flexible sub base for pavements, as pipe bedding,
for tunnel lining, and other major construction work has the potential to make good
use of the billions of worn out tire stockpiled worldwide. (Nehdi et al 2001)
20) Oikonomou N. et al (20) analyze the mechanical and physical properties of cement
mortar as replacing tire rubber granules by sand in proportion 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%,
10%, 12.5%, and 15%. The tire used in powder form. According to result
workability decrease with increase in tire rubber content. The use of tire rubber in
products based on cement causes decrease in mechanical properties. Percentage of
tire rubber powder affected compressive strength more than flexural strength.
(N.Oikonomou et al 2007)
21) Reda Taha M.M. et al (21) investigate the properties of concrete by replacing the
chipped and crumbed tire rubber particles for coarse and fine aggregate respectively
with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. There is reduction in the unit weight of the fresh
and hardened concrete by replacing the rubber particle. Also increase in tire rubber
content had an adverse effect on workability. There is reduction in strength due to
use of chipped tire rubber particles was more significant that when crumbed tire
rubber particles were used. Moreover, the reduction in compressive strength is
directly proportional to the tire rubber content. ( M.M. Reda Taha et al 2008)
22) Seyfu Abrham Kebede et al (22) evaluated the properties of fresh and hardened
concrete produced by replacing part the natural coarse aggregate with an aggregate
produced from locally available recycled tire rubber. He observed that Slump and
workability was significantly increased with the introduction of recycled rubber
tires into concrete. Slump has increased with the increase in the percentage of
rubber in concrete. A reduction in the unit weight up to 24% was observed when
50% by volume of the coarse aggregate was replaced by rubber aggregates. Rubber
aggregate tends to behave like weak inclusions or voids in the concrete resulting in
a reduction in the compressive strength. There was a smaller reduction in split
tensile strength as compared to the reduction in the compressive strength. Addition

of rubber aggregate resulted in a significant increase in impact resistance compared

with the control concrete. (Abrham Kebede Seyfu 2010)
23) Vadivel T. Senthil and Thenmozhi R et al (23) are studied to evaluate the effects
of rubber aggregate on Portland cement concrete properties. They concluded that
the increase in percentage of shredded fine rubber decreases compressive strength
and split tensile strength. 6% replacement of waste tire rubber proves exceptionally
well in compression, tensile and flexural strength. They suggested that the use of
this concrete is suitable for lintel beams, floor slabs, and ribs where load carrying
capacity not governing the design. (T.Senthil Vadivel et al 2012)
24) Wesam Amer Aules et al (24) was studied use of rubber waste as partial
replacement of fine aggregate to produce rubberizes cement mortar. The result
reveals that there is a reduction in strength for waste rubber mixture; also the
modulus of elasticity reduces as the waste rubber content increase. The
deformability of waste rubber concrete decreasing compared to normal concrete. It
appears that the addition of crumb rubber could be beneficial for reducing shrinkage
in mortar. (Wesam Amer Aules 2011)
25) Zheng L et al (25) evaluate the strength modulus of elasticity and brittleness index
of rubberized concrete designed by replacing coarse aggregate in normal concrete
with ground and crushed scrap tire rubber in 15%, 30%, 45% proportion. Objective
of this result were to investigate- I) The compressive strength, static modulus of
elasticity, dynamic modulus of elasticity and II) Relationship between modulus of
elasticity and compressive strength of rubberized concrete, III) Brittle index. After
analysis compressive strength, static and dynamic modulus of elasticity of
rubberized concrete decreased as increasing amount of rubber content. Brittle index
of rubberized concrete were lower than that of normal concrete. (L Zheng,et al
2008)

3. METHODOLOGY
A mix of concrete is designed using locally available materials. All required material
including Cement, Sand, Gravel and rubber aggregate are characterized as per IS code
methods. The tire waste is shredded in the size ranges 10 to 20 mm is added in concrete
mix as a substitute of aggregate respectively in 6%, 12%, 18% proportions. The present
work proposes to cast test specimen of concrete cube, cylinder for experimental study and
testing. After 7 & 28 days of curing the test on various concrete specimen is taken to
analyze results
Flowchart of study Start
To study previous literature for decide mix proportion of

concrete
Testing on material
Determining the water-cement ratio (W/C)
Calculate the composition of rubber aggregate, fine aggregate, coarse

aggregate, cement and water to make concrete mix
Mixing
Manufacture of test specimens
Test specimen for compressive strength and tensile strength after 7 & 28
days of curing
End
Fig 3.1 Flowchart of study

Table 3.1 No of specimen used for different % of 20mm Rubber aggregate replaced
20mm Rubber aggregate (%) Specimen
0% 6 cubes & 6 Cylinders
Photograph 3.1: 20 mm scrap tire aggregate

4.EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.1 TEST ON MATERIAL TAKEN:-
Cement-
-Fineness of cement -Standard consistency
-Soundness test -Compressive strength of cement
-Initial and Final setting time
Fine Aggregate (Sand)-
-Sieve analysis & water absorption -Specific gravity of aggregate
Coarse Aggregate-
-Impact value -Crushing value
-Specific gravity &Water absorption -Flakiness & Elongation Index test
- Fineness modulus & Sieve analysis
20mm Scrap Tire Rubber Coarse Aggregate -
-Specific gravity &Water absorption -Flakiness & Elongation Index test

4.2 MATERIALS
4.2.1 Natural Aggregate
Gravels are obtained by crushing natural basalt stone obtain from quarries nearby Dhule.
They are hard, strong, tough, clear and free from veins, alkali, vegetable matter and other
deleterious substances. Aggregates are free from such material, which will reduce strength
or durability of concrete.
4.2.2 Sand
Natural sand free from silt, veins, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious substances,
obtained from Tapi River Dhule.
4.2.3 Cement
Ultratech 53 GRADE Ordinary Portland cement is used for all mixes.
4.2.4 20mm Scrap tire Aggregate

Scrap tire obtained from Scrap tire section, Dhule. This cut into pieces of 20mm size
mechanically.
4.2.5 Potable Water
Water used for drinking purpose is used for mixing and curing.

