Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Series

Volume 2 Phonetics & Sandhi

Editor : Medhā Michika, AVG, Anaikatti

Published by:

Arsha Avinash Foundation

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 Volume 2
Phonetics and Sandhi

Medhā Michika
AVG Anaikkatti, 2016
Copyright © 2016 by Medhā Michika
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 Table of Contants

Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā]) 1

1. Classification of the sounds 1
Chart 1: Letters/Sounds used in Sanskrit 2
A. Points of articulation 3
B. Efforts 4
2. Varieties of Vowels 6
Chart 2: Variety of vowel 6
3. Similar sounds (89: ; [savar<ā=]) 7
Chart 3: List of similar sounds 7
@ [gu<a=] and 9B C [vDddhi=]
4. ?: 8
Chart 4: List of gu<a and vDddhi letters 8
Topic II - Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :) 9
1. Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :) 9
Chart 5: Māheśvarasūtrā<i 10
2. How to understand Chart 5 11
3. Pratyāhāra= (TU J M ) 11
Topic III - Basics of Sandhi (8 V ) Phonetic change when two sounds meet 14
The Basic Concepts of 8 V (sandhi=) 14
Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;8 V ) 15
Chart 6: Overview of Visarga Sandhi 16
1. X + X ( 9Z[J\ 8 V [śivo'ha^ sandhi=]) 17
b
2. X + _/`a (Xcd;@ e9 a 8 V [arjuna uvāca sandhi=])
b :
and _ + X (? @ ?:K
@ g @ 8 V [gu<ā gu<e u sandhi=] 19
b
3. X + J (dIZ dI 8 V [namo nama= sandhi=]) 23
b 98?; + X (?
4. `a + b hi;
@ j 8 V [gururbrahmā sandhi=]) 26
b 98?; + k/l
5. Xa + b l\ 8 V [du=kha^ sandhi=])
b (m
b 98?; + n/o
Xa + b b (nd@ nd@ 8 V 8 V [puna≍ puna= sandhi=]) 29
b 98?; + other hard consonants
6. Xa +
(M Ip 8 V [rāmaśca sandhi=]), dIrK 8 V [namaste sandhi=]) 32
7. Practice of all visarga sandhi 35

i
 Table of Contants
b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8 41
Chart 7. Overview of Vowel Sandhi 42
The basics of understanding Sandhi sūtras in Pā<inisūtras 43
1. 89:;-s t ;-8 V [savar<a-dīrgha-sandhi=] 44
@
2. ?:-8 V [gu<a-sandhi=] 46
3. 9B C-8 V [vDddhi-sandhi=] 49
General rule (ew?; [utsarga]) and Exception (Xn9 s [apavāda]) 52
b V [ya<-sandhi=]
4. y:-8 53
5. Xy9 y 9-8 V [ayavāyāva-sandhi=] 55
6. zZn k{| [lopa= śākalyasya] 58
; n-8 V [pūrvarūpa-sandhi=]
7. nN9} 59
b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8 61
b V
Overview of Jz-8 61
1. dzZn [na-lopa=] (8.2.7) 62
b
2. k@~I [ku-tvam] (8.2.30) 63
3. g~I [b a-tvam] (8.2.36) 64
b
4. c•~I [jaś-tvam] (8.2.39) 65
b
5. €~I [dha-tvam] (8.2.40) 66
b
6. 2nd h~I [ru-tvam] (8.2.66) 67
@ M [anusvāra=] (8.3.23, 8.3.24)
7. Xd• 68
8. ‚Iƒ@ b-_?I [„amu…-āgama=] (8.3.32) 70
b
9. IN€ ;†~I [mūrdhanya-tvam] (8.3.59) 71
b
10. :~I [<a-tvam] (8.4.1, 8.4.2) 72
11. p~I b ~
@ /‡ b
@ I [ścu-tvam/ …u-tvam] (8.4.40, 8.4.41) 74
12. Xdd@ 8k [anunāsika=] (8.4.45) 76
b
13. c•~I [jaś-tvam] (8.4.53) 77
b
14. a~;I [car-tvam] (8.4.55, 8.4.56) 78
15. nM89:; [parasavar<a=] (8.4.58) 80
16. ˆZ z; [torli] (8.4.60) 82
b
17. ‰yZ JZ[†ˆM| I [jhayo ho'nyatarasyām] (8.4.62) 83
18. •ŠZ[ ƒ [śaśco'…i] (8.4.63) 84

ii
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

Topic I
Phonetics
[śik ā]

[śik ā], phonetics, comes first among the 9Ks-g‹ b-XŒ d [veda- a•-a„gāni], six
limbs or disciplines auxiliary to the study of Veda. Because of the nature of the teaching
tradition, which is k:;-nMŽM [kar<a-paramparā] (orally passed down), it is very important
to be aware of how the sounds are produced by the organ of speech before studying any
other disciplines. As 8 V [sandhi] deals with phonetic changes, [śik ā] is very much
relevant and thus should be understood properly by students.

1. Classification of the sounds

As seen in Chart 1, all the sounds used in Sanskrit are classified in terms of two
aspects.
A. Points of articulation (• d d [sthānāni])
There are six points of articulation.
1. Throat, 2. Palate, 3. Roof, 4. Teeth, 5. Lips, 6. Nose
B. Efforts of pronunciation (Ty’ [prayatnā=])
There are two types of efforts:
i. Internal efforts, which are made before pronunciation
1. Contacted, 2. Slightly contated, 3. Slightly open, 4. Open, 5. Tight
ii. External efforts, which are made during pronunciation
Soft or hard
Aspirated or non-aspirated
Accents
Details follow after the chart.

1
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

Chart 1: Letters/Sounds used in Sanskrit

Slightly
B. Efforts Contacted contacted
Slightly open Open
Hard Soft Hard Soft
A. Points Non-
Aspirate
Non-
Aspirate Non-aspirate Aspirate
aspirate aspirate
(Names of
1st of the 2nd of the 3rd of the 4th of the 5th / Semi
sounds by the point) class class class class (Nasals) vowels
Sibilants Vowels

Throat k l ? t ‚ J X*/_
(Gutturals) ka kha ga gha a ha a/ā
Palate a Š c ‰ • y `/–
(Palatals) ca cha ja jha ña ya śa i/ī
Roof ƒ — ‹ ˜ : M g ™/š
(Cerebrals) a ha a ha a ra a /
Teeth ˆ › s € d z 8 œ
(Dentals) ta tha da dha na la sa $
Lips n o • ž I 9 ** e/Ÿ
(Labials) pa pha ba bha ma va u/ū
Throat & palate (gutturo-palatals) – ¡ e, ¢ ai Throat (guttural) – X = Nose (nasal) – X\ ^ (anusvāra=)
Throat & lips (gutturo-labials) – £ o, ¤ au * Effort of X a – Tight ** Teeth & lips (dento-labial) – 9 va

2
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

A. Points of articulation (• d d [sthānāni])

1. Throat (k¥— [ka<…ha=])

2. Palate (ˆ ¦ [tālu])
3. Roof (IN€ ; [mūrdhā])
4. Teeth (s§ [dantā=])
5. Lips (£¨© [o …hau])
6. Nose (d 8k [nāsikā])

Names of sounds pronounced from each point:

1. Gutturals (k¥ª [ka<thyā=]) are the sounds pronounced from the throat.
2. Palatals (ˆ z« [tālavyā=]) are the sounds pronounced from the palate.
;
3. Cerebrals (IN€† [mūrdhanyā=]) are the sounds pronounced from the roof.
4. Dentals (s¬ [dantyā=]) are the sounds pronounced from the teeth.
5. Labials (£- [o …hyā=]) are the sounds pronounced from the lips.
6. Nasals (Xdd@ 8k [anunāsikā=]) are the sounds pronounced from the nose.

The classes (9? ; [vargā=])

25 (5 x 5) consonants are classified into five classes by the points of articulation.
1. Five gutturals k,b l, b ?, b t, b ‚ b are classified to k-9?; [ka-varga=], or k@ [ku].
2. Five palatals a, b Š b, c, b ‰, b • are
b classified to a-9?; [ca-varga=], or a @ [cu].
b
3. Five cerebrals ƒ b, — b, ‹ b, ˜,b : are classified to ƒ-9?; […a-varga=], or ƒ@ […u].
4. Five dentals ˆ, b ›, b s b, €, b d are
b classified to ˆ-9?; [ta-varga=], or ˆ @ [tu].
5. Five labials n, b o,b •, b ž, b I are
b classified to n-9?; [pa-varga=], or n @ [pu].

3
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

B. Efforts (Ty’ [prayatnā=])

Efforts are two: i. Internal efforts and ii. External efforts

i. Internal efforts
Internal efforts are made before pronunciation.
There are five types of internal efforts decided by how the points of articulation are
closed, or opened. They are indicated in the top line of chart 1.

1. Contacted
• b
The • d [sthāna] is fully touched (¯B‡I [spD …am])
• Sounds with such effort are these 25 consonants belonging to these five classes,
and they are called “5 x 5 consonants”, or ¯ ; [sparśā=].

2. Slightly contacted
• b ‡I [ī
The • d [sthāna] is slightly contacted/touched (–gˆ-¯B b at-spD …am]).

• Sounds with such effort are y, b 9, b M,b and z.b And they are called semi-vowels, or
X§ • [anta=sthā=].
3. Slightly open
• b at-vivDtam]).
The • d [sthāna] is slightly open (–gs b- 99BˆI [ī
• Sounds with such effort are , b g, b 8, b and J b. And they are called sibilants, or
Ÿ² : [ū mā<a=].
4. Open
• b
The • d [sthāna] is open ( 99BˆI [vivDtam]).
• Sounds with such effort are _, `, –, e, Ÿ, ™, š, œ, ¡, ¢, £, and ¤. And they are
called vowels, or •M [svarā=].
5. Tight
• Only for the short X, the • d [sthāna] is tight (8\9ˆ b
B I [sa^vDtam]).

4
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

ii. External efforts

External efforts are made during pronunciation. They are divided into three
categories.

Category 1: Soft/hard distinction among consonants

• Soft consonants
Vocal cord is vibrating while pronouncing soft consonants.
3rd, 4th, and 5th of the classes, semi-vowels, and J b are soft consonants.
• Hard consonants
Vocal cord is not vibrating while pronouncing hard consonants.
1st and 2nd of the classes, and , b g, b 8 are
b hard consonants.

Category 2: Aspirated/non-aspirated distinction among consonants

• Aspirated consonants (IJ -T : [mahā-prā<ā=])
Air is felt moving forcefully past the lips while pronouncing aspirated
consonants.
2nd and 4th of the classes, and sibilants are aspirated consonants.
• Non-aspirated consonants (X³-T : [alpa-prā<ā=])
Almost no air moves past the lips while pronouncing non-aspirated
consonants.
1st, 3rd and 5th of the classes, and semi-vowels are non-aspirated consonants.

Category 3: Accents on vowels

• Middle
• Low
• High

5
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

2. Varieties of Vowels

Vowels vary by 3 factors:

• Lengths
1. Short (´• [hrasva=])
2. Long (s t ; [dīrgha=])
3. Elongated (¶ @ˆ [pluta=])
• Accents
1. Middle (es ¸ [udātta=])
2. Lower (Xds@ ¸ [anudātta=])
3. Higher (• Mˆ [svarita=])
• Nasalized or non-nasalized
1. Nasalized (Xdd@ 8k [anunāsika=])
2. Non-nasalized (Xddd@ 8k [ananunāsika=])
= 1 count (1 I O [mātrā]) e.g., X, `, e
= 2 counts (2 I O s) e.g., _, –, Ÿ
= 3 counts (3 I O s) e.g., _·, –·, Ÿ·
e.g., X, _, `, –
e.g., X¹ , _¹, `,¹ –¹
e.g., Xº, _º, `º , –»
e.g., X½, _½, ‚,b d, b I, b X\ (Xd•
@ M)
e.g., X, _, k,b ˆ, b n b

X has 18 varieties. (3 lengths x 3 accents x 2)

Chart 2: Variety of vowel

Xddd@ 8k Xdd@ 8k
´• s t; ¶ @ˆ ´• s t; ¶ @ˆ
es ¸ X _ _· X½ _½ _½·
• Mˆ Xº _º _º· X½ º _½ º _½ º·
Xds@ ¸ X¹ _¹ _¹· X½¹ _½¹ _½¹·

Similarly, ` and e have 18 varieties.

™ and œ are considered to be 89:; (similar sound, see the next section) to each other.
Thus, they both have 30 varieties. (™ has 18 = 3 lengths x 3 accents x 2, and œ has 12 = 2
lengths x 3 accents x 2, because of the absence of s t ;)
¡, £, ¢, ¤ have 12 varieties (2 lengths x 3 accents x 2, because of the absence of ´•).

6
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

3. Similar sounds (89: ; [savar<ā=])

Sounds are considered similar, 89:; [savar<a], to each other when their points of
articulation (• d [sthāna]) and internal effort are the same.

