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Introduction
Numbers are like toys with which we can play. Some people find
emotional security in them, two plus two always made, and would always
make, four – no matter how the world changed.
To understand the methods which we shall describe you, need nothing
more than a basic knowledge of arithmetic. There are no formulae,
technical terms, algebra, geometry or logarithms. Here, if you can carry
out the basic functions of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing
you can follow all of it.
NUMBER 1
1x1 =1
11x11 = 121
111x111 = 12321
1111x1111 = 1234321
11111x11111 = 123454321
111111x111111 = 12345654321
1111111x1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111x11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111x111111111 = 12345678987654321
At this point it stops, but the same thing works briefly with the number
11:
11x11 = 121
11x11x11 = 1331
11x11x11x11 = 14641
NUMBER 2
2x1= 2 2
2x2= 4 4
2x3= 6 6
2x4= 8 8
2x5= 10 1+0=1
2x6= 12 1+2=3
2x7= 14 1+4=5
2x8= 16 1+6=7
2x9= 18 1+8=9
2x10=20 2+0=2
2x11=22 2+2=4
2x12=24 2+4=6
2x13=26 2+6=8
2x14=28 2+8=1(0)
2x15=30 3+0=3
2x16=32 3+2=5
2x17=34 3+4=7
2x18=36 3+6=9
As we can see that the secret steps always give us the same sequence of
the four even digits followed by the five odd ones.
There is an amusing party trick that can be played with the number 2.
The problem is to express all ten digits, in each case using the number 2
five times and no other number. Symbols of +,-,x, and ÷, and the
conventional method of writing fraction is allowed.
2 + 2 - 2 - 2/2 = 1
2+2+2–2–2=2
2 + 2 – 2 + 2/2 = 3
2x2x2–2–2 =4
2 + 2 + 2 - 2/2 = 5
2+2+2+2–2 =6
22/2 – 2 – 2 =7
2x2x2+2–2=8
2 x 2 x 2 + 2/2 = 9
2 - 2/2 - 2/2 =0
123456789
+ 123456789
+ 987654321
+ 987654321
+ 2
-----------------
2222222222
NUMBER 3
3=22-12
5=32-22
The secret steps in the three times table are very simple:
3x1 = 3 3
3x2 = 6 6
3x3 = 9 9
3x4 = 12 1+2=3
3x5 = 15 1+5=6
3x6 = 18 1+8=9
3x7 = 21 2+1=3
3x8 = 24 2+4=6
3x9 = 27 2+7=9
3x10= 30 3+0=3
3x11= 33 3+3=6
3x12= 36 3+6=9
Again the pattern of the secret steps recur whatever stage you carry
the table up to.
NUMBER 4
NUMBER 5
Most important thing about 5 is that it is the half of 10. This fact is a
key to many shortcuts in calculation.
The secret steps in the 5-times table are very similar to those in the 4-
times table; the sequences simply go upwards instead of downwards:
NUMBER 6
This is the second triangle number; and the first perfect number. A
perfect number is one which is equal to the sum of all its divisors. Thus,
1+2+3=6.
The secret steps in the 6-times table are very similar to those in the 3-
times table; only the order is slightly different.
…and so on.
NUMBER 7
This is the next prime number after 5. The secret steps in the 7-times
table almost duplicate those in 2-times table, except that they go up
instead of down at each step.
7x2 = 7x2 = 14
7x22 = 7x4 = 28
7x23 = 7x8 = 56
7x24 = 7x16 = 112
7x25 = 7x32 = 224
7x26 = 7x64 = 448
7x27 = 7x128 = 896
7x28 = 7x256 = 1792
7x29 = 7x512 = 3584
---------------------------------
142857142857142(784)
However far you take the calculation, the sequence 142857 will repeat
itself, though the final digits on the right-hand side which are
bracketed will be ‘wrong’ because they would be affected by the next
stage in addition if the calculation is taken further.
NUMBER 8
This time the secret steps in the multiplication table are the reverse of
those in the 1-times table:
and
88 = 9 x 9 + 7
888 = 98 x 9 + 6
8888 = 987 x 9 + 5
88888 = 9876 x 9 + 4
888888 = 98765 x 9 + 3
8888888 = 987654 x 9 + 2
88888888 = 9876543 x 9 + 1
And lastly;
12345679 x 8 = 98765432
NUMBER 9
1x9 = 09 90 = 9x10
2x9 = 18 81 = 9x9
3x9 = 27 72 = 9x8
4x9 = 36 63 = 9x7
5x9 = 45 54 = 9x6
The product in the second half of the table is reverse of that in the
first half.