4.3 Test Performed On Materials:
LABORATORY TEST ON CEMENT

Cement acts as a binding agent for materials. Cement as applied in Civil
Engineering Industry is produced by calcining at high temperature. It is a mixture of
calcareous, siliceous, aluminous substances and crushing the clinkers to a fine powder.
Cement is the most expensive materials in concrete and it is available in different forms.
When cement is mixed with water, a chemical reaction takes place as a result of which the
cement paste sets and hardens to a stone mass.
Ultra tech 53 grade ordinary Portland cement is used for this work. This cement is
most widely used in construction industries. The specific gravity of cement is 3.15. Storage
of cement requires extra special care to preserve its quality and fitness for use. To prevent
its deterioration it is necessary to protect it from rain, winds and moisture. The cement was
purchased from local building material supplier in Dhulia, Maharashtra.
4.3.1 Fineness of Cement by Dry Sieving
Cement is in the form of powder, which is obtained by grinding the various raw
materials after calcining. The grinding produces finer particles of cement. The degree
which the cement is ground to smaller and particles is called fineness of cement. During
use of cement in structure water mixed with cement. A chemical reaction takes place
between water and cement, and it is called hydration. The strength of cement concrete
or mortar develops with the cement, higher the rate of hydration. More the rate of
hydration faster is the developer of strength. Finer the cement, higher rate of hydration
and so faster the development of strength .This is because finer cement offers greater
surface area of particles for hydration. At the same time the rate of development of heat
due to hydration also increases. As per BIS 269-1976, the residue by weight on 90
micron IS sieve by dry sieving. Should but exceed 10% by weight in case of OPC. The
coarser more than 10% signifies less fine cement and vice versa. As per BIS 269-1976,
the residue by weight on 90 micron IS sieve by dry sieving. Should but exceed 10% by
weight in case of OPC. The coarser more than 10% signifies less fine cement and vice
versa.

4.3.2 Standard Consistency of Cement
The standard consistency of cement paste is defined as that consistency which

permits the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the
Vicatmould. It is expressed as amount of water as a percentage (by weight) of dry cement.
Standard consistency of cement is called normal consistency. As per BIS 4031 (1968) the
standard consistency obtained must be 30%.
4.3.3 Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement
The initial setting time is the time interval between the time when water is added to
cement and the time of partial loss of plasticity, as determined by a standard test in which
the needle penetrates the block to a depth of 5mm from bottom.
1. The final setting time is the time interval between the time when water is added to
cement &the time it acquires a certain firmness to resist certain definite pressure, as
determined a standard test in which the needle make an impression on the block while
an attachment fails to do so. As per BIS 269 for OPC T1 the initial setting time should
not be less than 30 min and T2 final setting time should not be more than 600 min.
4.3.4 Soundness of OPC by Le-Chatelier Method
Any structure has to have a longer life, i.e. it has to be durable. Durability depends
on how sound is the material used, may be cement, sand or aggregate, As far as the cement
is concerned, the soundness depends on its ingredients, specially excess of lime and/or
magnesium oxide present in the cement cause its soundness. These materials expand in the
structure and thus the concrete to mortar also expands, causing disintegration. The test is
designed to accelerate the expansion in cement paste by application of heart. The expansion
beyond certain limit indicates unsound cement. As per BIS 269-1987 for OPC, the
Expansion should not be more than 10 mm.

4.3.5 Compressive Strength of OPC Cement
The most important properly of cement in this form is its compressive strength.
Many other properties of mortar or concrete are related to its compressive strength, and so
knowledge of this strength is essential. As per BIS 269-1987 for OPC, comp strength of
cement mortar at 3 days should not be less than 16.3N/mm2 and at 7 days should not be less
than 22.4 N/mm2.
4.4 LABORATORY TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATES
4.4.1 Fineness Modulus & Particle Size Analysis of Aggregates
It is an empirical factor which is one hundredth of the sum of cumulative percentage

of the fractions of a sample retained when sieve successfully through the IS sieve. The FM
for CA is usually more than 5 and FM for FA should be in between 2.6 to 2.9 for
construction works. Grading of aggregates us the particles size distribution of the
aggregates. The sieve analysis is conducted to determine the gradation in the sample of
aggregate for carrying out sieve analysis the materials are sieved through. For Coarse
Aggregates : 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2mm For Fine Aggregate: 10 mm, 4.75
mm, 2 mm, 1 mm, 600µ, 300µ, 150µ, 75µ. F.M. for C.A should be more than 5 and F.M
for F.A. should be in between 2.6 to 2.9.
Total weight of for sample coarse aggregate “w”=200 gm. to be taken
4.4.2 Test to Determine Water Absorption and Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
Water absorption is the aggregate absorbs water in concrete and thus affects the
workability and final volume of concrete. The rate and amount of absorption within a time
interval equal to the final set of the cement is more significant. The absorption capacity of
CA is about 0.5 to 1 % by weight of aggregate. Average specific gravity of the rocks varies
from 2.6 to 2.8.

