Nomenclature:

Discharge Coefficient, Cd: The ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge.
Mass flowrate: It is the mass of a substance which passes per unit of time.
Pressure Drop: The difference in pressure between two points in a pipe or pipeline.
Reynold’s Number: The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is a
convenient parameter for predicting if a flow condition will be laminar, transitional, or turbulent.
Valve: A device used for controlling the passage of fluid or air through a pipe, duct, etc.
Viscosity: The property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of the
fluid that are moving at different velocities
Volumetric flow rate: It is the volume of fluid which passes per unit time.

Sample Calculations:
We have given:
Water flow rate = 5 GPM
Pipe diameter = 2.0 inch
Orifice diameter = 0.5 inch
Pressure drop = 8300 Pa
Assume that,
Density = 998 kg/m3
Viscosity = 8.94x10-4 Pa-s
Expansion Coefficient = 1 (incompressible)

First, calculate the orifice area:

𝑑2 (0.52 )𝑖𝑛2 1 𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋 × =𝜋× × = 1.27 × 10−4 𝑚2
4 4 1550 𝑖𝑛2
Calculation of velocity from water flow rate:
5 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚3 1
𝑣= × × × = 2.49 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 264.17 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 1.27 × 10−4 𝑚2
Now, calculate the Reynold’s Number by putting the velocity = 2.49 m/sec, in equation (1):
 𝜌𝑣𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
998 𝑘𝑔 2.49 𝑚 0.0127 𝑚 1 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = 3
× × × −4
× = 35300
𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 8.94 × 10 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑔
Next, calculate 𝛽 from equation (2):
𝐷0 0.5 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝛽= = = 0.25
𝐷1 2.0 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
Finally, rearrange equation (3) in order to calculate 𝐶𝑑 :

𝑣0 𝐷0 4
𝐶𝑑 = × √1 − ( )
2∆𝑃 𝐷1
√
𝜌
2.49
𝐶𝑑 = × √1 − (0.25)4 = 0.61
√2 × 8300
998