Chart 3: List of similar sounds

These sounds are Point of articulation Internal effort

89:;s to each other b
(• dI [sthānam]) (Ty’ [prayatna=])
18 varieties of X k¥— [ka<…ha=] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
18 varieties of ` ˆ ¦ [tālu] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
18 varieties of e £¨© [o …hau] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
18 varieties of ™ and IN€ ; [mūrdhā] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
12 varieties of œ s§ [dantā=] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
12 varieties of ¡ k¥—ˆ ¦ [ka<…hatālu] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
12 varieties of £ b
k¥—Z¨I [ka<…ho …ham] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
12 varieties of ¢ k¥—ˆ ¦ [ka<…hatālu] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
12 varieties of ¤ b
k¥—Z¨I [ka<…ho …ham] 99Bˆ [vivDta=]
(J b has no 89:;) k¥— [ka<…ha=] –g ¾9Bˆ [ī advivDta=]
b
y and y½ b ˆ ¦ [tālu] –g¿B‡ [ī atspD …a=]
b
9 and 9½ b b
s§Z¨I [danto …ham] –g¿B‡ [ī atspD …a=]
(M bhas no 89:;) IN€ ; [mūrdhā] –g¿B‡ [ī atspD …a=]
z b and z½ b s§ [dantā=] –g¿B‡ [ī atspD …a=]
b ‚
b t
kb l ? b b k¥— [ka<…ha=] ¯B‡ [spD …a=]
b bc ‰
aŠ b •b b ˆ ¦ [tālu] ¯B‡ [spD …a=]
ƒ b — b ‹ b ˜ b: b IN€ ; [mūrdhā] ¯B‡ [spD …a=]
b sb b € db b
ˆ› s§ [dantā=] ¯B‡ [spD …a=]
no b I
b b• ž b b £¨© [o …hau] ¯B‡ [spD …a=]
b
( has no 89:;) ˆ ¦ [tālu] –g ¾9Bˆ [ī advivDta=]
b
(g has no 89:;) IN€ ; [mūrdhā] –g ¾9Bˆ [ī advivDta=]
b
(8 has no 89:;) s§ [dantā=] –g ¾9Bˆ [ī advivDta=]

7
 Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])

@ [gu<a=] and 9B C [vDddhi=]

4. ?:

@ [gu<a=] and 9B C [vDddhi=] are technical names assigned to certain vowels in

?:
order to facilitate explanations of grammatical operations.

• @ [gu<a=]
X, ¡, £ are termed ?:
• _, ¢, ¤ are termed 9B C [vDddhi=]

Chart 4: List of gu<a and vDddhi letters

X [a] ¡ [e] £ [o]

@ (gu<a=)
?:
(guttural) (gutturo-palatal) (gutturo-labial)

_ [ā] ¢ [ai] ¤ [au]

9B C (vDddhi=)
(guttural) (gutturo-palatal) (gutturo-labial)

These terms are used mainly for explanations of two types of changes:
• in the change of sounds when two sounds meet. (sandhi rules)
• in the change of stems when suffixes are added to them.

Assignment I:
Add these important words to your Sanskrit vocabulary:
6 • ds: k¥— , ˆ ¦, IN€ ,; s§ , £¨©, d 8k
; , s¬ , £- , Xdd@ 8k
6 types of sounds: k¥ª , ˆ z« , IN€†
5 classes: k9?; , a-9?; . ƒ-9?; , ˆ-9?; , n-9?;
IJ -T : , X³-T : , ´• , s t ; , ¶ @ˆ , Xdd@ 8k , Xddd@ 8k

8
 Topic II – Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :)

Topic II
Māheśvarasūtrā<i
I JKLM8NO :

1. Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :)

Sage Pā<ini is said to have received fourteen sūtras, which are called I JKLM8NO :
[māheśvarasūtrā<i] directly from the Lord Śiva. They are:

X› I JKLM8NO : [atha māheśvarasūtrā<i]

Now Māheśvarasūtras begin.

1. X ` e : Áb 6. z½ : Áb 11. l o Š — › a ƒ ˆ 9 Áb
2. ™ œ k b Á 7. • I ‚ : d I Áb 12. k n y Áb
3. ¡ £ ‚ b Á 8. ‰ ž • Áb 13. g 8 M Áb
4. ¢ ¤ a Áb 9. t ˜ € g Áb 14. Jz b Â
5. J y 9 M ƒ b Á 10. c • ? ‹ s Áb

` ˆ I JKLM : 8NO : Á [iti māheśvarā<i sūtrā<i]

Thus Māheśvarasūtras are completed.

All the sounds used in Sanskrit language are represented by these fourteen sūtras.
From J in the 5th sūtra onwards, only the consonants are intended. X is added just
for pronunciation.
b
The last consonant of each sūtra is termed `ˆ [it]. b letters are known as
`ˆ [it]
indicatory letters. Their purpose is discussed in the following section.

9
 Topic II – Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :)

The letters in I JKLM8NOs are arranged for making TU J Ms [pratyāhāra]s,

abbreviations, for groups of letters. This arrangement is easily understood in Chart 5.

Chart 5: Māheśvarasūtrā<i

X ` e : b ™ œ kb
V Simple
O vowels
W
E
L
S
Diphthongs
¡ £ ‚b ¢ ¤ a b
J y 9 M ƒ b z½ : b
J+
Semivowels

• I ‚ : d Ib
5th of the class
S (= Nasals)
O
F

‰ ž • bt ˜ € g b
C
O T 4th of the class
N
S
O
N
3rd of the class
c • ? ‹ s b
A

l o Š — ›
N
T 2nd of the class
S H
A
R
D
1st of the class
a ƒ ˆ 9b k n yb
g 8 Mb J zb
Sibilants
+J

b letters are circled. `ˆ letters

In the chart, `ˆ [it] b in I JKLM8NO : [māheśvarasūtrā<i] are
indicatory for making TU J M [pratyāhāra=], abbreviations which are to be discussed next.

Assignment II:
• Try to memorize I JKLM8NO : [māheśvarasūtrā<i] while being aware of the points of
articulation (• d d [sthānāni]) of each sound.
• Help others to memorize I JKLM8NO : [māheśvarasūtrā<i].

10
 Topic II – Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :)

2. How to understand Chart 5

In Chart 5, the 14 I JKLM8NOs are separated into rows in the original order. Each row
b letters.)
contains either 4 or 5 letters (excluding `ˆ [it]
• Vowels appear in the first two rows.
o Simple vowels are in the first row.
o Diphthongs are in the second row.
• Consonants
o Semivowels are in the third row.
o 5 x 5 consonants are listed from 5th of the classes in descending order.
o Sibilants are in the last row.
o J appears twice.

3. Pratyāhāra= (TU J M )

The I JKLM8NO : [māheśvarasūtrā<i] are arranged in such a way that TU J Ms

[pratyāhārā]s, abbreviations for specific groups of letters, can be made from them.
Each TU J M [pratyāhāra=] consists of two letters;
• The first indicates the beginning letter of the group denoted by the TU J M
• b letter, purely for indicating the end of the denoted group
The secondis an `ˆ [it]
of letters
In this manner, each TU J M denotes all the letters beginning with the first letter of
b
the TU J M , ending with but not including the final `ˆ letter.
For example, Xk b is a TU J M for all the letters starting from X and ending with, but
b
not including, the `ˆ letter k b (i.e. X, `, e, ™, œ.)
How the arrangement of I JKLM8NOs in Chart 5 allows the contents of a TU J M to be
found quickly:
For example, in a TU J M ‰y :b
• The first letter is ‰, the 4th of the class.
• b
The `ˆ letter is y, b at the end of 1st of the classes.

11
 Topic II – Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :)

b understood as all the letters from

By this, the group of letters abbreviated as ‰y is
4th of the classes down to 1st of the classes.

= Exercise =

1. List the TU J M of the following:

All vowels = ______ All consonants = ______

All simple vowels = ______ All soft consonants = ______

All diphthongs = ______ All hard consonants = ______

All letters = ______ All sibilants = ______

2. List the number of letters, types of letters, and letters of the following TU J Ms:

Xk b _ 5_ _All the simple vowels ________ _X, `, e, ™, œ _________

Xa b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

X: *b 1 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

X: *b 2 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

Xƒ b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

`k b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

`a b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

`: *b 3 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

¡‚ b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

¡a b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

¢a b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

lM b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

aM b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

c b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

‰z b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

12
 Topic II – Māheśvarasūtrā<i (I JKLM8NO :)

‰ b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

y: b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

J b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

Jz b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

Xz b ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

b usually formed with the first :. b

* 1 X: is

b formed with the second :. b

* 2 There is only one Pā<ini-sūtra in which X: is

b always formed with the second :. b

* 3 `: is

Special notes:

b
X: (with the second :)b in I JKLM8NOs represent all of their 89:;s. Thus, X in I JKLM8NO
represents all the 18 89:;s of X. Similarly, y in I JKLM8NO represents both nasal and non-nasal
y. b Refer back to Chart 3: List of similar sounds for details.
To restrict the length of the sound, there are certain ways to indicate vowels.
• To indicate only 6 varieties of short (´• [hrasva]) X, a word “Xˆ”b or “Xk M ” is used.
• To indicate only 6 varieties of long (s t ; [dīrgha]) _, a word “_ˆ”b or “_k M ” is used.
• To indicate all the 18 varieties of X, a word “X” or “X9:; ” is used.

13
 Topic III – Basics of Sandhi (8 V ) - Phonetic change when two sounds meet

Topic III
Basics of Sandhi (8 V )
Phonetic change when two sounds meet

The Basic Concepts of 8 V (sandhi=)

8 V [sandhi=] is a phonetic change which takes place when two sounds come in
contact.
8 V [sandhi=] is purely phonetic. Even when words are phonetically joined by sandhi,
and written without a space between them, the meaning of each word is not affected. They
do not become one word.
8 V [sandhi=] is different from 8I 8 [samāsa=]. 8I 8 [samāsa=] is a compound of
two words meaningfully connected and these two words become one word. Phonetic change
(8 V [sandhi=]) takes place between words in a compound. Phonetic change (8 V
[sandhi=]) also takes place between words which are not compounded.
8 V [sandhi=] is classified into three categories, based on the type of sound that is
replaced. They are:

1. Visarga sandhi ( 98?;-8 V [visarga-sandhi=])

Regulations of phonetic change where visarga is replaced.
b V [ac-sandhi=])
2. Vowel sandhi (Xa-8
Regulations of phonetic change where vowel (Xa)b is replaced.
b V [hal-sandhi=])
3. Consonant sandhi (Jz-8
Regulations of phonetic change where consonant (Jz)b is replaced.

14
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

Topic IV
Visarga Sandhi
( 98?;8 V )

98?; [visarga] is the aspirated guttural sound which is represented by “:” or “=” when
nothing follows the 98?;. When immediately followed by any sound, the 98?; is replaced by
another sound. This change is called 98?;-8 V [visarga-sandhi].
This change of the 98?; is determined by the sound which precedes the 98?; and the
sound which follows the 98?;. Since 98?; comes only after vowels, the letter which precedes
(nN9 ; [pūrva]) should be one of the nine vowels. The letter, which follows (nM [para]) the 98?;,
can be any letter.

nN9 ; letter nM letter

98?;
(only vowel) (any letter)

substitute

Chart 6: Overview of Visarga Sandhi shows every possible combination of nN9 ; and nM
letters for 98?;. The corresponding change to the 98?; is shown on the chart at the
intersections of the nN9 ; and nM letters. These changes are grouped into six areas. These areas
are numbered #1, #2, etc. and are given nickname based on their typical examples. Each area
is explained with examples in the following section.
98?; is also called 98c;d y [visarjanīya].

15
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

Chart 6: Overview of Visarga Sandhi

nM lM b(hard consonants)
_ / `a b J b
X (vowels other (soft consonants)
b lb b b/ b
than X) k/ a/Š ƒ b/— b/g b b /8
ˆ/› b b b b
n/o
nN9 ; Mb (guttural) (palatal) (cerebral) (dental) (labial)

#1 #2 #3 M bnot born of h½ #5 #6 #6 #6 #5
X cÈ INz y enÉ d y
£[ X (visarga £ zZn & s t ; on b gb 8b
or or
- 9Z[JIÁb drops) - dIZ dI Á nN9 ; X: b 98c;d y: 98c;d y:
- Xcd;@ e9 aÁ [namo - m lIÁb - M IpÁ - M I‡ kˆKÁ - dIrKÁ - nd@ nd@ Á
[śivo'ham] - nd@ MIˆKÁ
[arjuna uvāca] nama=] [du=kham] [rāmaśca] [namaste] [puna≍
puna=]
- IdZM› Á
Optional 98c;d y: when M bfollows

_ #2 _ (visarga drops) - § § §Á
@ ?:K
@ gÁ@ [gu<ā gu<e u] - Id g¨ dÁ
- cd _?Ê §Á ?:
- y 8 IJKLM Á
`a b #4 M b zZn & s t ; on

@ sÁ
- ?hM @ 9Á
- ?hMK @ jÁ
- ?hi; nN9 ; X: b If lM bis followed by M,b only 98c;d y: - 8Im l8l
@ IÁ
[gururādi=] [gururbrahmā] - s M› M I Á
(excep-
tion) £[ X
8 /¡g - 8Z[JI Áb @ Á - ¡g nhg
- 8 ¡9Á - 8 nhg @ Á
[so'ham]

16
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

1. X + X ( 9Z[J\ 8 V [śivo'ha^ sandhi=])

nN9 ; letter nM letter

#1 in the chart :
Xa Xa
X + X [a= + a]
= £[ [o']
£[

When a 98?; is preceded by short X, and followed by short X, all together they
become ”£[”.

e.g. 1) 9 XJI Áb e.g. 2) dI Xr @ Á

= 9Z[JI Áb = dIZ[r @ Á

śiva aham | nama astu |

= śivo'ham | = namo'stu |

= Exercise =

1) Resolve the 98?; sandhi.

1. T›IZ[Ë y = + b
2. zZkZ[yI = +
1. prathamo'dhyāya5 = + 2. loko'yam = +

3. XcZ[ n = + b
4. sK JdZ[ Ìd = +
3. ajo'pi = + 4. dehino'smin = +

5. b
LˆZ[yI = + 6. dIZ[r @ = +
5. śāśvato'yam = + 6. namo'stu = +

7. ˆBÍZ[JI=b + 8. T:ˆZ[ Ì = +
7. t pto'ham= + 8. pra ato'smi = +

9. ¡kZ[ r = + 10. M8Z[ n = +

9. eko'sti = + 10. raso'pi = +
17
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

11. kN ƒ•Z[ M = + 12. XˆZ[ Ì = +

11. kū astho'k ara5 = + 12. ato'smi = +

2) Apply the 98?; sandhi rule.