Water- It is an important ingredient of concrete almost any nature water i.e. fit for drinking
and has no undesirable paste or color is generally acceptable for making concrete
4.5 LABORATORY TEST ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The purpose of the test is to determine the crushing strength of hardened concrete
and is conducted on test specimens of concrete either during mix design in laboratory or
from concrete being used on construction. It serves as a good guide for quality control.
The compressive strength is the maximum force per unit area, in compression which
a material can withstand before breaking. The compressive strength of concrete is the most
useful and important property of concrete. Many other properties concrete such as
durability, resistance to shrinkage, young are modulus; imperviousness, etc. are depended
on the compressive strength of concrete. Thus the compressive strength reflects the overall
quantity of concrete.
Thus compressive strength of hardened concrete is affected by various factor such

as, water cement ratio (Smaller the w/c ratio higher the strength and vice versa.) Quality
and type of cement (fresh cement gives more strength than older cement), Grading of
aggregate (well graded aggregate gives a good mix with higher strength), Quality of
aggregate, mixing method (machine mixing gives a more homogeneous mass than hand
mixing), compaction (compaction by vibration gives more compact and strong concrete
than hand tamping by rods or tampers), curing age of concrete (strength increases with age
i.e. 7 days is 67% of strength at 28 days.)

4.6 RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS OF LABORATORY TEST ON CEMENT
4.6.1 Fineness of cement (IS: 4031 PART 1)-1996

Type of cement - Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Weight of cement - 500grams
Table 4.1: - Observations and Calculation to Determine Fineness of Cement
No. Particulars Weight in gm
1 Weight of cement (W) gm 500 gm
Weight of cement retained after sieving through 90µ

2 38 gm
(W1) gm
3 Weight of retained on the sieve (W1/W) X 100 (38/500)X100=7.6
RESULT:- 7.6% [Which is not exceed 10% as per BIS 269-1976]
4.6.2 Standard consistency of cement (IS: 4031 PART 4)-1988

Standard consistency of cement is expresses amount of water as a percentage (By
Weight) of dry cement. Weight of cement- 300 grams.
Table 4.2: - Observations and Calculation to determine Standard Consistency of

Cement
Weight of Weight of Position of vicat needle

(W2/W1)x100
No. Water W1 Water point after penetration
in Percentage
gm. W2gm. from bottom
1 93 300 31 21
2 97 300 32.33 16
3 103 300 34.3 7

RESULT: The percentage by weight of water with respect to cement to produce standard
consistency = 35%
4.6.3 Initial and final setting time of cement (IS: 4031 PART 5)-1988
The initial and final setting time is the interval between the times when water is
added to cement.
Weight of sample = 300 gms
Weight of water added = 0.85x35 =29.75 gms .
Where, Pn=% of water for standard consistency.
Initial setting time 35 minutes
Final setting time 310 minutes.
4.6.4 Soundness of cement (IS: 4031 PART 3)-1988

The observed elongation between indicators of Le-Chateliars apparatus is not more
than 10 mm for each assembly.
Result: the observed average elongation is 9.7mm

4.6.5 Compressive strength of cement (IS: 4031 part 6)-1988

The compressive strength of cement is the most important property of cement.
Table 4.3: - Observations and Calculation to Determine Compressive Strength of Cement
Average
Crushing Compressive
Age Area A Compressive
No. Load Strength
Strength
Days (mm2)
(N) (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
1 3 130000 5000 26
2 3 125000 5000 25 26.33
3 3 140000 5000 28
4 7 172000 5000 34.4
5 7 175000 5000 35 35.13
6 7 180000 5000 36
RESULT: The compressive strength of cement mortar at age of 3 days is 26.33 N/mm2
and at age 7 days is 35.13 N/mm2, thus it satisfies as per IS specification.
4.7 OBSERVATION OF LABORATORY TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
The coarse aggregates are collected from local approved Rajendra Stone Crusher
Unit, Dhulia, Maharashtra, India.
4.7.1 Fineness Modulus and Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
The sieve analysis is conducted to determine the gradation in the sample of

aggregate for carrying out sieve analysis the materials are sieved through various IS sieves.

Weight of sample = 5 Kg
Table 4.4: - Observations and Calculation to Determine Fineness Modulus and Particle
Size of coarse Aggregate
Weight of
Cumulative
IS Sieve Aggregate Percentage Cumulative
No. % Remarks
Size (mm) Retained Retained % Retained
Passing
in Kg
1 80 0 0 0 100
2 40 0 0 0 100
3 20 0 0 0 100
4 16 0.096 1.92 1.92 98.08
5 12.5 1.974 39.48 41.4 58.6 Confirming

to table 5 IS
6 10 0.98 19.6 61 39 383-1970
7 4.75 1.655 33.1 94.1 5.9
8 2.36 0.212 4.24 98.34 1.66
9 1.18 0.018 0.36 98.7 1.3
10 150µ 0 0

4.7.2 CRUSHING STRENGTH OF AGGREGATE (IS: 2386 PART 4)-1963
As per IS 383-1970 permissible limit of Crushing strength is up to 30%.

Result: crushing strength is 13.93% Therefore calculated Crushing strength is within
permissible limit.
4.7.3 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE (IS 2386 PART 4)-1963
As per IS 383-1970 permissible limit of Impact value is up to 30%.

Result: Impact Value is 18.5%. Therefore Calculated impact value is within
permissible limit.
4.7.4 FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION INDEX OF AGGREGATE (IS 2386 PART

1)-1963
As per IS 2386(part-1)-1963 permissible limit of Flakiness index is in between 10 to
15%.
Result: Flakiness index is 14.06%. Therefore calculated Flakiness index is within

permissible limit.
As per IS 2386(part-1)-1963 permissible limit of Elongation index is up to 15%.
Result: Elongation index is 14.87%. Therefore calculated Elongation index is within

permissible limit.