Now take the sum of the digits away from the original number, and
add up the sum of the digits of the remainder. Wherever you choose
to stop, and whatever you originally select, the answer will be 9.
64783 – 28 = 64755
6+4+7+5+5 = 27 2+7 = 9
64783 – 10 = 64773
6+4+7+7+3 = 27 2+7 = 9
64783 – 1 = 64782
6+4+7+8+2 = 27 2+7 = 9
Take the nine digits in order and remove the 8 and then multiply by
9:
12345679 x 9 = 111111111
Now try multiplying by the multiples of 9:
12345679 x 18 = 222222222
12345679 x 27 = 333333333
12345679 x 36 = 444444444
12345679 x 45 = 555555555
12345679 x 54 = 666666666
12345679 x 63 = 777777777
12345679 x 72 = 888888888
12345679 x 81 = 999999999
ZERO
NUMBERS
Number begins at One which is absolute. All other numbers come
from One but in fact there are only nine numbers and a Zero. As long
as we remember this fact, then there need be no fear of large
numbers. The ten numbers are our friends and we can play with them
and use them to discover about the world in which we live.
PLACE VALUE
A. 3 5
B. 7 2
C. 6 1
D. 3 4 5
E. 6 0 7
F. 4 3 9 2
G. 1 4 2 6
H. 5 7 8 9
I. 4 2 4 5
J. 5 6 0 0
K. 9 0 0 3
L. 1 3 2 8
100 10
Millions Thousands Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
A. 3 5 4
B. 4 1 7
C. 9 8 0
D. 6 5 0 3
E. 9 8 7 6
F. 5 0 3 2
G. 3 2 0 1
H. 7 8 7 9
I. 1 6 5 4
J. 1 1 3 4 7
K. 5 6 2 1 4
L. 9 9 9 9 9
M. 1 1 3 5 0 6
N. 3 1 2 5 4 6
O. 2 3 6 0 0 1
P. 3 2 6 5 0 8 7
Q. 6 2 0 6 4 6 1
Multiplication Practice
Exercise 12: page 07
Division Practice
Exercise 13: page 08
MULTIPLICATION
456
x 76
--------
2736
+ 31920
------------
34656
You have had to do separate operations of multiplication and one of
addition, and you have had to remember to ‘carry’ numbers from one
column to the next.
The first essential thing about multiplication is not to automatically
adopt any one method; but to look at the figures involved and decide
which of the several methods we are going to explain will be quickest
and work best.
METHOD 1
It’s easy to see that this method can work just as well for 75 or 750.
For example to take a problem in decimal currency, suppose
87.60 x 75. Instead of adding a zero just move the decimal point.
87.60 x 100 = 8760
8760 ÷ 4 = 2190
2190 x 3 = 6570
To multiply by 9 just remember that nine is one less than 10, all that
is necessary is to add a zero and then subtract the original
multiplicand, Take 9 x 84
10 x 84 = 840
840 – 84 = 756
Here are some other relationships that can be exploited to use this
basic method:
112.5½ is 100 plus one-eighth of 100
125 is 100 plus one-quarter of 100;
125 is one-eighth of 1000
45 is 50 minus 5, 50 is half of 100 and 5 is one-tenth of 50
25 is quarter of 100
35 is 25 plus 10
99 is 100 minus 1
90 is 100 minus one-tenth of 100
and so on. If you experiment you will find many more of these useful
relationships, all of which can be used to take advantage of the basic
shortcut offered by the fact that to multiply by 10 all you do is add a
zero. After some practice you will find that you can spot almost
without thinking a case where this first method is going to help.
METHOD 2
The next method can be used when the multiplier is a relatively small
number, but one for which our first method is unsuitable because
there is no simple relationship to 10 which can be spotted and
exploited.
This method can be extended to any number which can be broken
down into factors. For E.g. 928 x 32
The factors of 32 are 8 and 4 so:
924
x 4
-----
3712
x 8
-------
29696
Even if you have to write the calculation out as above it is a great deal
quicker than the conventional method.
In practice this method is best used where the multiplier is relatively
small and its factors therefore easily and quickly extracted; if you
would remember the multiplication tables up to 12 you will be able to
judge at a glance whether or not this is a suitable method in the case
of two digit multiplier.