1. ÎZ€ X žc yˆK = 2. nÏs XË y =

1. krodha5 abhijāyate = 2. pañcadaśa5 adhyāya5 =

@
3. nhg XЈK@ = 4. kI;: X†O =
3. puru a5 aśnute = 4. karma a5 anyatra =

b
5. nN: ; XJI = 6. žÑ X 8 =
5. pūr a5 aham = 6. bhakta5 asi =

b
7. k@ˆ XyI = 8. 8 IC X Ò =
7. kuta5 ayam = 8. samiddha5 agni5 =

9. dI Xr @ = 10. •ˆ X Ì =
9. nama5 astu = 10. sthita5 asmi =

11. y X9 ˆ¨ ˆ = 12. Ty X 8 =
11. ya5 avati hati = 12. priya5 asi =

13. k X† X r = 14. ˆI@ z b

@ Xž9ˆ =
13. ka5 anya5 asti = 14. tumula5 abhavat =

18
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

b
2. X + _/`a (Xcd;@ e9 a 8 V [arjuna uvāca sandhi=])
b :
and _ +X (? @ ?:K
@ g @ 8 V [gu<ā gu<e u sandhi=]

nN9 ; letter nM letter

#2 (Elision of Visarga) :
X [a] b
_/`a [ā/ic]
X + _/`a b [a= + ā/ic]
= X + _/`a b [a + ā/ic] Elision

b
When a 98?; is preceded by short X, and followed by _/`a (any vowel other than
short X), the 98?; is elided.

e.g. 1) Xcd;@ _?Ê ˆ Á e.g. 2) Xcd;@ `Ê ˆ Á

= Xcd;@ _?Ê ˆ Á = Xcd;@ `Ê ˆ Á
arjuna āgacchati | arjuna icchati |
= arjuna āgacchati | = arjuna icchati |

e.g. 3) Xcd;@ – ˆK Á e.g. 4) Xcd;@ e9 a Á

= Xcd;@ – ˆK Á = Xcd;@ e9 a Á
arjuna īk ate | arjuna uvāca |
= arjuna īk ate | = arjuna uvāca |

e.g. 5) Xcd;@ ™Ê ˆ Á e.g. 6) Xcd;@ ¡9 Á

= Xcd;@ ™Ê ˆ Á = Xcd;@ ¡9 Á
arjuna cchati | arjuna eva |
= arjuna cchati | = arjuna eva |

e.g. 7) Xcd;@ ¢ ˆ Á e.g. 8) Xcd;@ ¤g € Á

= Xcd;@ ¢ ˆ Á = Xcd;@ ¤g € Á
arjuna aik ata | arjuna au adhi5 |
= arjuna aik ata | = arjuna au adhi5 |

19
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

= Exercise =
1) Apply 98?; sandhi rule.

1. M I + _ÓZ ˆ = 2. M I + `Ê ˆ =
1. rāma5 + āpnoti = 2. rāma5 + icchati =

3. M I + –ÔK = 4. M I + eÕy ˆ =
3. rāma5 + ī e = 4. rāma5 + unnayati =

5. M I + Ÿ:Ö ˆ = 6. M I + ™Ê ˆ =
5. rāma5 + ūr oti = 6. rāma5 + cchati =

7. M I + ¡€ˆK = 8. k I + ¢ Jk =
7. rāma5 + edhate = 8. kāma5 + aihika5 =

9. n× + £sd = 10. TUy + ¤w ?;k =

9. pakva5 + odana5 = 10. pratyaya5 + autsargika5 =

2) Resolve the 98?; sandhi.

1. X§9§ `IK = + 2. X«y –LM = +

1. antavanta ime = + 2. avyaya īśvara5 = +

3. yZ? e؈K = + 4. k I ¡g = +
3. yoga ucyate = + 4. kāma e a5 = +

20
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

#2 (Elision of Visarga) nN9 ; letter nM letter

:
_ [ā] b
X [aś]
_ +X b [ā= + ā/ic]
=_ +X b [ā + ā/ic]
Elision

b
When a 98?; is preceded by _, and followed by X (all the vowels and soft
consonants), the 98?; is elided.

e.g. 1) sK9 X| § Á e.g. 2) sK9 _?Ê § Á

= sK9 X| § Á = sK9 _?Ê § Á
devā asyanti | devā āgacchanti |
= devā asyanti | = devā āgacchanti |

e.g. 3) sK9 `Ê § Á e.g. 4) sK9 eاK Á

= sK9 `Ê § Á = sK9 eاK Á
devā icchanti | devā ucyante |
= devā icchanti | = devā ucyante |

e.g. 5) sK9 ™Ê § Á e.g. 6) sK9 ¡9 Á

= sK9 ™Ê § Á = sK9 ¡9 Á
devā cchanti | devā eva |
= devā cchanti | = devā eva |

e.g. 7) sK9 ¢ § Á e.g. 8) sK9 ¤g € Á

= sK9 ¢ § Á = sK9 ¤g € Á
devā aik anta | devā au adhi5 |
= devā aik anta | = devā au adhi5 |

e.g. 9) sK9 9s § Á e.g. 10) sK9 ?Ê § Á

= sK9 9s § Á = sK9 ?Ê § Á
devā vadanti | devā gacchanti |
= devā vadanti | = devā gacchanti |

21
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

= Exercise =
1) Resolve the 98?; sandhi.
1. sK9 X n = + 2. 8M@ _?Ê § = +
1. devā api = + 2. surā āgacchanti = +

3. I :?: `9 = + 4. sK9 – §K = +
3. ma iga ā iva = + 4. devā īk ante = +

@ en 8ˆK=
5. dUyÑ + 6. cd ¡9 = +
5. nityayuktā upāsate= + 6. janā eva = +

@ ?:K
7. ?: @ g@= + 8. cd tĤK = +
7. gu ā gu e u = + 8. janā gha ante = +

9. žZ? m lyZdy = + @ €I;| =

10. nhg +
9. bhogā du5khayonaya5 = + 10. puru ā dharmasya = +

11. cd •J9 = + 12. sK9ˆ žÑ = +

11. janā bahava5 = + 12. devatā bhaktā5 = +

13. • @ CyÑ
@ J= + 14. n n yK = +
13. buddhiyuktā hi = + 14. pāpā ye = +

15. _ sU 989 = + 16. _J M M c8 = +

15. ādityā vasava5 = + 16. āhārā rājasā5 = +

22
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

b
3. X + J (dIZ dI 8 V [namo nama= sandhi=])

#3 (Change into £) nN9 ; letter nM letter

:
X [a] b
J [haś]
X +J b [a= + haś]
=£+J b [o + haś]
£

b
When a 98?; is preceded by short X, and followed by J (soft consonants), the

combination of X and the 98?; becomes ”£”.

e.g. 1) kB Ù J8 ˆ Á e.g. 2) kB Ù yˆˆK Á

= kB ÙZ J8 ˆ Á = kB ÙZ yˆˆK Á
k a hasati | k a yatate |
=k o hasati | =k o yatate |

e.g. 3) kB Ù 9s ˆ Á e.g. 4) kB Ù MIˆK Á

= kB ÙZ 9s ˆ Á = kB ÙZ MIˆK Á
k a vadati | k a ramate |
=k o vadati | =k o ramate |

e.g. 5) kB Ù zžˆK Á e.g. 6) kB Ù ?Ê ˆ Á

= kB ÙZ zžˆK Á = kB ÙZ ?Ê ˆ Á
k a labhate | k a gacchati |
=k o labhate | =k o gacchati |

e.g. 7) kB Ù cy ˆ Á e.g. 8) kB Ù Ë y ˆ Á
= kB ÙZ cy ˆ Á = kB ÙZ Ë y ˆ Á
k a jayati | k a dhyāyati |
=k o jayati | =k o dhyāyati |

e.g. 9) kB Ù ž9 ˆ Á e.g. 10) kB Ù dÚˆK Á

= kB ÙZ ž9 ˆ Á = kB ÙZ dÚˆK Á
k a bhavati | k a namyate |
=k o bhavati | =k o namyate |

23
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

= Exercise =

1) Resolve the 98?; sandhi.

1. yZ?KLMZ J M = + 2. IdZ Û s = +
1. yogeśvaro hari5 = + 2. mano h di = +

@ y=
3. ˆˆZ yC + 4. yZ 9K ¸ = +
3. tato yuddhāya = + 4. yo vetti = +

b
5. dZ M ÜI = + 6. y Z zž• = +
5. no rājyam = + 6. yaśo labhasva = +

7. X€Z ?Ê § = + 8. d‡Z tƒ = +
7. adho gacchanti = + 8. na o gha a5 = +

9. ˆKcZ c yˆK = + 10. k kZ ‹ yˆK = +

9. tejo jāyate = + 10. kāko īyate = +

11. yZ sK9 = + @ M =
12. n ›Ö €d€; +
11. yo deva5 = + 12. pārtho dhanurdhara5 = +

13. IZJZ d‡ = + 14. XcZ dU = +

13. moho na a5 = + 14. ajo nitya5 = +

15. IdZ • @ C = + 16. 8IZ žN~ = +

15. mano buddhi5 = + 16. samo bhūtvā = +

b
17. yK Z žZÑ@I = + 18. XˆZ ÝyˆK = +
17. śreyo bhoktum = + 18. ato mriyate = +

2) Apply 98?; sandhi.

1. eÑ Ûg kK = 2. Xˆ J =
1. ukta5 h īkeśa5 = 2. ata5 hi =

3. ˆˆ y ˆ = b
4. Ë yˆ 9gy d =
3. tata5 yāti = 4. dhyāyata5 vi ayān =

5. k MIKˆ = b
6. y zZkOyI =
5. ka5 rameta = 6. ya5 lokatrayam =

24
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

7. d ?M y = 8. ˆˆ tƒ =
7. na5 garīya5 = 8. tata5 gha a5 =

9. Xˆ c yˆK = 10. ˆˆ ‹ yˆK =

9. ata5 jāyate = 10. tata5 īyate =

b
11. Id m d ;ÞJI = b
12. ˆn s dI =
11. mana5 durnigraham = 12. tapa5 dānam =

13. ˆKc €B ˆ = 14. dI;I dMJß M =

13. teja5 dh ti5 = 14. nirmama5 niraha kāra5 =

15. TU9 y d 9àˆK = 16. _ád •V @ =

15. pratyavāya5 na vidyate = 16. ātmana5 bandhu5 =

b
17. IJˆ žy ˆ = 18. yZ? ž9 ˆ =
17. mahata5 bhayāt = 18. yoga5 bhavati =

25
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

b 98?; + X (?
4. `a + b hi;
@ j 8 V [gururbrahmā sandhi=])

#4 (Change into M)b nN9 ; letter nM letter

:
`a [ic]b b
X [aś]
b 98?; + X b [ic + = + aś]
`a +
b
= `a + M b + X b [ic + r + aś] Mb

b
When a 98?; is preceded by `a (any vowel other than X9:;, and followed by X b
b
(all the vowels and soft consonants), the 98?; becomes ”M”.

e.g. 1) ™ g X r Á e.g. 2) ™ g ž9 ˆ Á
= ™ gM bX r Á = ™ gM bž9 ˆ Á
i asti | i bhavati |
= ir asti | = ir bhavati |

e.g. 3) XrÁ e.g. 4) ž9 ˆ Á

= M bX r Á = M bž9 ˆ Á
śrī asti | śrī bhavati |
= śrīr asti | = śrīr bhavati |

e.g. 5) ?h@ X r Á e.g. 6) ?h@ ž9 ˆ Á

@ bX r Á
= ?hM @ bž9 ˆ Á
= ?hM
guru asti | guru bhavati |
= gurur asti | = gurur bhavati |

e.g. 7) JMK X r Á e.g. 8) JMK ž9 ˆ Á

= JMKM bX r Á = JMKM bž9 ˆ Á
hare asti | hare bhavati |
= harer asti | = harer bhavati |

@ XrÁ
e.g. 9) ?MZ @ ž9 ˆ Á
e.g. 10) ?MZ
@ bX r Á
= ?MZM @ bž9 ˆ Á
= ?MZM
guro asti | guro bhavati |
= guror asti | = guror bhavati |

26
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

= Exercise =

1) Apply 98?; sandhi rule.

1. dM + Xn MÞJ = 2. b
§ + _c;9I =
1. nirāśī5 + aparigraha5 = 2. k ānti5 + ārjavam =

3. @C + ` ˆ = 4. J M + – ‹ˆ =
3. śuddhi5 + iti = 4. hari5 + ī ita5 =

5. I @ d + e؈K = 6. • @ C + ¡k =
5. muni5 + ucyate = 6. buddhi5 + ekā =

7. câ 8 @ + X n = 8. •V @ + _á =
7. jijñāsu5 + api = 8. bandhu5 + ātmā =

9. ew sKy @ + `IK = 10. ?h@ + – ‹ˆ =

9. utsīdeyu5 + ime = 10. guru5 + ī ita5 =

11. €d @ + eàÚ = 12. ?h@ + ¡9 =

11. dhanu5 + udyamya = 12. guru5 + eva =

b
13. JMK + XyI = b
14. JMK + _?IdI =
13. hare5 + ayam = 14. hare5 + āgamanam =

b
15. JMK + `yI = 16. JMK + esy =
15. hare5 + iyam = 16. hare5 + udaya5 =

17. ežyZ + X n = 18. ?MZ b

@ + _?IdI =
17. ubhayo5 + api = 18. guro5 + āgamanam =

19. 9 yZ + `9 = 20. 8KdyZ + ežyZ =

19. vāyo5 + iva = 20. senayo5 + ubhayo5 =

b
21. ¡ˆyZ + ¡kI = b
@ + ¢Ly;I =
22. ?MZ
21. etayo5 + ekam = 22. guro5 + aiśvaryam =

23. @a + s = 24. ãz d + ž9 ˆ =
23. śuci5 + dak a5 = 24. glāni5 + bhavati =

b
25. ?h@ + ?M y d = 26. IBU @ + € 9 ˆ =
25. guru5 + garīyān = 26. m tyu5 + dhāvati =

27
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

b
27. T ä + yZ?I = @ I˜N =
28. TkB ˆK + ?:8\
27. prāhu5 + yogam = 28. prak te5 + gu asa=mū hā5 =

b
29. OK OK âyZ + â dI = @ + IËK =
30. å9Z
29. k etrak etrajñayo5 + jñānam = 30. bhruvo5 + madhye =

