UNIT 1.

GRAMMAR
PRESENT SIMPLE (JO TREBALLO) PRESENT CONTINUOUS (JO ESTIC TREBALLANT)
I, YOU, WE, THEY WORK I, HE, SHE, IT WAS READING
HE, SHE, IT WORKS WE, YOU, THEY WERE READING
ADDING –S ADDING –ING
 WORK-WORKS  WORK-WORKING
 BUY-BUYS  SAVE-SAVING
 STUDY-STUDIES  BUY-BUYING STUDY-STUDYING
 WASH- WASHES ( O, SH,CH,X, SS)  LIE, DIE, TIE LYING, DYING, TYING
 STOP-STOPPING HIT-HITTING
 TRAVEL-TRAVELLING (BEGIN, PREFER, ADMIT, COMMIT, REFER)
1. HABITUAL ACTION- I GO TO SCHOOL ON FOOT 1. NON-HABITUAL ACTION: I ALWAYS GO TO SCHOOL ON FOOT BUT
2. TIMETABLE: THE TRAIN LEAVES AT SIX TODAY I AM GOING BY BUS.
3. HISTORICAL FACTS: COLUMBUS DISCOVERS AMERICA 2. AN ACTION HAPPENING NOW, AT PRESENT, AT THE MOMENT: WE ARE
4. BIOGRAPHICAL EVENTS: SHE STUDIES IN ROME WATCHING A TV SHOW ON CHANNEL 4.
5. UNIVERSAL TRUTH: ICE MELTS IF YOU HEAT IT 3. FUTURE: WE ARE GOING TO BARCELONA TOMORROW
4. TEMPORARY ACTIONS: WE ARE LEARNING THE TENSES
5. ANNOYING HABITS: HE IS ALWAYS BOTHERING ME
STATIC VERBS VERBS WHICH ARE MOSTLY IN THE CONTINUOUS TENSE:
ABSTRACT VERBS : BE, WANT, COST, NEED, CARE, CONTAIN,OWE, EXIST, STANDING SHINING LYING SITTING WEARING
WEIGH, KNOW, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE...
POSSESSION VERBS: OWN, BELONG, POSSESS..
EMOTION VERBS: LIKE, LOVE, HATE, DISLIKE, FEAR, ENVY...
VERBS WITH DIFFERENT MEANING
BE: I AM TIRED / I AM BEING NAUGHTY TODAY TASTE: THIS SOUP TASTED BAD/ I AM TASTING THE WINE
HAVE: HE HAS GOT A CAR / HE IS HAVING A GREAT TIME MISS: I MISS YOU / I AM MISSING MY FAVOURITE SHOW
SEE: I SEE YOU / I AM SEEING MY GRANDPARENTS TODAY HEAR: I HEAR YOU / I AM HEARING A STRANGE SOUND
LOOK: YOU LOOK SAD / YOU ARE LOOKING AT A PICTURE
THINK: I THINK YOU ARE RIGHT / I AM THINKING ABOUT THE PROBLEM
SMELL: THE ROOM SMELLS NICE / I AM SMELLING SOMETHING BURNING

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (JO HE ESCRIT)
I, YOU, WE, THEY HAVE WRITTEN A POEM
HE, SHE, IT HAS WRITTEN A POEM
1. AN ACTION OR SITUATION THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND
CONTINUES IN THE PRESENT: I HAVE LIVED IN BRISTOL SINCE 1984.
2. AN ACTION THAT WAS COMPLETED IN THE VERY RECENT PAST,
Codi: FT-146-GN
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( JO HE ESTAT ESCRIVINT)
I, YOU, WE, THEY HAVE BEEN WRITING A POEM
HE, SHE, IT HAS BEEN WRITING A POEM
1. ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT:
SHE HAS BEEN WAITING FOR YOU ALL DAY (= AND SHE'S STILL
WAITING NOW).
 EXPRESSED BY 'JUST': I HAVE JUST FINISHED MY WORK. 2. ACTIONS THAT HAVE JUST FINISHED, BUT WE ARE INTERESTED IN THE
3. EXPERIENCES: I HAVE SEEN STAR WARS TWICE RESULTS: IT'S BEEN RAINING (= AND THE STREETS ARE STILL WET).
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO LONDON? NO,I HAVE NEVER BEEN TO
LONDON (BUT – I WENT TO LONDON LAST YEAR.)
PARTICLES
ALREADY: SHE HAS ALREADY FINISHED THE ESSAY EVER:HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO LONDON?
JUST: I HAVE JUST ARRIVED NEVER: I HAVE NEVER EATEN SNAILS
YET: HAVE YOU CALLED JOHN YET? NO, I HAVEN’T CALLED HIM YET HOW LONG: HOW LONG HAVE YOU STUDIED ENGLISH?
FOR: SHE HAS WAITED FOR AN HOUR
SINCE: SHE HAS WAITED SINCE FIVE

MAKE DO
make a noise make a cup of tea / coffee do a crossword do harm
make a phone call make a dress do chores do time (to go to prison)
make a plan make a decision do the ironing do well
make a point make a difference do the laundry do your best
make a profit make an effort do the washing do your hair
make a promise make an enquiry do the washing up do your nails
make a remark make an excuse do the shopping do your worst
make a sound make a fool of yourself do your work do a course
make a speech make a fortune do homework do an assignment
make a suggestion make friends do housework
make tea make a fuss do your job
make time make a journey do anything
make a visit make love do everything
make your bed make a mess do nothing.
make a dress make a mistake do badly
make food make money do business
make arrangements make a move do an exam
make believe (to pretend) make a comment do the dishes
make a choice do a favor
do good
INFINITIVE WITH “TO”, ZERO INFINITIVE OR GERUND
GERUND INFINITIVE

 GOING  TO GO
  HAVING GONE
 TO HAVE GONE

1. At the beginning of a sentence: Reading is fun 1. To express a purpose: I study hard to go to university

2. After a preposition (except to) : He is giving up smoking 2. After an adjective, adverb, relative, pronoun: It is easy to do /He told me to do it

3. After certain verbs: I love swimming 3. After superlatives and too/enough: London is the best place to visit./ He is not tall
enough to play basketball
4. After phrasal verbs or sentences: It is no use complaining

1. After all the modals(except: ought to, used to, have to, dare to, be to): I will come soon.
Zero infinitive
2. After let and make in the active form: He lets me go / He makes me do it

3. (I am allowed to go / I am made to do it)

1. NO CHANGE IN MEANING
2. CHANGE IN MEANING
GERUND INFINITIVE

TRY If you are tired, try going tobe earlier Stop that noise! I am trying to concentrate

STOP She stopped seeing him They stopped to have something to eat

MEAN Your decision will mean spending hours in meetings I mean (plan) to start a new business

FORGET I'll never forget meeting Nelson Mandela Don't forget to post the letters

REMEMBER She remembers meeting John for the first time She never remebers to turn off the computer

REGRET We didn't regret taking that decision We regret to inform the passangers that the train will be
delayed

BE She is being cruel to her daughter She is a teacher

NEED / WANT The piano needs tuning You want to tune the piano
3. VERBS WHICH CAN HAVE GERUND OR INFINITVE WITHOUT CHANGE IN MEANING

BEGIN, START, CONTINUE, PREFER, LOVE, HATE, LIKE

4. BE CAREFUL WITH VERBS LIKE: LIKE, LOVE, HATE and so on.

LOVE READING / I WOULD LOVE TO READ (COMPULSORY)