4.7.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATE
Sample weight = 2 Kg
Table 4.5: - Observation to Determine the Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
Sr. No. Particulars Wt. in grams
1 Basket + Aggregate + Water (A1) 9927
2 Basket + Water (A2) 8511
3 Dry Aggregate in Atmosphere (B) 1955
4 Aggregate Dry in Oven (C) 1884
4.7.6 Water Absorption for Coarse Aggregate
Water absorption is the aggregate absorbs water in concrete and thus affects the
workability and final volume of concrete.
Table 4.6: - Observation and Calculation to Determine Water Absorption of Coarse

Aggregate
1 Basket + Aggregate + Water (A1) 9927
2 Basket + Water (A2) 8511
3 Dry Aggregate in Atmosphere (B) 1955
4 Aggregate Dry in Oven (C) 1924
𝐵−𝐶 1955−1924
Water Absorption = ∗ 100 = = 1.61
𝐶 1924

4.8 RESULT AND OBSERVATION OF LABORATORY TEST ON SAND
4.8.1 Fineness Modulus and Particle Size Analysis of Fine Aggregate.
Sample of weight = 1Kg
Table 4.7: - Observations to Determine Fineness Modulus and Sieve Analysis of fine
aggregates
Weight of
Cumulative
IS Sieve Aggregate Percentage Cumulative
No. % Remarks
Size (mm) Retained Retained % Retained
Passing
in Kg
1 4.75 0.005 0.5 0.5 99.5
2 2.36 0.07 7 7.5 92
3 1.18 0.155 15.5 23 77
4 600µ 0.207 20.7 43.7 56.3 Confirming

to grading
5 300µ 0.466 46.6 90.3 9.7
zone II of
6 150µ 0.07 7 97.3 2.7 table 4 BIS
383-1970
∑=262.3
7 75µ
Residue
8
sum losses

4.8.2 Specific Gravity Test for Fine Aggregate
Table 4.8: - Observation and Calculation to Determine Specific Gravity of Fine

Aggregate
1 Weight of empty pycnometer (W1) 642
2 Weight of empty pycnometer + soil (W2) 1423
3 Weight of empty pycnometer + soil + water (W) 2037
4 Weight of pycnometer + water (W4) 1558
4.9 RESULTS OF TEST CARRIED ON 20MM SCRAP TIRE RUBBER
Table 4.9 Test carried on 20mm scrap tire Rubber
Fineness Specific Water Flakiness Elongation

Test
Modulus Gravity absorption index index
Result 1.98 1.10 0.00% 13.87% 14.20%

4.10 MIX DESIGN FOR M20 GRADE CONCRETE
Control mixture for M-20 grade concrete was designed as per IS:10262-2009. Mix
design is the process of selection of suitable ingredients of concrete and to determine their
properties with object of producing concrete of certain maximum strength and durability,
as economical as possible. The purpose of designing is to achieve the stipulated minimum
strength, durability and to make the concrete in the most economical manner.
Data required for mix design:
1. Specific Gravity of cement = 3.15

2. Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate = 3.14
3. Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate = 2.5
4. Water absorption for coarse aggregate = 3.76
5. Water absorption for fine aggregate = 3.76
1) To find target mean strength of concrete for a tolerance factor of 1.65 and using Table
1 of BIS 10262:1982, the target mean strength for specified characteristics cube
strength is, σ = fck + 1.65 x Standard deviation
= 20+1.65x4 =26.6 MPa
2) To find selection of water cement ratio from fig. 2 of IS 10262:1982, the free water
cement ratio required for the target mean strength of 26.6N/mm2 is 0.50
3) Selection of water content and fine to total aggregate ratio : from table 4 of IS
10262:1982, for maximum size aggregates and sand conforming to grading zone II,
i. Water content for per cubic meter of concrete = 186Kg
ii. Sand content as percentage = 3% of total aggregate by absolute volume
adjustment of values in water content and sand percentage for other conditions as
percentage for other conditions as percentage of per table –6 of IS 10262:1982

Determination of cement content
Water cement ratio = 0.50 Water = 186Kg
0.50 Water = 186Kg
Determination of fine and coarse aggregate contents-
From table 3 of IS: 10262:1982, for the specified maximum size of aggregate of
20mm the amount of entrapped air in the wet concrete is 2.0% taking this into account and
applying equations from IS: 10262-1982
1) Fine Aggregate (Fa)
Fine Aggregate (FA) = 592Kg/m3
2) Course Aggregate (CA)

3) The mix proportion for Mix-20 become
Table no 4.10 M20 proportion mix
Water Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
186 372kg/m3 592kg/ m3 1213kg/ m3
0.50 1 1.591 3.26
4) Actual quantities required for the mix per bag of cement

i) Cement 50 Kg
Ii) Sand 80 Kg
Iii) Coarse Aggregate 163 Kg
5) Materials required for a batch of m20 grade concrete:
Volume Calculations:
Volume of 1 cube = 3.375 x 10-3 m3
Volume of 1 cylinder = 5.30 x 10-3 m3

Total volume to be filled with concrete = 208.2 x10-3
Table No. 4.11. Total quantity of materials required for one set of cube, cylinder for each
percent
20mm Scrap Specimen Cement Sand Aggregate 20mm Scrap Tire

Rubber Aggregate(Kg)
(Kg) (Kg) (Kg)
Replacement (%)
0% 6cubes, 6cylinder 19.36 30.81 63.13 -
6% 6cubes, 6cylinder 19.36 30.81 59.34 3.79
12% 6cubes, 6cylinder 19.36 30.81 55.55 7.58
18% 6cubes, 6cylinder 19.36 30.81 51.76 11.36

4.11 HAND MIXING OF CONCRETE- (IS: 100886-1982)

1. The concrete batch mixed on a water tight, non-absorbent platform with a shovel, trowel.
2. The cement, 20mm scrap tire aggregate and fine aggregate mixed dry until mixture is
thoroughly blended and is uniform in color.
3. Then coarse aggregates are added and mixed with the cement, 20mm scrap tire
aggregate, Sand fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed
throughout the batch.
4. Then water added and the entire batch mixed until the concrete appears to be
homogeneous and the desired consistency.
4.12 TEST ON FRESH CONCRETE