2) Resolve the 98?; sandhi.

b
1. X ÒMJI = + 2. ™ gž;9 ˆ = +
1. agniraham = + 2. irbhavati = +

@
3. žB?MJI b
= + 4. ycMK@ 9 = +
3. bh guraham = + 4. yajureva = +

@ j =
5. ?hi; + 6. ?h@ 9;Ù @ = +
5. gururbrahmā = + 6. gururvi u5 = +

b
7. TkB ˆK9 ; ˆ = + 8. 9žNˆ K 9;rM = +
7. prak tervaśāt = + 8. vibhūtervistara5= +

9. ˆyZd ; = + b
10. ¡ˆyZMKkI = +
9. tayorna = + 10. etayorekam = +

11. yZ? æM n = + 12. nN9Mç n = +

11. yogairapi = + 12. pūrvairapi = +

@
13. ¾èæ 9;IÑ = + b
14. 89çMJI = +
13. dvandvairvimuktā5 = + 14. sarvairaham = +

15. 8KdyZhžyZI;Ë K = + +
15. senayorubhayormadhye = + +

16. kK 9zæ M éy æM n = + +
16. kevalairindriyairapi = + +

28
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

b 98?; + k/l
5. Xa + b b (m l\ 8 V [du=kha^ sandhi=])
b 98?; + n/o
Xa + b b (nd@ nd@ 8 V 8 V [puna≍ puna= sandhi=])

nN9 ; letter nM letter

#5 (Change into cÈ INz y ) :
any vowel k/l b
b [k/kh]
98?; b
+ k/l b [= + k/kh]
b
= cÈ INz y + k/l b [= (≍) + k/kh] ≍
cÈ INz y

When 98?; is followed by k b or l, b the 98?; becomes cÈ INz y [jihvāmūlīya=]

optionally.
cÈ INz y [jihvāmūlīya=] is a sound to pronounce the 98?; before k b or l. b The sound
is produced by the vibration of the root of the tongue. It can be written as ≍.

e.g. 1) M I k›y ˆ Á e.g. 2) M I l s ˆ Á

= M I ≍ k›y ˆ Á =MI≍lsˆÁ

rāma kathayati | rāma khādati |

= rāma ≍ kathayati | = rāma ≍ khādati |

b l, b which is followed by M,b the

There is an exception. When 98?; is followed by k/
98?; does not become cÈ INz y .

nN9 ; letter nM letter

e.g. 3) M I ÚˆK Á :
any vowel b +
k/l b Mb

≍
cÈ INz y

29
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

= Exercise =

1) Apply 98?; sandhi.

1. kæ 9ˆ;k + kK 9 = 2. yZ? + kI;8 @ =

1. kaivartaka5 + keśava5 = 2. yoga5 + karmasu =

3. yZ?• + k@h = b
4. 9ê + kˆMˆ =
3. yogastha5 + kuru = 4. vidma5 + katarat =

@ 9 =
5. yâ + kI;8Ië b
6. dÞJ + kI =
5. yajña5 + karmasamudbhava5 = 6. nigraha5 + kim =

7. yZ ?d + kI; k@9; §= 8. T8Ñ + k IžZ?Kg @ =

7. yogina5 + karma kurvanti= 8. prasaktā5 + kāmabhoge u =

9. y + ld ˆ = 10. cd + là§K =
9. ya5 + khanati = 10. janā5 + khidyante =

b
11. •ˆ€ + kI = b
12. JKˆZ + kI =
11. sthitadhī5 + kim = 12. heto5 + kim =

b
13. 9m + kB ìI = b
14. 9 y @ + lI =
13. vidu5 + k tsnam = 14. vāyu5 + kham =

15. TkB ˆK + ÎyI : d = 16. yZ? æ + kI ; : =

15. prak te5 + kriyamā āni = 16. yogai5 + karmā i =

b
17. kI éy æ + kI;yZ?I = b
18. ¡ˆ æ + k@zî d I =
17. karmendriyai5 + karmayogam = 18. etai5 + kulaghnānām =

19. 8 @ ld + Oy = @ + I =
20. 8l
19. sukhina5 + k atriyā5 = 20. sukha5 + k amī =

21. €B ˆ + I = 22. ˆKc + I =

21. dh ti5 + k amā = 22. teja5 + k amā =

30
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

#5 (Change into enÉ d y ) nN9 ; letter nM letter

:
any vowel b b [p/ph]
n/o
98?; b b [= + p/ph]
+ n/o
b b [= (≍) + p/ph]
= enÉ d y + n/o
≍
enÉ d y

b o b the 98?; becomes enÉ d y [upadhmānīya=]

When 98?; is followed by n or
optionally.
b o.b The sound is made by
enÉ d y is a sound to pronounce the 98?; before n or
blowing through rounded lips. It can be written as ≍.

e.g. 1) M I n•y ˆ Á e.g. 2) M I o zˆ Á

= M I n•y ˆ Á = M I o zˆ Á
rāma paśyati | rāma phalita5 |
= rāma ≍ paśyati | = rāma ≍ phalita5 |

= Exercise =
1) Apply 98?; sandhi.

1. y + n•y ˆ = 2. nd@ + nd@ =

1. ya5 + paśyati = 2. puna5 + puna5 =
@
3. nhg @
+ nhg = 4. I Ik + n ¥‹9 =
3. puru a5 + puru a5 = 4. māmakā5 + pā avā5 =
b
5. kI;: + ozI = 6. kB n: + ozJKˆ9 =
5. karma a5 + phalam = 6. k pa ā5 + phalahetava5 =
7. `g @ ž + T ˆyZï I = b
8. ˆI ä + n ¥‹ˆI =
7. i ubhi5 + pratiyotsyāmi = 8. tamāhu5 + pa itam =
9. JKˆ @ + TkB ˆ = b
10. •C@ K + nMI =
9. hetu5 + prak ti5 = 10. buddhe5 + param =
11. kK 9 cd;@ yZ + n¥yI
@ b
= b
12. nN9 ç + nN9ˆ; MI =
11. keśavārjunayo5 + pu yam = 12. pūrvai5 + pūrvataram =
13. 8 ð æ + T ñˆK = @ ˆK =
14. 89;n n æ + TIØ
13. sā khyai5 + prāpyate = 14. sarvapāpai5 + pramucyate =
31
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

b 98?; + other hard consonants

6. Xa +
(M Ip 8 V [rāmaśca sandhi=]), dIrK 8 V [namaste sandhi=])

#6 (change into , b g, b 8)b

nN9 ; letter nM letter
:
any vowel b b/ [c/ch/ś]
a/Š b
b b/ b [= + c/ch/ś]
98?; + a/Š
= b b/ b [ś + c/ch/ś]
b + a/Š
b
(paletal)

any vowel : b
ƒ b/— b/g […/…h/ ]
98?; + ƒ b/— b/g b [= + …/…h/ ]
= g b + ƒ b/— b/g b [ + …/…h/ ]
(cerebral) gb

b /8
98?; + ˆ/› b b [= + t/th/s]
any vowel : b /8
ˆ/› b [t/th/s]
b
= 8 b + ˆ/›
b /8
b b [s + t/th/s]

(dental)
8b

When 98?; is followed by hard consonants in a9?;, ƒ9?;, and ˆ9?;, , b g, b and 8 are
b

the substitutions respectively, the sibilants belonging to the same • d.

When 98?; is followed by , b g, b 8, b the substitution is optional.

e.g. 1) M I aM ˆ Á e.g. 2) M I ŠZƒy ˆ Á e.g. 3) § § Á

b ˆÁ
= M I aM b
= M I ŠZƒy ˆÁ = § b § Á (optional)
rāma carati | rāma cho ayati | śānti śānti5 |
= rāmaś carati | = rāmaś cho ayati | = śāntiś śānti5 |

32
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

e.g. 4) M I ƒ kˆK Á e.g. 5) M I —ò@M Á e.g. 6) Id g¨ d Á

= M Ig ƒb kˆK Á b @M Á
= M Ig —ò b d Á (optional)
= Idg g¨
rāma īkate | rāma hakkura5 | mana a hāni |
= rāma īkate | = rāma hakkura5 | = mana a hāni |

e.g. 7) M I ˆM ˆ Á e.g. 8) M I ›‹@ ˆ Á e.g. 9) M I 8M ˆ Á

b ˆÁ
= M I8 ˆM = M I8 ›b ‹@ ˆ Á b ˆ (optional)
= M I8 8M
rāma tarati | rāma thu ati | rāma sarati |
= rāmas tarati | = rāmas thu ati | = rāmas sarati

= Exercise =
1) Remove the 98?; sandhi.

1. Idp = b
2. Id p¸I =
1. manaśca = 2. manaścittam =

3. n ¥‹9 p = 4. Xd† p§y§ =

3. pā avāśca = 4. ananyāścintayanta5 =

5. _ sp = @ =
6. 9Kn›p
5. ādiśca = 6. vepathuśca =

b
7. JMKpM:I = @
8. ?MZpM:I b
=
7. hareścara am = 8. guroścara am =

9. 9Ksp
æ = 10. ?©p =
9. vedaiśca = 10. gauśca =

11. M I‡ kˆK =
11. rāma īkate =

13. yr @ = ; @=
14. I O ¯ r
13. yastu = 14. mātrāsparśāstu =

15. • @ Crs = b
16. T är d =
15. buddhistadā = 16. prāhustān =

17. •C@ r
K s = 18. XdyZrós ; ž =

33
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

17. buddhestadā = 18. anayostattvadarśibhi5 =

@ ær@ =
19. 9IÑ 20. ?©rM ˆ =
19. vimuktaistu = 20. gaustarati =

2) Apply 98?; sandhi.