METHOD 3
For this method we will be using complements to do multiplication. A
complement is that which relates a number to unity. In mathematics
the unity is expressed as a 1 or 10 or 100, or 1 with any number of
zeros after it.
COMPLEMENTS
8 from 9 = 1
6 from 10 = 4
86 is 14 less than 100. 14 is called the COMPLEMENT of 86.
When there are zeros at the end, the last number is taken from 10
(because zero is not a number). For example, the complement of 740
is 260, that is, 7 from 9 = 2, 4 from 10 = 6, and the zero is just added
at the end. The meaning of the formula is, ‘All from nine and the last
number from ten’.
8 x 9 = 72
(2) (1)
8-1 = 7 or 9-2 = 7 (first digit of your answer)
2 x1 = 2 (second digit of your answer)
This is the basic strategy that we will use for all of our
multiplications.
Exercise
a) 9 x 9 = e) 8 x 9 =
b) 8 x 8 = f) 9 x 6 =
c) 7 x 7 = g) 5 x 9 =
d) 7 x 9 = h) 8 x 7 =
You do not have to memorize the tables because you can now with a
little practice, calculate your tables instantly. If you already know
your tables then learning this method is a bonus.
For e.g. 96 x 97 =
Take the complement of each number. Write it below each number in
bracket or circle.
96 x 97 =
(4) (3)
Then subtract the complement from the number diagonally
96 – 3 or 97 – 4 = 93 This is the first part of your answer.
Then multiply both the complements 4 x 3 = 12
This is the second part of your answer. The full answer is 9312.
We all should remember the first law in mathematics.
“The easier method you use, the faster you do the problem and
the less likely you are to make mistake.”
Examples for practice-:
a) 96 x96 = e) 98 x 94 =
b) 97 x 95 = f) 97 x 94 =
c) 95 x 95 = g) 98 x 92 =
d) 98 x 95 = h) 97 x 93 =
Isn’t it exciting? Our brain has not grown suddenly; we are using it
more effectively and using better and easier methods for your
calculations.
The method for multiplication has worked for the problems we have
done until now, but, with a slight adjustment, we can make it work
for any numbers.
Let’s go back to 7 x 8 =
[10] 7x 8=
(-3) (-2)
The 10 to the left of the problem is our reference number. It is the
number we take our multipliers away from. Are the numbers we are
multiplying higher than or lower than the reference number? In this
case the numbers are below ten. So we write minus sign before each
number. By subtracting diagonally we get 5. Now multiply 5 by the
reference number 10. it is 50. Now multiply the numbers in the
bracket. 3 x 2 is 6. add this to 50 to get the final answer 56.
[10] 7 x 8 = 50
(-3) (-2) +6
-----
56 Answer.
[100] 96 x 97 = 9300
(-4) (-3) +12
-------
9312 Answer.
(+2) (+11)
[10] 12 x 21 = 230
+22
-----
252 Answer
we took 10 as reference number.
(+6) (+4)
[100] 106 x 104 = 11000
+ 24
---------
11024 Answer
Add diagonally 104+6 or 106+4 = 110. Multiplying it by hundred we
get 11000. adding 6x4 =24 in 11000 gives the final answer11024.
COMBINING METHODS
[100] 92 x 93 = 8500
[10] (-8) (-7) +50
(-2) (-3) +6
--------
8556 Answer
[100] 86 x 87 =
(-14) (-13)
86 – 13 or 87 – 14 = 73. 73 x 100 ( reference number) = 7300
(+4) (+3)
[10] 14 x 13 =
14 +3 or 13 +4 = 17. 17 x 10 ( reference number) =170
4x3 = 12
final answer is 7300 + 170 + 12 = 7482 Answer.
Problems for practice -:
a) 92 x 92 = d) 88 x 85 =
b) 91 x 91 = e) 86 x 86 =
c) 91 x 92 = f) 87 x 87 =
Up until now we have multiplied numbers that were both lower than
the reference number or both higher than the reference number. How
do we multiply numbers when one number is higher and one is lower
than the reference number?
For e.g. 8 x 45
(+35)
[10] 8 x 45 = 430 – 70 = 360 Answer
(-2)
CHECKING NUMBERS
It is not enough to calculate an answer to a problem in mathematics;
you haven’t finished until you have checked you have the right
answer.