Compaction factor test. (IS 383-1970)
The compacting factor is defined as the ratio of the weight of partially compacted concrete
to the weight of fully compacted concrete.
1. The sample of concrete to be tested placed gently in the upper hopper of compacting test
factor apparatus using the hand scoop.The hopper filled level with its brim.
3. The trap-door of upper hopper is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
4. During this process, the cylinder is covered by the trowels.
5. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, the cylinder is uncovered and the trap-
door of the lower hopper is then opened, and concrete allowed falling into the cylinder.
6. The excess of concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder is then cut
off and level the surface by a trowel.
7. The outside of the cylinder then be wiped clean.
8. The weight of the concrete in the cylinder is then determined. This weight is known as
the weight of partially compacted concrete.
9. The cylinder refilled with concrete from the sample in layers approximately 5 cm deep,
the layers heavily rammed so as to obtain full compaction.
10. The top surface of the fully compacted concrete to be struck off level with the top of
the cylinder. The outside of the cylinder then wiped clean.
Weight of partially compacted concrete.
11. Calculation : Compaction factor= Weight of fully compacted concrete.

4.13 CASTING OF TEST SPECIMEN (IS: 10086-1982)

4.13.1 Concrete Cube
1. The cube moulds are of 150mm size confirming to IS: 10086-1982.

2. In assembling the mould for use, the joints between the section of mould shall be thinly
coated with mould oil and a similar coating of mould oil shall be applied between the
contact surface of bottom of the mould and the base plate in order to ensure that no water
escape during the filling.
3. The interior surface of the assembled mould shall be thinly coated with mould oil to
prevent adhesion of the concrete.
4. Compaction of test specimen shall be made as soon as practicable after mixing, and in
such way as to produce full compaction of the concrete with neither segregation nor
excessive laitance.
5. The concrete filled into the mould in layers approximately 5cm deep.
6. In placing each scoopful of concrete, the scoop shall be moved around the top edge of
the mould as the concrete slides from it, in order to ensure a symmetrical distribution of
the concrete within the mould.
7. Each layer shall be compacted by hand and after the top layer has been compacted, the
surface of the concrete shall be finished level with the top of the mould, using a trowel, and
covered with a metal to prevent evaporation.
8. When compaction is done by hand, the standard tamping bar shall be used and the strokes
of bar shall be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section of the mould.
9. The 35 number of strokes are given per layer.
10. The strokes shall penetrate into the underlying layer and the bottom layer shall be
rodded throughout its depth.
11. The voids left by the tamping bar, are close by tapping the sides of the mould.

4.13.2 Concrete Cylinders

1. The cylindrical moulds are of 150mm diameter & 300mm height conforming to IS:
10086-1982.
2. In assembling the mould for use, the joints between the section of mould shall be thinly
coated with mould oil and a similar coating of mould oil shall be applied between the
contact surface of the bottom of the mould and the base plate in order to ensure that no
water escape during the filling.
3. The interior surface of the assembled mould shall be thinly coated with mould oil to
prevent adhesion of the concrete.
4. Compaction of test specimen shall be made as soon as practicable after mixing, and in
such way as to produce full compaction of the concrete with neither segregation nor
excessive laitance.
5. The concrete filled into the mould in layers approximately 5cm deep.
6. In placing each scoopful of concrete, the scoop shall be moved around the top edge of
the mould as the concrete slides from it, in order to ensure a symmetrical distribution of
the concrete within the mould.
7. Each layer shall be compacted by hand and after the top layer has been compacted, the
surface of the concrete shall be finished level with the top of the mould, using a trowel, and
covered with a metal to prevent evaporation.
8. When compaction is done by hand, the standard tamping bar shall be used and the strokes
of bar shall be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section of the mould.
9. The 30 number of strokes are given per layer.
10. The strokes shall penetrate into the underlying layer and the bottom layer shall be
rodded throughout its depth.
11. The voids left by the tamping bar, are close by tapping the sides of the mould.

Photograph 4.1: Hand Mixing of Concrete Photograph 4.2: Casting of Cube

4.14 CURING
1. The test specimen stored in moist air of 90 percent relative humidity, free from vibration
and at a temperature of 270 c for 24 hour from the time of addition of water to the dry
ingredients.
2. After this period, the specimens marked and removed from the moulds.
3. Immediately submerged in clean, fresh water and kept until taken out just prior to test.
4. The water in which specimen are submerge renewed after every seven days and
maintained at a temperature of 270c.
5. The specimens are not allowed to become dry at any time until they had tested.
Photograph 4.3: Test Specimen after curing of 7 and 28 days

4.15 TESTING OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN
4.15.1 Test for Compressive Strength on Concrete Cube Specimen (IS: 516)-1959
1. Specimen tested after removal from water, while they are in wet condition.
2. The weight of specimen noted before testing.
3. The bearing surfaces of the testing machine wiped clean and loose sand or other material
removed from the surface of the specimen, which are to be in contact with the compression
platens.
5. The cube specimen placed in the machine in such a manner that the load applied to
opposite sides of the cube as cast.
6. The axis of the specimen carefully aligned with Centre of thrust of the spherically seated
platen.
7. As the spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen, the movable portion
rotated gently by hand so uniform seating may be obtained.
8. The load applied without shock and increased continuously until the resistance of the
specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained.
10. The maximum load applied to the specimen then recorded and the appearance of the
concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure recorded.
Maximum load applied to the specimen
11. Calculation:- Compressive strength= cross−sectional area of specimen
Average of three values taken as the representative.
Photograph 4.4: Testing of concrete cube specimen