1. M I + a = 2. M I + adZ ˆ =
1. rāma5 + ca = 2. rāma5 + cinoti =

3. J M + aM ˆ = 4. ?h@ + aM ˆ =
3. hari5 + carati = 4. guru5 + carati =

b
5. k9K + a¸I = b
6. II@ @ Z + a¸I =
5. kave5 + cittam = 6. mumuk o5 + cittam =

b
7. ` éy æ + aMd = 8. ?© + aM ˆ =
7. indriyai5 + caran = 8. gau5 + carati =

b
9. M I + ƒ k I = 10. ¡g + ƒ k =
9. rāma5 + īkām = 10. e ā5+ īkā5 =

11. M I + ˆM ˆ = 12. nO@ + ˆ› =

11. rāma5 + tarati = 12. putrā5 + tathā =

13. J M + ˆM ˆ = 14. ?h@ + ˆ› =

13. hari5 + tarati = 14. guru5 + tathā =

15. JMK + ˆ› = 16. ¡ˆyZ + ˆ› =

15. hare5 + tathā = 16. etayo5 + tathā =

17. ¡ˆ æ + ˆM ˆ = 18. ?© + ˆ› =
17. etai5 + tarati = 18. gau5 + tathā =

34
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

7. Practice of all visarga sandhi

1) X + all possible combinations

1. M I + X r = 21. M I + ‹yˆK =

2. M I + _?Ê ˆ = 22. M I + ˜©kˆK =

3. M I + ` ˆ = 23. M I + ˆM ˆ =

4. M I + – ˆK = 24. M I + ›9@ ; ˆ =

5. M I + en98 ˆ = 25. M I + ss ˆ =

6. M I + ŸJ = 26. M I + € MyˆK =

7. M I + ™Ê ˆ = 27. M I + dI ˆ =

8. M I + ¡€ˆK = 28. M I + n•y ˆ =

b
9. M I + £sdI = 29. M I + oz ˆ =

10. M I + ¢ ˆ = 30. M I + • €ˆK =

11. M I + ¤g € = 31. M I + ž9 ˆ =

12. M I + k›y ˆ = 32. M I + I yˆK =

13. M I + l s ˆ = 33. M I + yˆˆK =

14. M I + ?Ê ˆ = 34. M I + MIˆK =

15. M I + tƒˆK = 35. M I + z zyˆK =

16. M I + az ˆ = 36. M I + 9s ˆ =

17. M I + Š y = 37. M I + ߈K =

18. M I + c d ˆ = 38. M I + g¨ =

19. M I + ‰ ƒ ˆ = 39. M I + 8M ˆ =

20. M I + ƒ kˆK = 40. M I + J8 ˆ =

35
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

2) _ + all possible combinations

1. M I + Xƒ § = 21. M I + ‹y§K =

2. M I + _?Ê § = 22. M I + ˜©k§K =

3. M I + ` ˆ = 23. M I + ˆM § =

4. M I + – §K = 24. M I + ›9@ ; § =

5. M I + en98 § = 25. M I + ss ˆ =

6. M I + ŸJ = 26. M I + € My§K =

7. M I + ™Ê § = 27. M I + dI § =

8. M I + ¡€§K = 28. M I + n•y § =

b
9. M I + £sdI = 29. M I + oz § =

10. M I + ¢ § = 30. M I + • €§K =

11. M I + ¤g € = 31. M I + ž9 § =

12. M I + k›y § = 32. M I + I y§K =

13. M I + l s § = 33. M I + yˆ§K =

14. M I + ?Ê § = 34. M I + MI§K =

15. M I + tƒ§K = 35. M I + z zy§K =

16. M I + az § = 36. M I + 9s § =

17. M I + Š y = 37. M I + ߧK =

18. M I + c d § = 38. M I + g¨ =

19. M I + ‰ ƒ ˆ = 39. M I + 8M § =

20. M I + ƒ k§K = 40. M I + J8 § =

36
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

3) ` + all possible combinations

1. J M + X r = 21. J M + ‹yˆK =

2. J M + _?Ê ˆ = 22. J M + ˜©kˆK =

3. J M + ` ˆ = 23. J M + ˆM ˆ =

4. J M + – ˆK = 24. J M + ›9@ ; ˆ =

5. J M + en98 ˆ = 25. J M + ss ˆ =

6. J M + ŸJ = 26. J M + € MyˆK =

7. J M + ™Ê ˆ = 27. J M + dI ˆ =

8. J M + ¡€ˆK = 28. J M + n•y ˆ =

b
9. J M + £sdI = 29. J M + oz ˆ =

10. J M + ¢ ˆ = 30. J M + • €ˆK =

11. J M + ¤g € = 31. J M + ž9 ˆ =

12. J M + k›y ˆ = 32. J M + I yˆK =

13. J M + l s ˆ = 33. J M + yˆˆK =

14. J M + ?Ê ˆ = 34. J M + MIˆK =

15. J M + tƒˆK = 35. J M + z zyˆK =

16. J M + az ˆ = 36. J M + 9s ˆ =

17. J M + Š y = 37. J M + ߈K =

18. J M + c d ˆ = 38. J M + g¨ =

19. J M + ‰ ƒ ˆ = 39. J M + 8M ˆ =

20. J M + ƒ kˆK = 40. J M + J8 ˆ =

37
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

4) e + all possible combinations

1. ?h@ + X r = 21. ?h@ + ‹yˆK =

2. ?h@ + _?Ê ˆ = 22. ?h@ + ˜©kˆK =

3. ?h@ + ` ˆ = 23. ?h@ + ˆM ˆ =

4. ?h@ + – ˆK = 24. ?h@ + ›9@ ; ˆ =

5. ?h@ + en98 ˆ = 25. ?h@ + ss ˆ =

6. ?h@ + ŸJ = 26. ?h@ + € MyˆK =

7. ?h@ + ™Ê ˆ = 27. ?h@ + dI ˆ =

8. ?h@ + ¡€ˆK = 28. ?h@ + n•y ˆ =

b
9. ?h@ + £sdI = 29. ?h@ + oz ˆ =

10. ?h@ + ¢ ˆ = 30. ?h@ + • €ˆK =

11. ?h@ + ¤g € = 31. ?h@ + ž9 ˆ =

12. ?h@ + k›y ˆ = 32. ?h@ + I yˆK =

13. ?h@ + l s ˆ = 33. ?h@ + yˆˆK =

14. ?h@ + ?Ê ˆ = 34. ?h@ + MIˆK =

15. ?h@ + tƒˆK = 35. ?h@ + z zyˆK =

16. ?h@ + az ˆ = 36. ?h@ + 9s ˆ =

17. ?h@ + Š y = 37. ?h@ + ߈K =

18. ?h@ + c d ˆ = 38. ?h@ + g¨ =

19. ?h@ + ‰ ƒ ˆ = 39. ?h@ + 8M ˆ =

20. ?h@ + ƒ kˆK = 40. ?h@ + J8 ˆ =

38
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

5) 8 + all possible combinations

1. 8 + X r = 21. 8 + ‹yˆK =

2. 8 + _?Ê ˆ = 22. 8 + ˜©kˆK =

3. 8 + ` ˆ = 23. 8 + ˆM ˆ =

4. 8 + – ˆK = 24. 8 + ›9@ ; ˆ =

5. 8 + en98 ˆ = 25. 8 + ss ˆ =

6. 8 + ŸJ = 26. 8 + € MyˆK =

7. 8 + ™Ê ˆ = 27. 8 + dI ˆ =

8. 8 + ¡€ˆK = 28. 8 + n•y ˆ =

b
9. 8 + £sdI = 29. 8 + oz ˆ =

10. 8 + ¢ ˆ = 30. 8 + • €ˆK =

11. 8 + ¤g € = 31. 8 + ž9 ˆ =

12. 8 + k›y ˆ = 32. 8 + I yˆK =

13. 8 + l s ˆ = 33. 8 + yˆˆK =

14. 8 + ?Ê ˆ = 34. 8 + MIˆK =

15. 8 + tƒˆK = 35. 8 + z zyˆK =

16. 8 + az ˆ = 36. 8 + 9s ˆ =

17. 8 + Š y = 37. 8 + ߈K =

18. 8 + c d ˆ = 38. 8 + g¨ =

19. 8 + ‰ ƒ ˆ = 39. 8 + 8M ˆ =

20. 8 + ƒ kˆK = 40. 8 + J8 ˆ =

39
 Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( 98?;-8 V )

6) ¡g + all possible combinations

1. ¡g + X r = 21. ¡g + ‹yˆK =

2. ¡g + _?Ê ˆ = 22. ¡g + ˜©kˆK =

3. ¡g + ` ˆ = 23. ¡g + ˆM ˆ =

4. ¡g + – ˆK = 24. ¡g + ›9@ ; ˆ =

5. ¡g + en98 ˆ = 25. ¡g + ss ˆ =

6. ¡g + ŸJ = 26. ¡g + € MyˆK =

7. ¡g + ™Ê ˆ = 27. ¡g + dI ˆ =

8. ¡g + ¡€ˆK = 28. ¡g + n•y ˆ =

b
9. ¡g + £sdI = 29. ¡g + oz ˆ =

10. ¡g + ¢ ˆ = 30. ¡g + • €ˆK =

11. ¡g + ¤g € = 31. ¡g + ž9 ˆ =

12. ¡g + k›y ˆ = 32. ¡g + I yˆK =

13. ¡g + l s ˆ = 33. ¡g + yˆˆK =

14. ¡g + ?Ê ˆ = 34. ¡g + MIˆK =

15. ¡g + tƒˆK = 35. ¡g + z zyˆK =

16. ¡g + az ˆ = 36. ¡g + 9s ˆ =

17. ¡g + Š y = 37. ¡g + ߈K =

18. ¡g + c d ˆ = 38. ¡g + g¨ =

19. ¡g + ‰ ƒ ˆ = 39. ¡g + 8M ˆ =

20. ¡g + ƒ kˆK = 40. ¡g + J8 ˆ =

40
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

Topic V
Vowel sandhi
b V [ac-sandhi=]
Xa-8

b
Xa [ac] b V [ac-
is the TU J M [pratyāhāra=], abbreviation, for all vowels. Thus Xa-8
b V is a phonetic change when a vowel is followed by
sandhi=] means vowel sandhi. Xa-8
another vowel.
The letter which comes first is called nN9 ; [pūrva], and the letter which comes later is
called nM [para]. Since there are nine vowels according to I JKLM8NO : [māheśvarasūtrā<i],
Chart 7 Overview of Vowel Sandhi is a 9 x 9 matrix which covers every possible
combination of the vowels. (Remember that all the varieties of vowel, short and long, are
represented by the nine vowels told in I JKLM8NOs.) In the intersection of the nN9 ; and nM letters,
the corresponding change is shown.
The changes are grouped into five areas. These areas are named by the type of the
@ [gu<a=] (X, ¡, £), 3.
letters of the change. 1. s t ; [dīrgha=] (long vowels: _, –, Ÿ, š), 2. ?:
b
9B C [vDddhi=] (_, ¢, ¤), 4. y: (TU J M for y, b 9, b M,b z),b 5. Xy9 y 9 (Xy, b X9, b _y, b _9)b
b V rules, observe the following points:
After studying Xa-8
• @ , and 9B C are the substitutes in the place of both nN9 ; and nM.
s t ; , ?:
• b
y: and Xy9 y 9 are the substitutes in the place of nN9 ; only.
• @ and 9B C are the substitutes only when nN9 ; is X9:; (all 18 types of X).
Notice that ?:
• If nN9 ; is `k b (the remainder of the simple vowels), the substitute is y:, b except when the
substitute is s t ; .
• b
And if nN9 ; is ¡a (diphthongs), the substitute is Xy9 y 9 , with some exceptions.

41
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

Chart 7. Overview of Vowel Sandhi b

nN9 ; and nM letters are grouped by TU J Ms, with the `ˆ letters in the pentagons.

इक् एच्
क् च्

nM
X/_ `/– e/Ÿ ™/š œ ¡ £ ¢ ¤
nN9 ;
s t; @
?: 9B C
X/_ _ ¡ £ X+Mb X+zb ¢ ¤ ¢ ¤

y: b yb s t; – y: b y b
`/–
इक्
9b s t; Ÿ 9b
e/Ÿ

Mb s t; š Mb
™/š
क्
Xy9 y 9 Xy b * 2
¡ ¡[ * 1
एङ्
£ £[ X9 b
ङ्
¢ _y b
एच्
¤ _9 b
च्
; nI)b
*1 When ¡/£ at the end of a ns is followed by short X, only ¡/£ remains. (nN9}
b at
* 2 y/9 b the end of a ns optionally drops. (zZn k{|Á)

42
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

The basics of understanding Sandhi sūtras in Pā<inisūtras

Sandhi rules are described in the form of sūtra given by Pā<ini. Sūtras are minimized

and precise sentences. (We will study the definitions of sūtra in a later volume.)

In his metalanguage system of using words in sūtras, Pā<ini assigned extra meanings

to 5th, 6th, and 7th case nominal suffixes. These artificial 9žô› ;s are used only in his sūtras,

and only when the meanings of the 9ž Ñ found in the natural language do not bring about

the intended meaning.

In a Pā<inisūtra, a noun in the:

1st case is the substitute. (_sK )

“ … is the substitute”
5 6 7
6th case is the occupant of the place of substitution. (• d )

“In the place of …”

1
7th case follows the place of substitution. (nM d I¸I)b

“When … follows.”

5th case precedes the place of substitution. (nN9 ; d I¸I)b

“When … precedes.”

In this book, study of the Pā<ini-sūtras can initially be skipped by beginners. Rules

and exercises can be studied first, and sūtras can be studied later as revision.

43
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

1. 89:;-s t;-8 V [savar<a-dīrgha-sandhi=]

When a simple vowel is immediately followed by a similar simple vowel, they together
become one long vowel.

o X/_ + X/_ =_
o `/– + `/– =–
o e/Ÿ + e/Ÿ =Ÿ
o ™/™/œ + ™/™/œ = š

5/1
6.1.101 Xk 89: 7/1 s t ; 1/1
Á ~ nN9n; MyZ 6/2
¡k 1/1
X a 7/1 8\ Jˆ y I 7/1
b

When Xk b is immediately followed by a similar sound (89:;, refer back to Topic I), the
long vowel is the substitution in the place of the two.

5 7 o Xk b =
Xk b 89:;

6
1
s t;

X/_ X/_
e.g. 1) 9Ks + X› ; = 9Ks › ;

`/– `/–
e.g. 2) X r + ` ˆ = Xr ˆ

e/Ÿ e/Ÿ
b 8NÑI b
e.g. 3) 8 @ + eÑI =

Ÿ
44
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

b nˆ÷:I b
e.g. 4) nˆB + ™:I =
™/š/œ ™/š/œ

= Exercise =
1) Apply the s t ; sandhi rule between the two words.

1. `J + XIO@ = 2. ij + X¥‹I b =
3. nMI + _á = 4. ˆ› + Xr @ =
5. €I; + X€I; = 6. 9à + X 9à =
7. dU + X dU = 8. M c8 + X\ =

9. ` ˆ + `sI b = 10. X n + `J =
11. X r + ` ˆ = 12. ?Ê ˆ + ` ˆ =
13. +– = 14. I @ d + –LM =

15. 8 € @ + eÑI b = 16. 9€N + ew9 =

2) Resolve the s t ; sandhi.

1. d r = + 2. `J n = +

3. I s = + 4. 8ó \ = +

5. ij á = + 6. kˆ J; I b = +

7. ˆ› n = + 8. XO yI b = +

9. _á d á = + 10. c 9 á = +

11. Xr ˆ = + 12. Xn J = +

13. ?M = + 14. n : éyI b = +

15. Id@ é = + 16. Ë yˆ 9 = +

17. 9rNnsK = + 18. MtN¸I = +

19. ? ˆ 8Nn dgw @ = + @

20. ?}n8sdI b= +

45
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

@
2. ?:-8 V [gu<a-sandhi=]

When X/_ is immediately followed by `k,b ?:

@ [gu<a] is the one substitute in the place

of the two letters.

6.1.87 _ˆ 5/1
b ?:@ 1/1
Á ~ X a 7/1 nN9n; MyZ 6/2
¡k 1/1
8\ Jˆ y I 7/1
b

When X9:; (any type of X) is immediately followed by Xa, b a ?:

@ is the substitute in the

place of the two.

5 7 o Xa b =
X9:; Xa b
@ =
o ?:

6
1
@
?:

@ (gu<a=) is a name for these 3 letters: X, ¡, £.

?:

X is guttural. ¡ is gutturo-palatal. £ is gutturo-labial.

@ letters becomes the substitute is decided according to the • d of

Which one of the ?:
the original letters.

X/_ is guttural
X/_ `/–
`/– is palatal
@ letter ¡ is guttural-palatal
The ?:
¡

e.g. 1) a + ` ˆ = aK ˆ

e.g. 2) M I + –LM = M IKLM

e.g. 3) ?Œ + ` ˆ = ?ŒK ˆ

e.g. 4) ?Œ + –LM = ?ŒKLM

46
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

X/_ e/Ÿ X/_ is guttural

e/Ÿ is labial

£ @ letter £ is guttural-labial
The ?:

e.g. 1) a + eÑ = aZÑ
b aZø;I b
e.g. 2) a + Ÿø;I =
e.g. 3) y› + eÑ = y›ZÑ
b y›Zø;I b
e.g. 4) y› + Ÿø;I =

There is an additional rule. When ™/š or œ is substituted by X:, b the substitute should

be followed by M bor z,b respectively.

X/_ ™/š X/_ is guttural

™/š is cerebral

X+Mb @ letter X is guttural

The ?:
@ letter
M bfollows the ?:
e.g. 1) kB Ù + ™ C = kB Ù C;
e.g. 2) ?Œ + ™ C = ?Œ C;

X/_ œ X/_ is guttural

œ is dental
X+zb @ letter X is guttural
The ?:
z b follows the ?:
@ letter

e.g. 1) ˆ9 + œk M = ˆ9ù M

47
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

= Exercise =
@ sandhi between the two words.
1) Apply the ?:

1. a + ` ˆ = 2. kˆ ; + ` ˆ =

3. d + ` ˆ = 4. T + – :I b =

5. yZ? + –LM = 6. 8M@ + –LM =

7. ?: + – = 8. eI + – =

9. ?c + `é = 10. sK9 + `é =

11. ?Œ + eskI b = 12. y› + eÑI b =

13. 89; + en dgs b = 14. ˆ + eÙ =

15. I y + en € = 16. nM + enk M =

17. sK9 + ™ g = 18. n n + ™ C =

@ sandhi between the two words.