SUBSTITUTE NUMBERS
To check a calculation, we use substitute numbers instead of the real
numbers we were working with.
Let us say we have just calculated 13 x 14 = 182 and we want to
check the answer.
13 x 14 =182
1+3=4 and 1+4=5 so 4 and 5 are the substitutes for 13 and 14
respectively.
We now do the original calculation using the substitute numbers
instead of the original numbers.
4 x 5 = 20. twenty is a two digit number so we add its digits together
to get our check answer. 2 + 0 = 2
Two is our check answer.
“If we have the right answer in our calculation with the original
numbers, the digits in the real answer will add up to the same as
our check answer.”
The original answer was 182. The addition of the digits is 1+8+2=11
and 1+1=2 Two is our substitute answer and this is same as our
check answer. So our original answer is correct.
For e.g.
456 x 831 = 378936
-- - - ---
6 x 3 = 18 as 3+7+8=18
so the answer is right.
If you multiply any number by nine, the sum of the digits in the
answer will always add up to nine if you keep adding the digits in the
answer until you get a one-digit number. If the digits of any number
add up to nine, or a multiple of nine, then the number it self is evenly
divisible by nine. That is why when you multiply any number by nine,
or a multiple of nine, the digits of the answer must add up to nine.
If the digits of a number add up to any number other than nine,
that number is the remainder you would get after dividing the number
by nine. Whatever you do to the number, you do to the remainder, so
we can use the remainders as substitutes.
We choose nine because of the easy shortcut for finding the
remainder. This is a phenomenon peculiar to the number 9. it is very
useful for checking answers and divisibility by nine. It can be used
not only to divide by nine, but also to illustrate the principle of
division.
MULTIPLICATION PART 2
MULTIPLICATION BY FACTORS
The method we learnt is easy to use when the numbers are near 10 or
100. But what about multiplying numbers that are around 30 or 60?
Now we must choose the reference numbers that are easy to multiply by.
(+3) (+4)
[20] 23 x 24 =
For e.g.
(+3) (+11)
[20] 23 x 31 =
31+3 or 23+11= 34; 34x20= 680
11x3 = 33; 680+33= 713 Answer.
For e.g
[20] 19 x 16 =
(-1) (-4)
19-4 or 16-1=15; 15x20=300
4x1=4; so 300+4=304 Answer.
There isn’t much difference between the two reference numbers. It is the
matter of personal preference. Simply choose the reference number you
find easier to work with.
(+12)
[20] 18 x 32 =
(-2)
32-2 or 18+12=30; 30x20=600
12x(-2)=-24;so 600-24=576 answer.
For e.g.
(+3) (+7)
[50] 53 x 57 =
57+3 or 53+7 = 60 ; 60x50=3000
7x3=21;3000+21=3021 answer.
78 / 2 =
78=80-2. Half of (80-2) is (40-1). That is your answer.
Problems for practice -:
a) 38 x 2 =
b) 29 x 2 =
c) 59 x 2 =
d) 68 x 2 =
e) 39 x 2 =
f) 47 x 2 =
g) 38/2 =
h) 56/2 =
i) 78/2 =
j) 94/2 =
k) 34/2 =
l) 58/2 =
m) 18/2 =
n) 76/2 =
3 digit example
436
x 254
--------
110744
If the multiplier has only two figures you can still use this method by
replacing the missing hundreds figure with a 0. For E.g. 476x26 can be
written as 476x026.
We can now extend the method to deal with four-figure, five figure
numbers. The diagram for them is as follows:
Diagram for 4 figure multiplication:
All the computing goes on in your head, the addition at the end involves
only two digits in each column.
Exercises for practice:
Vedic mathematics part 1
Page 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18
Vedic mathematics part 2
Page 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Vedic mathematics part 3
Page 3, 5, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,19,22.
ADDITION
Here is the basic rule for mental addition:
“ To add 9, add 10 and subtract 1; to add 8, add 10 and subtract2; to
add 7, add 10 and subtract 3, and so on.”
For two digit mental addition there is a simple principle for mental
addition:
“ If the units digit is high, round off to the next ten and then
subtract the difference. If the units digit is low, add the tens, then
the units.”
12345 6
67890 21 3
42735 3
+2 1 8 6 5 13 4
144835 7
SOME TIPS
Addition can be thought of as an extension of counting. It is simple
but mistakes are easy to make when long lists of numbers are
being added together, or when numbers are carried from one
column to the next.