4.15.2 Test for splitting tensile strength of concrete specimen (IS: 5816)-1999
1. Cylindrical specimen tested immediately on removal from the water while, they are still
in weight.
2. Surface water and grit then wiped off the specimen and any projecting fins removed
from the surfaces which are to be in contact with the packing strips.
3. Central line drawn on the two opposite faces of the cylinder to ensure that they are in
the same axial plane.
4. The test specimen placed in the machine so that the specimen is located centrally.
5. It is ensured that the upper platen is parallel with the lower platen.
6. The load applied without shock and increased continuously until failure.
7. The maximum load applied on the cylinder specimen then recorded.
8. The appearance on broken surface of concrete observed if any unusual features in the
type of failure then noted.
2p
9. Calculation Spitting tensile strength, fct= π l d , Where,P= Maximum load in
Newton.
l= Length of specimen in mm. d= Cross sectional dimension of the specimen.
Photograph 4.5: Testing Of Concrete Cylinder Specimen

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 RESULT OF TESTS CARRIED ON MATERIAL
5.1.1 Results of test carried on Aggregate
Table 5.1 Test carried on Aggregate
Fineness Specific Water Flakiness Elongation Crushing Inpact

Test
modulus Gravity absorption index index strength value
Result 3.95 3.15 1.61% 14.06% 14.87% 13.93% 18.5%
Discussion –
1. As per IS 383-1970 permissible limit of Crushing strength is up to 30%. Therefore

calculated Crushing strength is within permissible limit.
2. As per IS 383-1970 permissible limit of Impact value is up to 30%. Therefore
Calculated impact value is within permissible limit.
3. As per IS 2386(part-3)-1963 the permissible limit of Water absorption is in between
0.5 to 2%. Therefore calculated Water absorption is within permissible limit
4. As per IS 2386(part-1)-1963 permissible limit of Flakiness index is in between 10 to

15%. Therefore calculated Flakiness index is within permissible limit.
5. As per IS 2386(part-1)-1963 permissible limit of Elongation index is up to 15%.

Therefore calculated Elongation index is not within permissible limit.
5.1.2 Results of test carried on sand
Table 5.2 Test carried on sand

Test Fineness modulus Specific Gravity Water absorption
Result 2.62 2.5 1.63

Discussion –

0.5 to 2%. Therefore calculated Water absorption is within permissible limit
5.1.3 Results of test carried on 20mm scrap tire Rubber
Table 5.3 Test carried on 20mm scrap tire Rubber
Fineness Specific Water Flakiness Elongation

Test
Modulus Gravity absorption index index
Result 1.98 1.10 0.00% 13.87% 14.20%
Discussion –

0.5 to 2%. Therefore calculated Water absorption is not within permissible limit.
2. As per IS 2386(part-1)-1963 permissible limit of Flakiness index is in between 10 to

15%. Therefore calculated Flakiness index is within permissible limit.
3. As per IS 2386(part-1)-1963 permissible limit of Elongation index is up to 15%.

Therefore calculated Elongation index is not within permissible limit.
5.1.4 Results of test carried on Cement
Table 5.4 Test carried on cement
Standard Initial Final Soundness Fineness Compressive

Test strength
consistency setting time setting time
Result 35% 35 minute 310 minute 9.7% 7.6% 35.13N/mm2

Discussion –
1. As per IS 12269 for 53 grade OPC permissible limit of Initial setting time is not less
than 30 minutes.
2. As per IS 12269 for 53 grade OPC permissible limit of Final setting time is not more
than 600 minutes.
3. As per IS 12269 for 53 grade OPC permissible limit of Soundness is up to 10 mm.
4. As per IS 12269 for 53 grade OPC permissible limit of fineness is up to 10 %.
5.2 RESULT OF TESTS CARRIED ON FRESH CONCRETE

5.2.1. Result of compaction factor
Table 5.5 Result of Test on Fresh concrete by Compaction factor method
Replacement of 20mm scrap Date Of Date Of Compaction

No.
tire rubber aggregate in % Casting Testing factor
1 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
0% 2 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
94.25%
3 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
1 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
6% 2 02/04/2016 02/04/2016 86.87%
3 02/04/2016 02/04/2016
1 04/04/2016 04/04/2016
12% 2 04/04/2016 04/04/2016 91.22%
3 04/04/2016 04/04/2016
1 04/04/2016 04/04/2016
18% 2 04/04/2016 04/04/2016

94.31%
3 04/04/2016 04/04/2016

96
94
92
Compaction factor in %
90
88
86
84
82
0 6 12 18
COMPACTION FACTOR
94.25 86.87 91.22 94.31
TEST
% replacement by 20mm scrap tyre rubber aggregate

Fig.5.1 Result of compaction factor of concrete
Discussion-
1. The minimum workability of concrete is 86.87% at 6% replacement of 20mm scrap
tire rubber aggregate.
2. The maximum workability of concrete is 94.31% at 18 % replacement of 20mm scrap
3. At 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, the workability of concrete is
decreased by 7.38% as compared with Workability of traditional concrete.
4. At 12% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, the workability of concrete
is increased by 4.35% as compared with 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber
aggregate.

5.3 RESULT OF TESTS CARRIED ON HARDENED CONCRETE

5.3.1 Compressive strength of concrete
Table 5.6 Compressive strength of concrete cube specimen tested after 7 days of curing
Replacement Avg.
of 20mm Load at Strength
Date of Date of failure at 7 days
scrap tire Sr. No. Strength
casting testing
coarse agg. (KN) (N/mm2)
in % (N/mm2)
1 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 520.65 23.14
0 2 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 525.94 23.37 23.20
3 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 520.10 23.11
1 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 380.55 16.91
6 2 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 390.12 17.33 17.15
3 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 387.45 17.22
1 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 310.65 13.81
12 2 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 320.32 14.23 14.12
3 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 322.80 14.34
1 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 202.36 8.99
18 2 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 209.94 9.33 9.23
3 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 210.84 9.37

25
Compressive strength in N/mm²

20
15
10
0
0 6 12 18
COMPRESSIVE
23.2 17.15 14.12 9.23
STRENGTH
Fig.5.2 Compressive strength of concrete cube specimen tested after 7days of curing
Discussion-
1. The maximum compressive strength is 23.2 N/mm2 at 0% replacement of 20mm Scrap
2. The compressive strength is at 6% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate is
6.05% smaller than the compressive strength of traditional concrete.
3. At 18% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate compressive strength is
decreased by 7.92 % as compared with the compressive strength of concrete at
replacement of 6% and by 13.97% of Compressive strength of traditional concrete.