2) Resolve the ?:

1. ˆ›K ˆ = + 2. y›KÊ = +

3. â d K éy : = + 4. kI éy : = +

5. 8MK@ = + 6. ?ŒK = +

7. d K ˆ = + 8. ˆ›KJ = +

b
9. y›ZÑI = + 10. nN9ÖÑI b = +

b
11. 8NyÖsyI = + 12. dZ = +

@ ˆ =
13. ?:ZnK + 14. JˆZnsK = +

b
15. k—Zn dgˆ = + b
16. kK dZn dgˆ = +

17. IJ g; = + 18. Þ ²ˆ ;@ = +

48
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

3. 9B C-8 V [vDddhi-sandhi=]

When X/_ is immediately followed by ¡a, b 9B C [vDddhi] is the one substitute in the
place of the two letters.

1/1
6.1.88 9B C ¡ a 7/1 Á ~ _ˆ 5/1
b nN9n; MyZ 6/2
¡k 1/1
8\ Jˆ y I 7/1
b

When X9:; (any type of X) is immediately followed by ¡a, b a 9B C is a substitute in the

place of the two.

o ¡a b =
5 7
o 9B C =
X9:; ¡a b

6
1
9B C

9B C (vDddhi) is a name for these 3 letters: _, ¢, ¤

_ is guttural. ¢ is guttural-palatal. ¤ is guttural-labial.

Which one of the 9B C letters becomes the substitute is decided according to the • d of
the original letters.

X/_ ¡ X/_ is guttural

¡ is guttural-palatal
The 9B C letter ¢ is guttural-palatal
¢

e.g. 1) a + ¡9 = a æ9

e.g. 2) ˆ› + ¡9 = ˆ› æ9

49
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

X/_ £ X/_ is guttural

£ is guttural-labial

¤ The 9B C letter ¤ is guttural- labial

e.g. 1) cz + £t = cz©t

e.g. 2) ?Œ + £t = ?Œ©t

X/_ is guttural
X/_ ¢
¢ is guttural-palatal
The 9B C letter ¢ is guttural-palatal
¢

b sK9L
e.g. 1) sK9 + ¢Ly;I = æ y;I b

b IJæLy;I b
e.g. 2) IJ + ¢Ly;I =

X/_ ¤ X/_ is guttural

¤ is guttural-labial
The 9B C letter ¤ is guttural- labial
¤

b sK9©g€I b
e.g. 1) sK9 + ¤g€I =

b IJ©g€I b
e.g. 2) IJ + ¤g€I =

50
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

= Exercise =

1) Apply the 9B C sandhi between the two words.

1. `J + ¡9 = 2. ˆO + ¡9 =

3. 9 s~ + ¡dI b = 4. kB ~ + ¡ˆˆ b =

5. ?Œ + £t = 6. kB Ù + ¤ú¥ªI b =

2) Resolve the 9B C sandhi between the two words.

1. ij æ9 = + 2. ˆ› æ9 = +

3. ¡kæ kI b = + 4. y› æ9I b = +

5. 8 æg = + 6. Iæ9I b = +

7. •û©¨ = + 8. IJ©üI b = +

51
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

General rule (ew?; [utsarga]) and Exception (Xn9 s [apavāda])

The concept of ew?; [utsarga] and Xn9 s [apavāda] is used throughout Pā<ini sūtras to
present rules which cover the same scope of operation.
ew?; and Xn9 s are relative terms. ew?; is a general rule, while Xn9 s is a special rule
whose scope is totally within the scope of ew?;. When such a relationship is observed
between two rules, Xn9 s takes effect by negating ew?;.

General Exception
ew?; Xn9 s

Xn9 s does not have its own scope outside that of ew?;. Thus, if Xn9 s never took
effect, it would become useless, which is not acceptable.

@ V, and 9B C8 V, there are relationships called ew?; and Xn9 s.

Among s €;8 V, ?:8
b
When X9:; as nN9 ; is followed by Xa (any @ . This is the
vowel) as nM, the substitute is ?:
general rule (ew?; ).
When X9:; is nM, the substitute is s €; . This is an exception (Xn9 s ).
b nM, the substitute is 9B C . This is another exception (Xn9 s ).
When ¡a is

@ rule is called “ew?;” (by-default general rule), and s t ; rule and 9B C rule
In this case ?:
are called “Xn9 s” (exceptions).

nM X/_ `/– e/Ÿ ™/š œ ¡ £ ¢ ¤

Xa b
nN9 ; 89:; `k b ¡a b

X/_ s €; @
?: 9B C

52
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

b V [ya<-sandhi=]
4. y:-8

When `k b is immediately followed by Xa, b y: (y

b , b 9, b M,b z)b is the substitute for the `k.b

6.1.77 `k 6/1 b X a 7/1 Á ~ 8\ Jˆ y I 7/1

y: 1/1 b

b
When `k b is immediately followed by Xa there b
is a y: substitute in the place of `k.b

b V.
; V is an Xn9 s of y:-8
* s t8

The substitution is decided by the • d of the sounds.

o `/– (palatal) => y b (palatal)

o e/Ÿ (labial) => 9 b (dental-labial)
o ™/š (cerebral) => M b (cerebral)
o œ (dental) => z b (dental)

6 7
o `k b =
`k b Xa b
o y: b =
1 o Xa b =
y: b

e.g. 1) ` ˆ + XO = `UO
`/– Xa b e.g. 2) ds + XO = dàO

@
e.g. 3) ` ˆ + e؈K = `U؈K
yb
@ ˆK
e.g. 4) ds + e؈K = dàØ

e.g. 1) ˆ @ + XO = ~O
e/Ÿ Xa b
e.g. 2) ˆ @ + ` ˆ = ~ ˆ

b ~K9I b
e.g. 3) ˆ @ + ¡9I =
9b

53
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

e.g. 1) kˆB ; + _ = kO ;
™/š Xa b
e.g. 2) kˆB ; + ¡ = kO

Mb e.g. 3) kˆB ; + £ = kOÖ

= Exercise =

b
1) Apply the y: sandhi between the two words.

1. ` ˆ + Xˆ = 2. ` ˆ + _J =

3. y s + X n = 4. ds + X r =

5. ` ˆ + eþ = 6. ` ˆ + e؈K =

7. ` ˆ + ¡9I b = 8. ds + ¡9I b =

9. 9r @ + X r = 10. ?h@ + _sK =

11. Xr @ + ` ˆ = 12. 9r @ + `sI b =

13. Xr @ + ¡9I b = 14. Xr @ + £I b =

15. € ˆB + X\ = 16. nˆB + eÑ =

b
2) Resolve the y: sandhi between the two words.

1. `U› ; = + 2. `U ž€ yˆK = +

@
3. `UÑI b= + 4. `U s = +

5. yI b = + 6. `UO = +

7. nL s = + 8. € ~› ; = +

9. `UKg = + 10. XñKˆˆ b = +

11. l sI b = + 12. 8 ø ˆ = +

13. kO ; s = + 14. O sK = +

54
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

5. Xy9 y 9-8 V [ayavāyāva-sandhi=]

6.1.78 ¡a 6/1 b -_y

Xy-X9 b b
-_9 1/3
Á ~ X a 7/1 8\ Jˆ y I 7/1
b

b immediately followed by Xa, b ¡a is

When ¡a is b substituted by Xy, b X9, b _y, b _9. b

The substitution is decided by the order of appearance in the sūtra.

1) ¡ => Xy b
2) £ => X9 b
3) ¢ => _y b
4) ¤ => _9 b

6 7
o ¡a b =
¡a b Xa b
o Xa b =
1
Xy, b X9, b
_y, b _9 b

55
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

1/3
e.g. 1) JMK + X e.g. 2) JMK + ¡
¡ Xa b b X
JM bXy + b ¡
JM bXy +

= JMy = JMyK
Xy b

e.g. 3) d K + X ˆ e.g. 4) ?IK + X ˆ

b +
d Xy b Xˆ b +
?I Xy b Xˆ

= dy ˆ = ?Iy ˆ

@ +X
e.g. 1) ?MZ @ +¡
e.g. 2) ?MZ
£ Xa b b X
?M@ bX9 + b ¡
?M@ bX9 +

@
= ?M9 @
= ?M9K
X9 b
e.g. 3) žZ + X ˆ

b +
ž X9 b Xˆ

= ž9 ˆ

e.g. 1) d æ + Xk e.g. 2) ? æ + X ˆ
¢ Xa b
b
d _y b Xk
+ b
? _y b Xˆ
+

_y b = d yk =?yˆ

e.g. 1) n© + Xk e.g. 2) X8© + ` ˆ

¤ Xa b
b
n _9 b Xk
+ b
X8 _9 b `ˆ
+

_9 b = n 9k = X8 9 ˆ

56
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

= Exercise =

1) Apply the Xy9 y 9 sandhi.

1. cK + X ˆ = 2. K + X ˆ =

3. K + X ˆ = 4. k MK + X ˆ =

5. Z + X ˆ = 6. Z + X ˆ =

7. Ëæ + X ˆ = 8. ? æ + X ˆ =

9. Oæ + XˆK = 10. Mæ + ¤ =

11. n© + Xk = 12. z© + Xk =

13. X8© + _á = 14. ež© + X n =

15. nNc J + X M8Nsd = 16. • z© + `J =

2) Resolve the Xy9 y 9 sandhi.

1. yd = + 2. y = +

3. cy = + 4. y = +

5. ž9d = + 6. z9d = +

7. d yk = + 8. ãz y ˆ = +

9. n 9k = + 10. 9 ?› ; 99 = +

11. ¾ 9I© = + 12. nhg @ ©=

@ 9ž +

57
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

6. zZn k{| [lopa= śākalyasya]

1/1
8.3.19 zZn k{| 6/1 Á ~ XnN9y; Z 6/2
«Z 6/2
ns| 6/1 X 7/1

b is
When y/9 b at the end of a ns, and is preceded by X9:; (any kind of X), and is
b .b
immediately followed by X , b there is an optional elision of that y/9

6 7
o X b =
ns X9:; b b
y/9 X b

1
zZn

e.g. 1) JMK + `J e.g. 2) 9ÙZ + `J

b `J
JMy + (by ¡aZ[y9 y 9 Á) b `J
9Ù9 + (by ¡aZ[y9 y 9 Á)

= JM `J / JM yJ (2 forms) = 9Ù `J / 9Ù 9J (2 forms)

@ V (gu<asandhi) or s t8
After applying this rule, further sandhi rules, such as ?:8 ; V
(dīrghasandhi), cannot be applied.

= Exercise =

1) Apply the zZn k{| sandhi between the two words.

1. sK K + `J = 2. k zK + ` ˆ =

3. 9ˆ;§ K + ` ˆ = 4. ¡€ˆK + ` ˆ =

5. ˆÌ æ + XJI b = 6. ˆ| æ + `J =

2) Resolve the zZn k{| sandhi between the two words.

1. ˆ _ä = + 2. e؈ ` ˆ = +

3. ¡ˆ `J = + 4. ˆ _ä = +

5. ˆÌ `J = + 6. ˆ| eÑI b = +

7. 9 XMK = + 8. 9 `J = +

58
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

; n-8 V [pūrvarūpa-sandhi=]
7. nN9}

5/1
6.1.109 ¡‚ ns § ˆ 5/1
b X ˆ 7/1 Á ~ nN9}
; nI 1/1
b nN9n; MyZ 6/2
¡k 1/1
8\ Jˆ y I 7/1
b

When ¡‚ b (¡/£) at the end of a word is immediately followed by a short X, the nN9}
; n is

the substitute in the place of the two.

5 7
ns ¡/£ X

1
; nI b o nN9} b ¡/£
; nI =
nN9}

ns ¡/£ X
e.g. 1) k zK + X n e.g. 2) 8Z + XJI b

= k zK[ n = 8Z[JI b

¡/£

* The nM-X9:; may be, or may not be written as “[”, which is called X9ÞJ (avagraha).

59
 b V [ac-sandhi=])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (Xa-8

= Exercise =

; n sandhi rule.
1) Apply the nN9}

1. zZkK + X Ìd b = 2. ˆK + Xà =

3. _MžˆK + Xcd;@ = 4. ¡ˆK + XO =

5. k zK + X n = 6. ˆK + XJI b =

7. IZ 8K + X ž@ ˆ b = 8. dM K + XJI b =

9. zZkZ X r = 10. 8Z + X n =

11. 89;ˆZ + X r = 12. ˆBÍZ + X Ì =

; n sandhi rule.
2) Remove the nN9}

1. 89[ n = + 2. k@hˆK[cd;@ = +

3. ¡ˆK[O = + 4. M MK[ Ìd b = +

5. X†K[ n = + 6. IK[IBˆI b = +

7. `IK[9 •ˆ = + 8. Xn MJ y[› = +

9. IK[؈@ = + 10. dIrK[r @ = +

11. ž 8yˆK[ lzI b = + @ © =

12. dMkK [ a +

13. 8Z[ n = + 14. zZkZ[yI b = +

15. b
LˆZ[yI = + 16. 8Z[cd;@ = +

60
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

Topic VI
Consonant Sandhi
b V [hal-sandhi=]
Jz-8

b V
Overview of Jz-8

b V in this book are found in the last 3 quarters of Chapter 8

All the sandhi rules of Jz-8

of the book of Pā<inisūtras. The section consisting of those 3 quarters is called On s .

Once a sūtra in the On s is applied, only the sutras with bigger number will be

b which governs all the sūtras in the last 3

applicable. This is told in the sutra 8.2.1 nN9O; 8CI Á,

quarters.

b V rules in this book are listed in the order of sūtra number.