One way of avoiding mistakes in long additions – of 20 or 30
numbers say – is to break the list up into smaller groups and then
add the totals of all the groups together.
It is easier add round numbers like 40 or 70 than numbers ending
in 7, 8, 9. If you round these awkward numbers up by adding
3,2,1 the calculation is not much longer, and it is easier.
One way of avoiding the errors of carrying is to reverse the
ordinary method of working and add from left to right by adding up
columns of numbers.
For e.g.
215
426
513
112
328
---------
add the figures in the hundreds column and hold the total 1500,
then add tens column 70, then units 24 to get the answer as 1594.
SUBTRACTION
The same principle applies for numbers above and below ten.
Examples for practice -:
a) 13 – 6 = b) 12 – 7 = c) 15 – 8 =
d) 13 – 9 = e) 14 – 8 =
7 2 5 4
- 3 8 9 7
3 3 5 7
Subtract 7 from 4. You can’t. So you borrow 1 from the tens
column. Cross out the 5 and write 4. now, here is the difference.
You do not say 7 from 14, you say 7 from 10 = 3, then add the
number above (4) to get 7, the first digit of answer.
With this method, you never subtract from any number greater
than 10. The rest is addition. 9 from 4 won’t go, so borrow again. 9
from 10 is 1, plus 4 is 5, the next digit of the answer.
Eight from 1 won’t go, so borrow again. Eight from 10 is 2, plus 1
is 3, the next digit of the answer.
Three from 6 is 3, the final digit of the answer.
DIVIDING BY FACTORS
If a number can be broken down into factors, it may be simpler to
divide by these, successively, than to do single calculation. A
mental division by 8, and then by 4, is simpler than a division by
32. For E.g. 1088/32 is 1088/8 =136, and then 136/4=34
Numbers easy to handle in this way are the products in the basic
multiplication tables – For E.g. 2695/55= divide by 5 first then by
11.
To divide by numbers that are powers of 2 (4,8,16, and so on) you
merely have to go on halving the dividend. 16 for instance is 2
raised to 4, so halving the dividend four times is the same as
dividing by 16.
NAMING THE PARTS OF A DIVISION SUM
A division sum has four parts which are called divisor, dividend,
quotient and remainder. In the example of 4 into 2862, the divisor
is 4 because it is the number we are dividing by. 2862 is called the
dividend and is the number that is being divided. 715 is called the
quotient, which is the result of the division. 2 is the remainder
because it is that which remains.
The following rhyme will help you to remember the parts of a
division sum:-
The divisor is the number that divides the dividend, the
answer is the quotient, the remainder’s at the end.
DIVISION
We first take up the case of dividing a number by a single digit
divisor which is near to 10.
Suppose we want to divide 8 into 111.
a) Set the sum out as before but this time write the complement of
8, that is 2, underneath the 8.
b) The complement 2 is to become a multiplier.
c) Bring down the first digit, 1. Multiply this 1 by the complement,
that is 1 x 2 = 2, and write this underneath the next dividend
digit.
d) Add up the second column, 1 + 2 = 3, and this is the next
quotient digit.
e) Multiply this 3 by the complement, that is 3 x 2 = 6, and place
the 6 under the last 1.
f) Add up the final column for the remainder, 1 + 6 =7.
g) The answer is 13 remainder 7.
8 11/1
2 2 6
13/7
a) The sum is set out as shown with the complement of 88, that is
12, written underneath.
b) Since the base of the divisor is 100, we leave 2 digits on the
right of the remainder stroke. The first digit, 1, is brought down as
before.
c) We next multiply this 1 by the complement, 1 x 12 = 12, and
write these two digits under the next two numbers in the dividend.
d) Finally, add up the remainder, 35, and the answer is 1
remainder 35.
88 1 / 2 3
12 12
1/35
878 1/374
122 122
1/496
In the previous exercise each dividend has one more digit than its
divisor. We now take up the case where there are a large number
of digits in the dividend. The following example illustrates the
method.