Table 5.7 Compressive strength of concrete cube specimen tested after 28 days of curing
Replacement Avg.
of 20mm Load at Strength
Date of Date of failure at 28 days
scrap tire Sr. No. Strength
casting testing
coarse agg. (KN) (N/mm2)
in % (N/mm2)
1 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 635.4 28.24
0 2 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 627.8 27.9 28.19
3 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 639.7 28.43
1 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 583.5 25.93
6 2 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 592.6 26.33 26.28
3 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 598.4 26.6
1 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 541.5 24.1
12 2 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 537.5 23.88 22.39
3 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 431.8 19.19
1 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 381.8 16.96
18 2 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 405.3 18.01 17.52
3 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 395.9 17.6

30
25
Compressive strength in N/mm²

20
15
10
0
0 6 12 18
COMPRESSIVE
28.19 26.28 22.39 17.52
STRENGTH
Fig.5.3 Compressive strength of concrete cube specimen tested after 28 days of curing
Discussion-
1. The maximum compressive strength is 28.19 N/mm2 at 0% replacement of 20mm
Scrap tire rubber aggregate.
2. The compressive strength is at 6% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate
is 1.91% smaller than the compressive strength of traditional concrete.
3. At 18% replacement of 20mm Scrap tire rubber aggregate compressive strength is
decreased by 8.76% as compared with the compressive strength of concrete at
replacement of 6% and by 10.67% of Compressive strength of traditional concrete.

5.3.2 Split tensile strength of concrete

Table 5.8 Split Tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen tested after 7 days of
curing
Replacement
of 20mm
Load at Strength at Avg.
scrap tire Sr Date of Date of
failure 7 days Strength
rubber no casting testing
(KN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
aggregate in
%
1 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 151.50 2.14
0 2.09
2 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 147.82 2.09
3 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 144.44 2.04
1 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 140.76 1.99

6 2.01
2 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 144.46 2.04
3 02/04/2016 09/04/2016 142.35 2.01
1 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 112.24 1.58

12 1.60
2 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 118.54 1.67
3 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 109.90 1.55
1 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 76.78 1.08

18 1.11
2 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 79.52 1.12
3 04/04/2016 11/04/2016 81.26 1.15

2.5
Split tensile strength in N/mm²

2
1.5
0.5
0
0 6 12 18
SPLIT TENSILE
2.09 2.01 1.6 1.11
STRENGTH
Fig.5.4 Split tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen tested after 7 days of curing
Discussion-
1. The maximum Split tensile strength of concrete is 2.09 N/mm2 at 0% replacement of

20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate.
2. The Split tensile strength at 6%replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate is
0.08% smaller than the Split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
3. For 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate the Split tensile strength is
nearly equal to Split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
4. At 18% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate Split tensile strength is
decreased by 0.9 % as compared with the Split tensile strength at 6% replacement of
20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate and by 0.98% for traditional concrete.

Table 5.9 Split Tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen tested after 28 days of
curing
Replacement
of 20mm Load at Strength at Avg.
Sr Date of Date of
scrap tire failure 28 days Strength
no casting testing
rubber (KN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
aggregate in
%
1 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 180.8 2.55
0
2 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 183.4 2.6 2.57
3 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 181.5 2.56
1 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 150.7 2.13

6
2 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 148.3 2.09 2.12
3 02/04/2016 30/04/2016 153.1 2.16
1 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 119.5 1.69

12
2 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 117.6 1.66 1.69
3 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 121.6 1.72
1 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 98.3 1.39

18
2 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 95.6 1.35 1.40
3 04/04/2016 02/05/2016 103.2 1.45

2.5
Split tensile strength in N/mm²

2
1.5
0.5
0
0 6 12 18
SPLIT TENSILE
2.57 2.12 1.69 1.4
STRENGTH
Fig.5.5 Split tensile strength of concrete cylinder specimen tested after 28 days of curing
Discussion-
1. The maximum Split tensile strength of concrete is 2.57 N/mm2 at 0% replacement

of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate.
2. The Split tensile strength at 6%replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate is
0.45% smaller than the Split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
3. At 18% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate Split tensile strength is
decreased by 0.72% as compared with the Split tensile strength at 6% replacement
of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate and by 1.17% for traditional concrete.

6. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
1. The test conducted on materials like Aggregate, Sand, Cement and rubber having
all test results within permissible limit as per IS codes.
2. The modified concrete mix using recycled tires performs satisfactorily on various
tests, with acknowledgement to the proportional relationship between its rates of strength-
loss and contain of the rubber in the mix. Mixing, casting and compacting the concrete mix
using 20mmscrap tire rubber aggregate with local materials can be carried out in a similar
fashion to that of traditional concrete mix.
3. Modified concrete casted using 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate as a replacement
to coarse aggregate shows reduction in density of concrete compare to traditional concrete.
4. As density of concrete is reduces, self-weight (Dead load) of the structure is
reduces. Therefore design becomes economical.
5. Up to 6% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, compressive strength
is nearly equal to compressive strength of traditional concrete at 28 days.
6. Up to 12% replacement of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, split tensile strength
is less than split tensile strength of traditional concrete.
7. The test result of this study indicate that there is a great potential for the utilisation
of 20mmscrap tire rubber aggregate in concrete mixes up to 6%.
FUTURESCOPE
1. Although it is not recommended to use this modified concrete in structural Element
where high strength is required, it can be used in other construction elements like
partition walls, road barriers, pavements, sidewalks, etc. which are high demand in
construction industries.
2. With the addition of 20mm scrap tire rubber aggregate, the reduction of strength
cannot be avoided. However, this data provides preliminary guidelines of strength-

loss of locally produced modified concrete in comparison with the traditional

concrete.
3. The amount of scrap tires being accumulated in 21th centuries has created a big
challenge for their disposal, thus obliging the authorities to invest in felicitating the
use of 20mmscrap tire rubber aggregate in concrete as the use of concrete is
fundamental to the booming construction industry.