Because of this, Jz-8

Another sūtra to be noted is 8.2.108. This sūtra contains the word 8\ Jˆ y I, b which

b “in
governs all sandhi rules from 8.2.108 until the end. The meaning of the word 8\ Jˆ y I is:

the topic of sandhi, where two sounds meet and have to be pronounced together without a

gap”. This has to be taken into consideration in the sutra 8.3.7 under the section of “6. 2nd

b
h~I ”onward.

b Vs in this section should be studied along with the Jz-ending

Jz-8 b nominal

@ ”b T ˆn sk in the Volume 1. Later as revision, Jz-8

declension starting from “8?: b Vs can be

studied in the order of sūtra number from the beginning in this section.

61
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

1. dzZn [na-lopa=]

8.2.7 d 6/1 zZn 1/1

T ˆn sk 6/1 X§| 6/1 Á ~ ns| 6/1

b at the end of a T ˆn sk and ns, it is elided.

When d is

6 b yZ?
e.g. 1) yZ? d =>
ns T ˆn sk db b _á
e.g. 2) _á d =>

b
e.g. 3) _ád + b _á
I => Ib
1
zZn

= Exercise =

Identify the T ˆn sk which has undergone d-zZn at ns § and T ˆn sk §.

1. ij = 2. d I =

3. 8 I = 4. € I =

5. «ZI = 6. JKI =

7. _á = 8. ij =

9. Xø = 10. žNI =

11. yZ? = 12. n =

13. 9 s = 14. X €k M =

15. ija M = 16. 8 8 =

17. ij 9à = 18. 8 I9Ks =

19. _á 9à = 20. žNI 9à =

21. _á~I b = 22. ij b

I=

23. yZ ? ž = b
24. X €k M~I =

62
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
2. k@~I [ku-tvam]

6/1 1/1
8.2.30 aZ k@ Á ~ ns| 6/1 ‰ z 7/1

There is k@~ (substitute k-9?;) in the place of a @ (a-9?;) when a @ is at the end of a ns or is

followed by ‰z.b

6 7
o a @ (a-9?;) =
a@ ‰z b
o k@ (k-9?;) =
1
o ‰z b =
k@

or

6
ns a@

1
k@

ab ˆb b ˆ
@ +
e.g. 1) Ia b ˆ
e.g. 2) žc +

@ b+ ˆ
= Ik b ˆ 8.2.30 aZ k@ Á
= ž? +
kb
= žk b + ˆ 8.4.55 l M a Á

b 8b
e.g. 1) 9 a +
ns ab
b 8b
=9a+

= 9 kb 8.2.30 aZ k@ Á
kb

63
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

3. g~I [b a-tvam]

8.2.36 p-å c-8Bc-IBc-yc-M c-å c-Ê- \ 6/3 g 1/1

Á ~ ‰ z 7/1 ns| 6/1 X§K 7/1 a 0

b the substitute at the end of these 7 € ˆs@ listed in the sūtra and a word ending with Š b
g is

or b
when followed by ‰z b or when the € ˆ @ comes at the end of a ns.

6 7
7 € ˆs@ or Š b/ b Last o ‰z b =
‰z b
ending word letter

1
gb

or

6
7 € ˆs@ or Š b/ b Last
ns
ending word letter

1
gb

b ˆ
e.g. 1) 8Bc +
8B cb ˆb = 8Bg b + ˆ 8.2.36 p-å c Á
= 8Bg b + ƒ 8.4.41 ‡d
@ ‡@ Á
gb = 8B ‡

e.g. 2) b ~
+
b ˆb = g b+ ~ 8.2.36 p-å c Á
= g b + ƒ b9 8.4.41 ‡d
@ ‡@ Á
gb =

64
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
4. c -~I b
[jaś-tvam]

8.2.39 ‰z I 6/3
b c 1/3
X§K 7/1 Á ~ ns| 6/1

b in the place of ‰z b at the end of a ns.

There is c -~

6
o ‰z b =
ns ‰z b
o c b=
1
c b

b 8b
e.g. 1) Ihˆ + b
e.g. 2) Ihˆ + Ib
ns ˆb
= Ihˆ b = Ihs b + I b 8.2.39 ‰z \ Á

= Ihs b 8.2.39 ‰z \ Á
sb
= Ihˆ b 8.4.56 9 98 d K Á

= Exercise =
b sandhi.
1) Apply the ns § c -~
b ž =
1. Ihˆ + b
2. Ihˆ + =
3. 9 k b + ` ˆ = b Xr=
4. Ihˆ +
b _s =
5. Xa + b X§ =
6. Xˆ +
b ?Ê ˆ =
7. Þ I ˆ + b `ˆ=
8. 8ˆ +

b sandhi.
2) Resolve the ns § c -~
1. Ih I b= + 2. as á = +
3. 8sK9 = + 4. c?s LM = +
5. `?§ = + 6. Xc§ = +

65
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
5. €~I [dha-tvam]

5/1 6/2 1/1 6/1

8.2.40 ‰g ˆ›Z € X€ Á

b › when
There is €-~ in the place of ˆ or b b preceded by ‰g. b
b › is
the ˆ or

5 6
o ‰g b =
‰g b b b
ˆ/›

1
€b

5 6
e.g. 1) •€@ b + ˆ
€b ˆb
= •€@ b + € 8.2.40 ‰gr›Z€Ö[€ Á

1 = •s@ b + € b
8.4.53 ‰z \ c ‰ Á
€b = •@C

5 6 b ˆ
e.g. 2) zž +
žb ˆb b €
= zž + 8.2.40 ‰gr›Z€Ö[€ Á
b €
= z• + b
8.4.53 ‰z \ c ‰ Á
1
€b =z

= Exercise =
b sandhi.
1) Apply the ns § c -~
b ˆ=
1. €@ + b ˆ=
2. €@ +
b ˆ=
3. zž + b ˆ=
4. 8€ +

b sandhi.
2) Resolve the ns § c -~
1. 8 C = + 2. •C = +
3. _M = + 4. enz = +

66
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
6. 2nd h~I [ru-tvam]

8.3.7 d 6/1 b Á ~ ns| 6/1 XŽMK 7/1 h

Š 9 7/1 XT d 6/1 1/1

b the end of a ns, when followed by Š9 which

d at b is followed by XI, b undergoes the

changes as follows;

7
6 b b
a/Š o Š9 b =
ns db ƒ b/— b XI b
b
o XI =
ˆ/›b b

\ or b ½ (withb a/Š b b) 1

\g or b b
g½ (with ƒ b/— b)
\8 or b ½8 (withb ˆ/› b )b

e.g. 1) b aM ˆ
nI@ d + b ƒ kˆK
e.g. 2) nI@ d + b ˆM ˆ
e.g. 3) nI@ d +
= nI@ p
½ M ˆ / nI@ p
\ Mˆ = nI@ ‡½ kˆK / nI@ ‡\ kˆK = nI@ r
½ M ˆ / nI@ r
\ Mˆ

= Exercise =

1) Apply the sandhi rule.

b a=
1. 8d + b a=
2. yZ ?d +

b a=
3. M I d + b a=
4. JM d +

@ +
5. ?}d b a= b a=
6. € ˆ÷d +

b ƒ kˆK =
7. M I d + b ƒ kˆK =
8. JM d +

b ˆ› =
9. M I d + b ˆ› =
10. JM d +

@ +
11. ?}d b ˆ› = b ˆ› =
12. € ˆ÷d +

2) Resolve the sandhi.

\ =
1. Tâ 9 s p \ =
2. X?ˆ 8Np

3. 8l r› = 4. ™g p =

67
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

@ M [anusvāra=]
7. Xd•

6/1 1/1
8.3.23 I @ M
Xd• Á ~ J z 7/1 ns| 6/1

b the end of a ns, when the I is

@ M is the substitute for I at
Xd• b immediately followed by

Jz.b

6 7
ns Ib Jz b o Jz b =

1
@ M
Xd•

ns Ib Jz b
e.g. 1) 9:;I + ;@ b
b aˆž@ cI

= ;@ I b 8.3.23 IZ[d•
9: + aˆž@ c @ M Á
@ M
Xd•

= Exercise =

@ M rule.
1) Apply the ns § Xd•

b JM ˆ =
1. n nI + b M MI =
2. kI + b

b yc ˆ =
3. sK9I + b M II +
4. ˆI + b dI I =

b _á =
5. XyI + b 89;I +
6. `sI + b _8 ˆ =
b

b ij =
7. Tâ dI + b kMZ I =
8. XJI +

@ M sandhi.
2) Resolve the ns § Xd•

1. k\ kMZ ˆ = + 2. £sd\ l s I = +

@ zžˆK =
3. 8l\ + 4. `s\ n—d\ ž9 ˆ = + +

68
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

6/1
8.3.24 d a 0 Xns §| 6/1 ‰ z 7/1 Á ~ I 6/1
@ M
Xd• 1/1

b
@ M is the substitute for I and
Xd• d, b not at the end of ns, when they are immediately

followed by ‰z.b

6 7
ns b b
I/d ‰z b
o ‰z b =
1
@ M
Xd•

e.g. 1) Š b 8
d+
ns db 8b
=Š \ + 8 8.3.24 dp ns §| ‰ z Á

@ M
Xd•

= Exercise =

@ M sandhi.
Apply the Xns § Xd•

b 8=
1. ˆn d + b 8 =
2. ˆI d +

b 8=
3. Id d + b 8 =
4. Mc d +

b 8=
5. 9a d + b 8 =
6. 9 8 d +

7. Š b 8=
d+ b 8 =
8. ny d +

b 8© =
9. 9¾ d + b 8 =
10. 9¾ d +

b 8© =
11. yK d + b 8 =
12. yK d +

b 8© =
13. nI@ d + b 8 =
14. nI@ d +

b 8=
15. nI@ + b 8@=
16. nI@ +

b |ˆ=
17. dI + b 8=
18. Jd +

69
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

8. ‚Iƒ@ b-_?I [„amu…-āgama=]

6/1
8.3.32 ‚I ´• ˆ 5/1
b X a 7/1 ‚Iƒ@ b 1/1 dUI 0b a 0 Á ~ ns| 6/1

b at
b :/d
When ‚/ b the end of a ns is preceded by a short vowel (´•), and followed by any

vowel (Xa),b ‚/ b is
b :/d b added to that ‚/ b (i.e.,
b :/d b b b is doubled.)
b :/d
‚/

5 6 7 o Xa b =
ns ´• b b
b :/d
‚/ Xa b

1
Addition of
‚/ b b
b :/d

b _á d
e.g. 1) n•yd +
ns X db _
= n•yd db +
b _á d 8.3.32 ‚IZ ´• Á

Addition of d b

1) Apply the ‚Iƒ@ b sandhi.

b Xn=
1. n•yd + b _rK =
2. ? yd +

b `ˆ=
3. ž?9d + b – ˆK =
4. ˆ¨d +

b en 9 ˆ =
5. nad + b ¡ˆˆ =
6. 9sd + b

b `ˆ=
7. ˆ Ìd + b e=
8. k Ìd +

2) Remove the ‚Iƒ@ b sandhi.

1. k@9;Õ n = 2. k@9;Õ ÓZ ˆ = /

b
3. 9g s ÕsI = b
4. ?B Õ @ Igd =

70
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
9. IN€ ;†~I [mūrdhanya-tvam]

8.3.59 _sK -TUyyZ 6/2

Á ~ Xns §| 6/1 IN€†
; 1/1
8 6/1 b
`:kZ 5/1

; (g)b is substituted in the place of 8, b when the following conditions are fulfilled;
IN۠

b an _sK (replacement), or a part of TUy

1. The 8 as

b k-9?;
b preceded by `: or
2. When the 8 is

b not at the end of ns

3. When the 8 is

o `: b =
5 6
ns b _sK
8 as
b @
`:/k o k@ (k9?;) =
b TUy
8 of

1
; (g)b
IN۠

ns b 8@
¡ 8 of e.g. 1) M IK + 8 @ e.g. 2) J M + 8 @
= M IK + g @ = J M + g@

; (g)b
IN۠

= Exercise =
; -~ sandhi rule.
Apply the Xns §-IN€†

1. 89 + 8 @ = 2. J M + 8 @ =
3. ?h@ + 8 @ = 4. kˆB ; + 8 @ =
5. ds + 8 @ = 6. I ˆ + 8 @ =
7. ™k b + 8 @ = 8. 9 k b + 8 @ =
b 8@=
9. sk+ 10. yZ ? + 8 @ =
b `=
11. a @ + 8 + 12. kMZ + 8 =

71
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
10. :~I [<a-tvam]

8.4.1 M-g \ 5/2 dZ 6/1 : 1/1

8I dnsK 7/1 Á

b the substitute for d when

: is b b immediately preceded by M bor g in
the d is b the same

word.

5 6
ns b b
M/g db

1
:b

7/1
8.4.2 Xƒ b-k@-n-_‚
@ b
-b dI@ -«9 yK X n 0Á

The :~ takes place even when M/g b

b and b
d are intervened by one or more of the
following letters in any order.

5
Any of 6
ns b b
M/g db
Xƒ b/k@/n/_‚
@ /b dI@ b

1
:b

o Xƒ b =

o k@ (k9?; ) =

o n @ (n9?; ) =

o _‚ b = one of en8?;s

o dI@ b = a type of augment

8.4.37 ns §| 6/1 Á ~ d 0 d 6/1

: 1/1

b
This change of : should not happen at the end of ns.

72
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

= Exercise =

1) Examine whether :~ is applicable to the following nominal bases, write forms of the

following masculine T ˆn sks in 3/1 and 6/3.

1. M I @
2. nhg

3. 9gy 4. ˆk;

5. nO@ 6. Xcd;@

7. z : 8. kB Ù

9. _a y; 10.

11. J M 12. ™ g

13. ? M 14. dBn ˆ

15. ?h@ 16. `g @

17. II@ @ @ 18. 9Ù @

19. n d b 20. 9æ Md b

2) Write forms of the following neuter words in 1/3, 3/1 and 6/3.

