Intercom

A butler uses an intercom on behalf of a lady

An intercom (intercommunication device), talkback or doorphone is a stand-alone voice

communications system for use within a building or small collection of buildings, functioning
independently of the public telephone network (Azori 2016). Intercoms are generally mounted
permanently in buildings and vehicles. Intercoms can incorporate connections to public address
loudspeaker systems, walkie talkies, telephones, and to other intercom systems. Some intercom
systems incorporate control of devices such as signal lights and door latches.

There are simple house intercoms and intercoms developed for collective apartments. Some are
equipped with video, and its wiring (electrical installation), can be connected to the outside with few
pairs (4-6 pairs) while controlling an electric strike. The last generations are even compatible with
computers and some models include TCP/IP.

Permanent systems
Current Intercom Control Desk

Traditional intercoms and public address systems are composed entirely of analogue electronics
components but many new features and interfacing options can be accomplished with new intercom
systems based on digital connections. Video signals can be carried as well as voice. Digital intercom
stations can be connected using Cat 5 cable and can even use existing computer networks as a
means of interfacing distant parties.

Many schools and office buildings now use audio / video systems to identify visitors trying to gain
access to a locked building, and can be interfaced with the building's access control system.

Besides fixed locations, intercom systems are used on many types of vehicles including trains,
watercraft, aircraft and armoured fighting vehicles.

Portable systems

Portable intercoms are commonly used by special event production crews and professional sports
teams. Performing arts venues such as theaters and concert halls often have a combination of
permanently mounted and portable intercom elements. Motorsports race tracks often have both
portable and permanent intercom stations mounted at critical points around the racecourse for use
by race officials and emergency medical technicians.

Basic intercom system terms

Intercom system in the Pittock Mansion

Master Station or Base Station – These are units that can control the system, i.e., initiate a call with
any of the stations and make announcements over the whole system.

Sub-station - Units that are capable of only initiating a call with a Master Station but not capable of
initiating calls with any other stations (sometimes called slave units).

Door Station - Like sub-stations, these units are only capable of initiating a call to a Master Station.
They are typically weather-proof.

Intercom Station - Full-featured remote unit that is capable of initiating and receiving party-line
conversation, individual conversation and signalling. May be rack-mounted, wall-mounted or
portable.

Wall Mount Station – fixed-position intercom station with built-in loudspeaker. May have flush-
mounted microphone, hand-held push to talk microphone or telephone-style handset.

Belt Pack - portable intercom station worn on the belt such as an interruptible feedback (IFB) with an
earpiece worn by talent.

Handset - permanent or portable telephone-style connection to an intercom station. Holds both an

earpiece and a push to talk microphone.

Headset - portable intercom connection from a belt pack to one or both ears via headphones with
integrated microphone on a boom arm. Connects to a belt pack.

Paging Signal - An audible and/or visual alert at an intercom station, indicating that someone at
another station wants to initiate a conversation.
Power Supply - Used to feed power to all units. Often incorporated into the design of the base
station.

Telephonic - Intercom systems that utilize a transmitter (talk) and receiver (listen) to communicate,
similar to standard telephone systems.

Amplified - Intercom systems that utilize a single speaker to transmit and receive communications.

Amplifier - An intercom systems main or central component that is responsible for switching or
connecting communication paths between master and substations in addition to distributing or
switching power to auxiliary connected devices i.e. door strikes to allow entry.

Wiring intercoms

1980s MirTone intercom system

While every intercom product line is different, most analogue intercom systems have much in
common. Voice signals of about a volt or two are carried atop a direct current power rail of 12, 30 or
48 volts which uses a pair of conductors. Signal light indications between stations can be
accomplished through the use of additional conductors or can be carried on the main voice pair via
tone frequencies sent above or below the speech frequency range. Multiple channels of
simultaneous conversations can be carried over additional conductors within a cable or by
frequency- or time-division multiplexing in the analogue domain. Multiple channels can easily be
carried by packet-switched digital intercom signals.

Portable intercoms are connected primarily using common shielded, twisted pair microphone
cabling terminated with 3-pin XLR connectors. Building and vehicle intercoms are connected in a
similar manner with shielded cabling often containing more than one twisted pair.
Digital intercoms use Category 5 cable and relay information back and forth in data packets using the
Internet protocol architecture.

