T4-2 [207 marks]

The coordinates of points A, B and C are given as

(5, −2, 5) ,
(5, 4, −1) and
(−1, −2, −1) respectively.

1a. Show that AB = AC and that

[4 marks]
^ C = 60∘ .
BA

1b. Find the Cartesian equation of

[4 marks]
Π, the plane passing through A, B, and C.

1c. (i) Find the Cartesian equation of [4 marks]

Π1 , the plane perpendicular to (AB) passing through the midpoint of [AB] .
(ii) Find the Cartesian equation of
Π2 , the plane perpendicular to (AC) passing through the midpoint of [AC].

1d. Find the vector equation of L , the line of intersection of

[3 marks]
Π1 and
Π2 , and show that it is perpendicular to
Π.

1e. A methane molecule consists of a carbon atom with four hydrogen atoms symmetrically placed around it in three dimensions.
[3 marks]

The positions of the centres of three of the hydrogen atoms are A, B and C as given. The position of the centre of the fourth hydrogen
atom is D.

Using the fact that

AB = AD , show that the coordinates of one of the possible positions of the fourth hydrogen atom is
(−1, 4, 5) .

1f.
A methane molecule consists of a carbon atom with four hydrogen atoms symmetrically placed around it in three dimensions. [6 marks]

The positions of the centres of three of the hydrogen atoms are A, B and C as given. The position of the centre of the fourth hydrogen
atom is D.

Letting D be
(−1, 4, 5) , show that the coordinates of G, the position of the centre of the carbon atom, are
(2, 1, 2) . Hence calculate
DG^ A , the bonding angle of carbon.
2.
Find the values of x for which the vectors [5 marks]
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 2 cos x ⎟ and
⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ −1 ⎞
⎜ 2 sin x ⎟ are perpendicular,
⎝ 1 ⎠
0 ⩽ x ⩽ π2 .

Consider the planes

π1 : x − 2y − 3z = 2 and π2 : 2x − y − z = k .

3a. Find the angle between the planes [4 marks]

π1 and
π2 .

3b.
The planes [5 marks]
π1 and
π2 intersect in the line
L1 . Show that the vector equation of
L1 is
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
r = ⎜ 2 − 3k ⎟ + t ⎜ 5 ⎟
⎝ 2k − 2 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠

3c.
The line [5 marks]
L2 has Cartesian equation
5 − x = y + 3 = 2 − 2z . The lines
L1 and
L2 intersect at a point X. Find the coordinates of X.

3d. Determine a Cartesian equation of the plane [5 marks]

π3 containing both lines
L1 and
L2 .

3e.
Let Y be a point on [5 marks]
L1 and Z be a point on
L2 such that XY is perpendicular to YZ and the area of the triangle XYZ is 3. Find the perimeter of the triangle XYZ.

[6 marks]
4. Given any two non-zero vectors a and b , show that
|a

×b
|2 =
|a
|2 |b

|2 – (a
⋅ b)
2.
 Three distinct non-zero vectors are given by [6 marks]
5.
−→
−
OA = a,
−−→
OB = b, and
−−→
OC = c .
If
−→
−
OA is perpendicular to
−→
BC and
−−→
OB is perpendicular to
−−→
CA , show that
−−→
OC is perpendicular to
−−→
AB.

[6 marks]
6. The angle between the vector a = i − 2j + 3k and the vector b = 3i − 2j + mk is 30° .
Find the values of m.

In the diagram below, [AB] is a diameter of the circle with centre O. Point C is on the circumference of the circle. Let
−−→
OB = b and
−−→
OC = c .

[2 marks]
7a. Find an expression for
−→
CB and for
−
−→
AC in terms of
b and
c.

[3 marks]
7b. Hence prove that

^ B is a right angle.
AC
 Consider the points P(−3, −1, 2) and Q(5, 5, 6).

[3 marks]
8a. Find a vector equation for the line,

L1, which passes through the points P and Q.

The line
L2 has equation

⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛5⎞
r = ⎜ 0 ⎟ +s⎜2⎟.
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝0⎠

[4 marks]
8b. Show that

L1 and

L2 intersect at the point R(1, 2, 4).

[3 marks]
8c. Find the acute angle between

L1 and
L2.

[6 marks]
8d. Let S be a point on

L2 such that
∣−→∣ ∣−→∣
∣RP ∣ = ∣RS ∣.
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
Show that one of the possible positions for S is

S1 (−4, 0, 4) and find the coordinates of the other possible position,

S2 .