1. ` éy

2. nO

3. n:;

4.

5. kM:

6. z :

7. 9 M

8. s h

9. ij

10. kI;

73
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

11. p~I b ~
@ /‡ b
@ I [ścu-tvam/ …u-tvam]

6/1 3/1 1/1

8.4.40 rZ •ad@ •a @ Á

When b a-9?; immediately precedes or follows 8 or

or b ˆ-9?;, 8 or
b ˆ-9?; is substituted by

b a-9?;.
or

3 6 o a @ (a-9?;) =
b @
/a b @
8/ˆ o ˆ @ (ˆ-9?;) =

1
b @
/a
The sound most similar to the original
becomes the substitute.
or b
o 8→ b
(sibilants)
6 3
o ˆ b→ (class 1)
b @
8/ˆ b @
/a
o › b→ (class )

1 o sb → (class )
b @
/a o € b→ (class )
o d b→ (class )

= Exercise =

@ sandhi.
1) Apply the •a~
b d =
1. M c + b d =
2. M c +
b ˆK K =
3. M I8 + b adZ ˆ =
4. M I8 +
b az ˆ =
5. Id8 + b a =
6. M I8 +
b ˆK K =
7. ˆˆ + b aˆ =
8. 8ˆ + b

9. –LM s b + c yˆK = b
10. ˆs b + â dI =
b ŠOˆ=
11. ˆÌ ˆ + b b cy =
12. yZ ?d +
@ sandhi.
2) Resolve the •a~

1. 8 = + 2. eÊKs = +
3. ˆÌ yˆK = + 4. _a y ; ˆ = +

74
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

3/1 1/1 6/1

8.4.41 ƒ@d ƒ@ Á ~ rZ

b ƒ-9?; immediately precedes or follows 8 or

When g or b ˆ-9?; is substituted by g b
b ˆ-9?;, 8 or

or ƒ-9?;.

3 6 o ƒ@ (ƒ-9?;) =
b @
g/ƒ b @
8/ˆ o ˆ @ (ˆ-9?;) =

1
b @
g/ƒ
The sound most similar to the original
becomes the substitute.
or b
o 8→ b
g (sibilants)
6 3
o ˆ b→ (class 1)
b @
8/ˆ b @
g/ƒ
o › b→ (class )

1 o sb → (class )
b @
g/ƒ o € b→ (class )
o d b→ (class )

= Exercise =

1) Apply the ‡-@ ~ sandhi rule.

b ˆ=
1. ˆg@ + b ˆ=
2. ng@ +

b ˆ =
3. g + 4. –ƒ b + ˆK =

b g¨ =
5. M I8 + b ƒ kˆK =
6. M I8 +

b ƒk =
7. ˆˆ + b ˜©k8K =
8. a Îd +

2) Resolve the ‡-@ ~ sandhi rule.

1. ˆÌ Ô kˆK = + 2. ‡ = +

3. 9 ¨ = + 4. 9‡ kˆK = +

75
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

12. Xdd@ 8k [anunāsika=]

6/1 7/1 1/1

8.4.45 yM Xdd@ 8kK Xdd@ 8k 9 0Á ~ ns| 6/1

Xdd@ 8k (nasal sound) is the substitute for yM bwhen the yM bis at the end of a ns and is

followed by Xdd@ 8k.

o yM b =
6 7
ns yM b Xdd@ 8k o Xdd@ 8k =

1
Xdd@ 8k

o k9?; becomes ‚ b
o a9?; becomes • b
o ƒ9?; becomes : b
o ˆ9?; becomes d b
o n9?; becomes I b
o y, b 9, b z b become y½, 9½, z½ respectively.
o M,b , b g, b 8 b remain as they are because of the absence of similar nasal sounds

ns sb db e.g. 1) ˆs b + d

b d 8.4.45 yMZ[dd@ 8kK [dd@ 8kZ 9 Á

= ˆd +
db

= Exercise =
1) Apply the ns §-Xdd@ 8k sandhi rule.
1. 9 k b + IK = b
2. ‚Iƒ@ b + dUI =
b d
3. ˆˆ + = b I†8K =
4. ¡ˆˆ +
2) Resolve the ns §-Xdd@ 8k sandhi.
1. T IZ ˆ b = + 2. – ¥dU = +
3. ˆÌ Õ = + 4. ˆ OI b = +

76
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
13. c•~I [jaś-tvam]

8.4.53 ‰z \ 6/3 c 1/1

b ‰ 7/1
Á

b the substitute for ‰z,b when the ‰z b is immediately followed by ‰ . b

c is

6 7
o ‰z b =
‰z b ‰ b
b
o c =

1 b
o ‰ =
c b

€b €b
b ˆ
e.g. 1) •€@ +
b €
= •€@ + 8.2.40 ‰gr›Z€Ö[€ Á
sb = •s@ b + € b
8.4.53 ‰z \ c ‰ Á

žb €b
b ˆ
e.g. 2) zž +
b €
= zž + 8.2.40 ‰gr›Z€Ö[€ Á
•b b €
= z• + b
8.4.53 ‰z \ c ‰ Á

= Exercise =
Apply the c ~b sandhi rule.

b €=
1. st + b €=
2. mt +

b €=
3. €@ + b €=
4. 8€ +

b €=
5. zž + b €=
6. _Mž +

77
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
14. a~;I [car-tvam]

8.4.55 l M 7/1 a 0Á ~ ‰z \ 6/3 aM b1/1

aM bis the substitute for ‰z,b when the ‰z b is immediately followed by lM.b

6 7
o ‰z b =
‰z b lM b
o aM b=

1 o lM b=
aM b

sb 8b
e.g. 1) b 8@
Ihˆ +
= Ihs b + 8 @ 8.2.39 ‰z \ c Z[§K Á
ˆb b 8@
= Ihˆ + 8.4.55 l M a Á

b 8@
e.g. 2) ™a +
?b gb b 8@
= ™k+ 8.2.30 aZ k@ Á
= ™?+b 8 @ 8.2.39 ‰z \ c Z[§K Á

kb = ™?+b g @ 8.3.59 _sK TUyyZ Á

= ™k+b g @ 8.4.55 l M a Á

= Exercise =
1) Apply the a~; sandhi rule.

b a=
1. 9 ? + b ˆ=
2. U? +

3. ˆs b + k z = b 8@ =
4. 8 I€ +

5. ˆs b + ˆK = 6. ˆÌ s b + nM =

2) Resolve the a~; sandhi.

1. ˆ úI b = + 2. 89; 9w @ = +

78
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

0
8.4.56 9 X98 d K 7/1 Á ~ ‰z \ 6/3 aM b1/1

The substitution of aM bis optional, when the ‰z b is immediately followed by X98 d

(absence of letter/full stop).

6 7
o ‰z b =
‰z b X98 dI b
o aM b=

1 b Absence of letter
o X98 dI =
Optional aM b

e.g. 1) b 8b
Ihˆ +
sb X98 dI b
= Ihˆ b Elision of 8 b
= Ihs b 8.2.39 ‰z \ c Z[§K Á
Optional ˆ b
b
= Ihˆ /Ihs b 8.4.56 9 [98 d K Á

= Exercise =
Apply the optional a~; sandhi rule before X98 d.

1. M I s b = or 2. ˆÌ s b = or

3. Ihs b = or 4. 9às@ b = or

5. 89; 9s b = or 6. en dgs b = or

b
7. ™ ~? = or b
8. 9 ? = or

9. 8Ý ‹ b = or 10. 9M ‹ b = or

79
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

15. nM89:; [parasavar<a=]

@ M| 6/1 y y 7/1 nM89:;

8.4.58 Xd• 1/1
Á

@ M when the Xd•

nM89:; (similar sound to the following) is the substitute for Xd• @ M is

immediately followed by yy. b

o yy b =
6 7
@ M
Xd• yy b

1
nM89:;

89:; (similar letter) of nM (what is following, told in the 7th case, here it is yy)b is nM89:;.

89:;s are found in page 10.

Among the nM89:;s, the most similar sound in terms of • d has to be the substitute. In
@ M being a nasal, the nasal sound among nM89:;s should be the substitute.
this case, Xd•

nM, the following nM89:;, similar letters (89:;) @ M, the

The substitute for Xd•
letter (yy)b of the following letter (nM) most similar letter among nM89:;
yb y, b y ½ b y½ b

9b 9, b 9 ½ b 9½ b

Mb n/a n/a

zb z,b z½ b z½ b

k9?; k,b l, b ?, b t, b ‚ b ‚b

a9?; a, b Š b, c, b ‰, b • b •b

ƒ9?; ƒ b, — b, ‹ b, ˜,b : b :b

ˆ9?; ˆ, b ›, b s b, €, b d b db

n9?; n, b o,b •, b ž, b I b Ib

b
@ M remains as it is when letters other than yy follow.
* The Xd•

80
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

0
8.4.59 9 ns §| 6/1 Á

This rule is optional at the end of a ns.

6 7
ns @ M
Xd• yy b

1
Optional
nM89:;

= Exercise =

@ M| nM89:; sandhi rule, and tell whether the sandhi is optional or compulsory.
Apply the Xd•

1. 8\ + y ˆ = optional / compulsory

2. 8\ + 9 s = optional / compulsory

3. aO\ + MÚˆK = optional / compulsory

b
4. 8\ + z :I = optional / compulsory

5. k y + kMZ I = optional / compulsory

6. OK \ + aM § = optional / compulsory

7. Zk\ + ˆM ˆ = optional / compulsory

8. ?\ + ˆB = optional / compulsory

b
9. J\ + ˆI@ = optional / compulsory

10. k\ + n•y ˆ = optional / compulsory

81
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

16. ˆZ z; [torli]

6/1
8.4.60 ˆZ z 7/1 Á ~ nM89:; 1/1

nM89:; (similar sound to the following) is the substitute for ˆ9?; when the ˆ9?; is
immediately followed by z.b

6 o ˆ @ (ˆ9?;) =
7
ˆ@ zb o 89:; of z b (nM) = z b and z½ b

1
nM89:;

Among the nM89:;s, the most similar sound in terms of • d has to be the substitute. In
b z b because they all have s§ as their • d.
this case, the substitute for ˆ, b ›, b s b, € is
b z½ b because they both have s§ and d 8k as their • d.
Whereas, the substitute for d is

e.g. 1) ˆs b + zy
sb zb
= ˆs b + zy 8.2.39 ‰z \ c Z[§KÁ
= ˆz b + zy 8.4.60 ˆZ z;Á
zb

db zb e.g. 2) b zžˆK
C9d+
= C 9 z½ b + zžˆK 8.4.60 ˆZ z;Á

z½

= Exercise =
1) Apply the sandhi.
b z : =
1. cJˆ + 2. es b + zKl =
b zZk d=b
3. `I d + b zŒˆK =
4. JdI@ d +
2) Resolve the sandhi.
1. XcJ : = b yˆK =
2. e ‚t
3. ž@ b
kd= 4. n•y ½ l ˆ =

82
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Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

b
17. ‰yZ JZ[†ˆM| I [jhayo ho'nyatarasyām]

5/1 6/1
8.4.62 ‰y J X†ˆM| I 0b Á ~ nN9|
; 6/1 89:; 1/1

Letters of 4th of the class (t, b ‰, b ˜,b €, b ž)b are the optional substitutes for J b, when the J b is

preceded by ‰y. b
5 6
‰y b Jb
o b
‰y =

1
Optional
; 9:;
nN98

; 9:;s cannot be determined in terms of • d.

In this case, the substitute among the nN98
When this is the case, the most similar sound in terms of • Ty’ (hard or soft, and
X³T : or IJ T :) is the substitute. • Ty’ of J b is soft and IJ T :. Thus the letters in the
4th of the class, which are soft and IJ T :, are the substitutes for J b.

nN9 ; (‰y)b letters ; 9:;s

nN98 The substitute for J b
k9?; k,b l, b ?, b t, b ‚ b tb

a9?; a, b Š b, c, b ‰, b • b ‰b

ƒ9?; ƒ b, — b, ‹ b, ˜,b : b ˜b

ˆ9?; ˆ, b ›, b s b, €, b d b €b

n9?; n, b o,b •, b ž, b I b žb

= Exercise =
1) Apply the sandhi.
b
1. 9 ? +ÛsyK = b ´• =
2. Xc +
3. | ‹ b +´• = 4. ˆs b + J d =
b Jr =
5. X• + 6. 8Is@ b + Jˆ ; =

2) Resolve the sandhi.

1. `ã!• = + 2. X"#• = +
3. M’I‹@ b˜M ˆ = + 4. $M CNˆ K = +
5. ˆCKˆ @ = + b
6. eCBˆI = +

83
 b V [hal-sandhi=])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (Jz-8

18. •ŠZ[ ƒ [śaśco'…i]

6/1 1/1
8.4.63 Š X ƒ 7/1 Á ~ ‰y 5/1
X†ˆM| I 0b

Š b is optionally the substitute for , b when the b preceded by ‰y, b and followed by Xƒ b.
is

5 6 b
7 o ‰y =
‰y b b Xƒ b
o Xƒ b =
1
Optional Š b

5 6 e.g. 1) ˆs b + Ib
7
ab b _ = ˆs b + Ib 8.2.39 ‰z \ c Z[§KÁ
b
= ˆc + Ib 8.4.40 rZ pd@ p @ Á
1
Optional Š b b
= ˆc + Ib b
8.4.53 ‰z \ c ‰ Á
b
= ˆa + Ib 8.4.55 l M aÁ
b Š Ib
= ˆa + 8.4.63 •ŠZ[ ƒÁ

= Exercise =
1) Apply the Š~ sandhi.
1. 9 k b + ˆK K = 2. zƒ b + ˆK K =
b
3. ys b + ZkI = b
4. es b + Zg:I =
5. Is b + ßM = @ =
6. ˆs b + ~

2) Resolve the Š~ sandhi.

b
1. LÊ §I = + 2. 8Ê% = +
@ &K y =
3. yC + b
4. e &ˆI = +
b
5. ˆÊ zI = + 6. ˆ': @ = +

84
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