10014 divided by 88
a) The remainder stroke is placed so that the number of digits on
its right is the same as the number of digits in the divisor, (two).
b) there are three digits to the left of the remainder stroke and this
gives the number of spaces to be left before the answer line is
drawn.
c) The complement of 88, that is 12, is written down below the
divisor.
d) 1 is brought down. 1 x 12 = 12 and this is placed below the next
two digits of the dividend.
e) The second column is added up, 0 + 1 = 1, and this gives the
next answer digit.
f) The complement is now multiplied by the second answer digit,
12 x 1 = 12, and the result is written in the next two columns.
g) The third column is added up for the next answer digit,
0 + 2 + 1 = 3.
h) The complement is multiplied by the third answer digit, 12 x 3 =
36 and this result is set below the next two digits of the dividend.
i) The remainder portion is added up, (giving 70) and the final
answer is 113 remainder 70.
88 1 0 0 / 1 4
12 12
1 2
36
113/70
The next step is to find out what to do when the addition of digits
in a column comes to more than 10. The following example
illustrates this.
Divide 4261 by 9
9 4 2 6 / 1
1 4 6 12
4 6 12 / 13
4 7 2 / 13
4 7 3 / 4
4 is brought down.
4 x 1 = 4, 2 + 4 = 6
6 x 1 = 6, 6 + 6 =12
12 x 1 = 12, 1 + 12 = 13
In the third column 12 is kept as a single number until the next
line when the 1 of 12 is carried to the left.
In the remainder column 13 is actually larger than the divisor, 9,
and so must be redivided. 9 into 13 is 1 remainder 4 and this 1 is
carried to the left.
256 / 11 = ?
1 1 2 5 / 6
-1 -2 -3
2 3 / 3
The base of the divisor is 10. The divisor, 11, is one more than the
base and so the surplus is 1. This 1 is transposed into -1 and
written underneath.
The rest of the process is very much as before.
2 is brought down, 2 x -1 = -2
-2, which is written below the next digit 5.
5 + (-2) = 3, gives the next answer digit. 3 x -1 = -3
6 + (-3) = 3 which gives the remainder.
For larger divisors, all the digits are transposed into vinculum
numbers except for the first 1 of the divisor. Particular care must
be taken when setting these sums out as the number of lines
required depends on the number of digits of the dividend which lie
to the left of the remainder stroke.
For example:
23689/112
1 1 2 2 3 6 / 8 9
-1 -2 -2 -4
-1 -2
-1 -2
2 1 1 / 5 7
The base of the divisor is 100 and since this has two zeros we allow
two digits after the remainder stroke. The surplus of 12 is
transposed to -1-2 and this is written below 112.
There are three digits to the left of the remainder stroke and this
provides the number of lines needed for working. 2 is brought
down as the first answer digit.
2 x -1-2 = -2-4 and this is set below the next two dividend digits, 3
and 6.
The second column is added, that is 3 + (-2) = 1, to give the next
answer digit.
1 x -1-2 = -1-2 which is put into the next two columns, below 6
and 8.
The sum of the third column is 6 + -4 + -1=1, and this is the third
answer digit.
1 x -1-2=-1-2 which is set down below the last two dividend digits.
The remainder is added up, 9 + -2 = 7 and 8 + -2 + -1 = 5.
The answer is 211 remainder 57.
STRAIGHT DIVISION
The sum is set out as shown with the 4 of 24 placed on top of the
flag. The number of flag digits indicates the number of digits which
need to be placed after the remainder stroke, in this case One.
4
2 3 3/ 7
1
From 13 subtract the first quotient digit, 1, multiplied by
the flag digit,4, and divide the answer by 2. This is 13 – (
1 x 4) = 9, and 2 into 9 = 4 remainder 1. The 4 is the
next quotient digit and the remainder is annexed to the
7 making it 17.
4
2 3 3/ 7
1 1
1 4/
In the remainder portion we do not divide but merely
subtract the product of the previous quotient digit and
the flag digit.
This is 17 – (4 x 4) = 1 and this is the remainder. The
answer is then 14 remainder 1.
4
2 3 3 / 7
1 1
1 4 / 1
8
7 9 7 7 / 4
2 5 6
1 2 5 /24
8
7 9 7 7/ 4
2 5 6
1 2 5/24
Exercise page 142, 143, 144, 145,146
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
The
square of a number is that number, multiplied by itself.
The sequence of squares and the squares and the
sequence of odd numbers have what at first sight seems
a mysterious relationship:
1 = 1= 12
1+3 = 4 = 22
1+3+5 = 9 =32
1+3+5+7 = 16 = 42
1+3+5+7+9 = 25 = 52
1+3+5+7+9+11 = 36 = 62
1+3+5+7+9+11+13 = 49 = 72