[4 marks]
8e. Let S be a point on

L2 such that
∣−→∣ ∣−→∣
∣RP ∣ = ∣RS ∣.
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
Find a vector equation of the line which passes through R and bisects
^ S1 .
PR
 [4 marks]
9. Consider the vectors
−→
−
OA = a,
−
−→
OB = b and
−
−→
OC = a + b. Show that if

|a

|=

|b

| then (a + b)

⋅(a − b) = 0. Comment on what this tells us about the parallelogram OACB.

[11 marks]
10a. Consider the vectors a = 6i + 3j + 2k, b = −3j + 4k.

(i) Find the cosine of the angle between vectors a and b.

(ii) Find a

× b.

(iii) Hence find the Cartesian equation of the plane

∏ containing the vectors a and b and passing through the point (1, 1, −1).

(iv) The plane

∏ intersects the x-y plane in the line l. Find the area of the finite triangular region enclosed by l, the x-axis and the y-axis.
 [8 marks]
10b. Given two vectors p and q,

(i) show that p

⋅p =

|p

|2 ;

(ii) hence, or otherwise, show that

|p + q

|2 =

|p

|2 + 2p

⋅q +

|q

|2 ;

(iii) deduce that

|p + q

|≤

|p

|+

|q

|.

11. Consider the vectors a [8 marks]

= sin(2α)i

− cos(2α)j + k and b

= cos αi

− sin αj − k, where

0 < α < 2π.

Let

θ be the angle between the vectors a and b.

(a) Express

cos θ in terms of

α.

(b) Find the acute angle

α for which the two vectors are perpendicular.

(c) For
7π
α= 6
, determine the vector product of a and b and comment on the geometrical significance of this result.
 The vertices of a triangle ABC have coordinates given by A(−1, 2, 3), B(4, 1, 1) and C(3, −2, 2).

[6 marks]
12a.
(i) Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle.

(ii) Find
^ C.
cos BA

[5 marks]
12b. (i) Show that
−→ − −→
BC × CA = −7i − 3j − 16k.

(ii) Hence, show that the area of the triangle ABC is

1 − −−
2
√314 .

[3 marks]
12c. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane containing the triangle ABC.

[2 marks]
12d.
Find a vector equation of (AB).

[5 marks]
12e. The point D on (AB) is such that
−→
−
OD is perpendicular to
−→
BC where O is the origin.

(i) Find the coordinates of D.

(ii) Show that D does not lie between A and B.

[8 marks]
13a. For non-zero vectors

a and

b, show that

(i) if

|a − b| = |a + b|, then

a and

b are perpendicular;

(ii)
2
|a × b| = |a| 2 |b| 2 − (a ⋅ b)2 .
 [7 marks]
13b. The points A, B and C have position vectors

a,

b and

c.

(i) Show that the area of triangle ABC is

1
2
|a × b + b × c + c × a|.

(ii) Hence, show that the shortest distance from B to AC is

|a × b + b × c + c × a|
.
|c − a|

The diagram below shows a circle with centre O. The points A, B, C lie on the circumference of the circle and [AC] is a diameter.

Let
−→
−
OA = a and
−
−→
OB = b .

14a. Write down expressions for [2 marks]

−−→
AB and
−→
CB in terms of the vectors
a and
b.

14b.
Hence prove that angle [3 marks]
^ C is a right angle.
AB

15.
Given that [5 marks]
a = 2 sin θi + (1 − sin θ) j , find the value of the acute angle
θ , so that
a is perpendicular to the line
x + y = 1.

[3 marks]
16a. Show that the points
O(0, 0, 0),
A(6, 0, 0),
−− −−
B(6, − √24 , √12 ),
−− −−
C(0, − √24 , √12 ) form a square.
16b.
Find the coordinates of M, the mid-point of [OB]. [1 mark]

[3 marks]
16c. Show that an equation of the plane
Π, containing the square OABC, is
–
y + √2z = 0.

16d. Find a vector equation of the line [3 marks]

L, through M, perpendicular to the plane

Π.

[3 marks]
16e. Find the coordinates of D, the point of intersection of the line
L with the plane whose equation is
y = 0.

16f.
Find the coordinates of E, the reflection of the point D in the plane [3 marks]
Π.

[6 marks]
16g. (i) Find the angle
^ A.
OD
(ii) State what this tells you about the solid OABCDE.

[6 marks]
17. PQRS is a rhombus. Given that
−
−→
PQ =
a and
−→
−
QR =
b,
(a) express the vectors
−→
PR and
−→
QS in terms of
a and
b;
(b) hence show that the diagonals in a rhombus intersect at right angles.

The vectors a and b are such that a

= (3 cos θ + 6)i
+7 j and b
= (cos θ − 2)i
+(1 + sin θ)j.
Given that a and b are perpendicular,

[3 marks]
18a. show that
3sin2 θ − 7 sin θ + 2 = 0;

[3 marks]
18b. find the smallest possible positive value of
θ.
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