7. REFERENCES
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approach to modelling the mechanical properties of rubber
concrete”,proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in
Civil and Building Engineering, Nottingham University Press, icccbe 2010, 1 – 2.
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state”. Waste Management , 1696-1704.
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of Concrete Containing Recycled Tire Rubber”, International Conference on Construction
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4. Batayneh Malek K., Marie Iqbal, Asi Ibrahim, (2008), “Promoting the use of crumb
rubber concrete in developing countries”, Science Direct Elsevier Ltd, Waste Management
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5. Bignozzi M.C., Sandrolini F., (2006), “Tire rubber waste recycling in self-compacting
concrete”, SCIENCE DIRECT Elsevier Ltd, Cement and Concrete Research 36, 2006,
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Group 2004: Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling ISBN 0-7277-3286-2 Used /
Post-Consumer Tires, Thomas Telford Ltd, 135-142. .
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mixtures”, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Colorado Department
of Public Health and Environment 4300 Cherry Creek Dr. S. Denver, CO 80246-1530.
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Engineering , 478-496.
9. Emira Nadim A., Bajaba Nasser S., “The effect of rubber crumbs addition on some
mechanical properties of concrete composites,” Mechanical design and production dept.

Yanbu Industrial college, Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah 21477, PO Box:30436, Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia, Faculty of engg. Zagzig University, Zigzig 44511, Egypt.
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Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 1 (1): 96-99.
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(Medziagotyra) Vol. 13, No. 3. 2007, 219 – 223.
13. Gobba Sara, Giuseppe Carlo Marano, Massimo Borsa And Marcello Molfetta, (2010),
“Use of Rubber Particles from Recycled Tires as Concrete Aggregate for Engineering
Applications”, Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Material and
technologies, ISBN 978-1-4507-1490-7 June 28 – June 30, 2010, University of
politechnicadelle Marche, Acona, Italy, 1-11.
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concretes containing silica fume”, Science Direct Elsevier Ltd, Cement and Concrete
Research 34, 2004, 2309–2317.
15. Hilal Ameer Abdulrahman, (2011), “Effect of Crumb Tires Rubber on Some Properties
of Foamed Concrete”, Anbar Journal for Engineering Sciences, AJES-2011,Vol.4,./2,1-17
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possible outlet for used tire”, Global NEST Journal, Greece, Vol 12, No 4, 359-367.
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Utilization, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA, 1-20.
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20. Oikonomou N. S. (2009). “Improvement of Chloride ion penestration resistance in

cement mortars modified with rubber from worn automobile tires”. Cement and Concrete
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Use of Waste Tyre Rubber in A Partial Replacement of Aggregate in Concrete

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ME CIVIL DISSERTATION: “USE OF WASTE TIRE RUBBER IN A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

1.3 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

Photograph 1.1 Generation of Scrap tire at S.T. Workshop, Jalgaon

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

compressive strength of concrete. They conclude that, there was a significant

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

of rubber aggregate resulted in a significant increase in impact resistance compared

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

To study previous literature for decide mix proportion of

Determining the water-cement ratio (W/C)

Calculate the composition of rubber aggregate, fine aggregate, coarse

Manufacture of test specimens

Fig 3.1 Flowchart of study

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

18% 6 cubes & 6 Cylinders

Photograph 3.1: 20 mm scrap tire aggregate

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

-Fineness of cement -Standard consistency

-Soundness test -Compressive strength of cement

-Initial and Final setting time

Fine Aggregate (Sand)-

-Sieve analysis & water absorption -Specific gravity of aggregate

-Impact value -Crushing value

-Specific gravity &Water absorption -Flakiness & Elongation Index test

- Fineness modulus & Sieve analysis

20mm Scrap Tire Rubber Coarse Aggregate -

-Specific gravity &Water absorption -Flakiness & Elongation Index test

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

4.2.1 Natural Aggregate

4.2.4 20mm Scrap tire Aggregate

4.2.5 Potable Water

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

4.3 Test Performed On Materials:

LABORATORY TEST ON CEMENT

4.3.1 Fineness of Cement by Dry Sieving

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

4.3.2 Standard Consistency of Cement

The standard consistency of cement paste is defined as that consistency which

4.3.3 Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement

4.3.4 Soundness of OPC by Le-Chatelier Method

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

4.3.5 Compressive Strength of OPC Cement

4.4 LABORATORY TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATES

4.4.1 Fineness Modulus & Particle Size Analysis of Aggregates

It is an empirical factor which is one hundredth of the sum of cumulative percentage

Total weight of for sample coarse aggregate “w”=200 gm. to be taken

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

4.5 LABORATORY TEST ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Thus compressive strength of hardened concrete is affected by various factor such

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S.V.P.S.’s B.S.DEORE COLLEGE

4.6 RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS OF LABORATORY TEST ON CEMENT

4.6.1 Fineness of cement (IS: 4031 PART 1)-1996

Table 4.1: - Observations and Calculation to Determine Fineness of Cement

No. Particulars Weight in gm

1 Weight of cement (W) gm 500 gm