Two-wire broadcast intercoms

Sub-station by Bolinder's Teleradio (1950s)

Intercom systems are widely used in TV stations and outside broadcast vehicles such as those seen
at sporting events or entertainment venues. There are essentially two different types of intercoms
used in the television world: two-wire party line or four-wire matrix systems. In the beginning, TV
stations would simply build their own communication systems using old phone equipment.
However, today there are several manufacturers offering off-the-shelf systems. From the late 1970s
until the mid-90s, the two-wire party line-type systems were the most popular, primarily due to the
technology that was available at the time. The two-channel variety used a 32-volt impedance-
generating central power supply to drive external stations or belt packs. This type of format allowed
the two channels to operate in standard microphone cable, a feature highly desired by the
broadcasters. These systems were very robust and simple to design, maintain and operate but had
limited capacity and flexibility as they were usually hardwired. A typical user on the system could not
choose whom to talk to. He would communicate with the same person or group of people until the
system was manually reconfigured to allow communication with a different group of people. Two-
wire routers or source assignment panels were then implemented to allow quick re-routing. This
reconfiguration was usually handled at a central location, but because voltage is used on the circuit
to power the external user stations as well as communicate, there would usually be a pop when the
channels were switched. So while one could change the system on-the-fly, it was usually not
desirable to do so in the middle of a production, as the popping noise would distract the rest of the
television crew.

Four-wire broadcast intercoms

A modern four-wire intercom system capable of 272 sources and destinations manufactured by
Telex Communications Inc.

In the mid-90s four-wire technology started gaining more prominence due to the technology getting
cheaper and smaller. Four-wire circuit technology had been around for quite some time but was very
expensive to implement. It usually required a large footprint in the physical television studio, thus
was only used at very large television stations or television networks.

Wireless intercoms

For installations where it is not desirable or possible to run wires to support an intercom system,
wireless intercom systems are available. There are two major benefits of a wireless intercom system
over the traditional wired intercom. The first is that installation is much easier since no wires have to
be run between intercom units. The second is that you can easily move the units at any time. With
that convenience and ease of installation comes a risk of interference from other wireless and
electrical devices. Nearby wireless devices such as cordless telephones, wireless data networks, and
remote audio speakers, as well as structural features in your building, can all interfere. Electrical
devices such as motors, lighting fixtures and transformers can cause noise. There may be concerns
about privacy since conversations may be picked up on a scanner, baby monitor, cordless phone, or
a similar device on the same frequency. Encrypted wireless intercoms can reduce or eliminate
privacy risks, while placement, installation, construction, grounding and shielding methods can
reduce or eliminate the detrimental effects of external interference. The United States and Canada
have several frequency ranges for wireless intercom systems and other wireless products. They are
49 MHz, FM band (200–270 kHz), 494–608 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and MURS (150 MHz).
IP Intercoms are now appearing that connect a Master to an IP Substation elsewhere on the
Internet, via an Ethernet port. Wireless intercoms can also run over a mesh network that allows
near-instant communication throughout a house.

Power line communication units that send signal over house wiring have been referred to as
"wireless" intercoms. Though they are technically wired intercoms, they are based on existing wiring
and thus require no additional wires.

Loudaphone brand intercom station aboard RMS Queen Mary. The Loudaphone was specified for
noisy environments such as aboard trains and trams and within a ship's engine room

Telephone Intercoms
Some telephones include intercom functions that enable paging and conversation between
instruments of similar make and model. Examples include Panasonic model KX-TS3282W(/B), AT&T
models 945 and 974, and TMC model ET4300.

A single device can add intercom functionality to multiple standard telephones on a common phone
line, even of different makes and models. Installation effort is minimal, and is not vulnerable to the
radio interference and security issues of wireless systems. The Add-A-Com Whole House Intercom
for Standard Telephone Systems is such a device. Intercom paging is accomplished by sounding a
distinctive ring from all telephones after any phone is taken briefly off hook. After paging, any
number of phones may converse. The device temporarily disconnects the external phone line during
intercom use, and reconnects when all phones are again on hook. During intercom use, an external
call’s ringing signal can be heard in the earpiece.

Many key telephone systems for office use provide access to multiple outside lines plus an intercom,
where the latter appeared as if it were one of the individually-selectable lines. The Western Electric
Model 207 and Model 6A intercoms were designed for integration into such key system multiline
installations, providing one or two simultaneous intercom calls respectively.