REINFORCED CONCRETE

CHAPTER 2 – FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

Introduction

In this section, it is assumed that a small transverse load is placed on a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and that
the load is gradually increased in magnitude until the beam fails. As this takes place, the beam will go through three
distinct stages before collapse occurs. These are:

(1) the uncracked concrete stage

(2) the concrete cracked–elastic stresses stage
(3) the ultimate-strength stage. A relatively long beam is considered for this discussion so that shear will not have a
large effect on its behavior.

Uncracked Concrete Stage

At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending tensile stress at which the
concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with compression on one side and
tension on the other. Figure 2.1 shows the variation of stresses and strains for these small loads; a numerical example of
this type is presented in Section 2.2.

Concrete Cracked-Elastic Stresses Stage

As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom
of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the tensile stress in the bottom of the
beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the cracking moment, Mcr. As the load is further increased, these
cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity of the neutral axis, and then the neutral axis begins to move upward. The cracks
occur at those places along the beam where the actual moment is greater than the cracking moment, as shown in Figure
2.2(a). Now that the bottom has cracked, another stage is present because the concrete in the cracked zone obviously
cannot resist tensile stresses—the steel must do it. This stage will continue as long as the compression stress in the top
fibers is less than about one-half of the concrete’s compression strength, fc’, and as long as the steel stress is less than
its yield stress. The stresses and strains for this range are shown in Figure 2.2(b). In this stage, the compressive stresses
vary linearly with the distance from the neutral axis or as a straight line.

The straight-line stress–strain variation normally occurs in reinforced concrete beams under normal service-load
conditions because at those loads, the stresses are generally less than 0.50fc’. To compute the concrete and steel
stresses in this range, the transformed-area method (to be presented in Section 2.3) is used. The service or working
loads are the loads that are assumed to actually occur when a structure is in use or service. Under these loads, moments
develop that are considerably larger than the cracking moments. Obviously, the tensile side of the beam will be cracked.
You will learn to estimate crack widths and methods of limiting their widths in Chapter 6.
Beam Failure – Ultimate – Strength Stage

As the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are greater than 0.50fc’, the tensile cracks move farther
upward, as does the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin to change appreciably from a straight line.
For this initial discussion, it is assumed that the reinforcing bars have yielded. The stress variation is much like that
shown in Figure 2.3. You should relate the information shown in this figure to that given in Figure 1.1 in Chapter 1 as to
the changing ratio of stress to strain at different stress levels.

To further illustrate the three stages of beam behavior that have just been described, a moment–curvature diagram is
shown in Figure 2.4.1 For this diagram, θ is defined as the angle change of the beam section over a certain length and is
computed by the following expression in which 𝜖 is the strain in a beam fiber at some distance, y, from the neutral axis
of the beam:
𝜖
𝜃=
𝑦

The first stage of the diagram is for small moments less than the cracking moment, Mcr, where the entire beam cross
section is available to resist bending. In this range, the strains are small, and the diagram is nearly vertical and very close
to a straight line. When the moment is increased beyond the cracking moment, the slope of the curve will decrease a
little because the beam is not quite as stiff as it was in the initial stage before the concrete cracked. The diagram will
follow almost a straight line from Mcr to the point where the reinforcing is stressed to its yield point. Until the steel
yields, a fairly large additional load is required to appreciably increase the beam’s deflection.

After the steel yields, the beam has very little additional moment capacity, and only a small additional load is required to
substantially increase rotations as well as deflections. The slope of the diagram is now very flat.
Cracking Moment

The area of reinforcing as a percentage of the total cross-sectional area of a beam is quite small (usually 2% or less), and
its effect on the beam properties is almost negligible as long as the beam is uncracked. Therefore, an approximate
calculation of the bending stresses in such a beam can be obtained based on the gross properties of the beam’s cross
section. The stress in the concrete at any point a distance y from the neutral axis of the cross section can be determined
from the following flexure formula in which M is the bending moment equal to or less than the cracking moment of the
section and Ig is the gross moment of inertia of the cross section:

𝑀𝑦
𝑓=
𝐼𝑔
Section 9.5.2.3 of the ACI Code states that the cracking moment of a section may be determined with ACI Equation 9-9,
in which fr is the modulus of rupture of the concrete and yt is the distance from the centroidal axis of the section to its
extreme fiber in tension. In this section, with its equation 9-10, the code states that fr may be taken equal:

𝑓𝑟 = 7.5λ√𝑓𝑐 ′ − (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑓𝑟 = 0.7λ√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑀𝑃𝑎 − (𝑆𝐼) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The “lambda” term is 1.0 for normal-weight concrete and is less than 1.0 for lightweight concrete, as described in
Section 1.12. The cracking moment is as follows:

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝑦𝑡

EXAMPLES

1. Assuming the concrete is uncracked, compute the bending stresses in the extreme fibers of the beam of Figure 2.5 for
a bending moment of 25 ft-k. The normal-weight concrete has an fc’ = 4000 psi. Also, determine the cracking moment of
the section.

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

𝑓𝑟 = 7.5(1.0)√4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 474 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑏ℎ3 (12𝑖𝑛)(18𝑖𝑛)3
𝐼𝑔 = = = 5832 𝑖𝑛4
12 12

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 25𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘 = 25,000 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏

𝑖𝑛
(12 𝑥 25,000 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏)(9 𝑖𝑛)
𝑓𝑡
𝑓= = 𝟒𝟔𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
5832 𝑖𝑛4

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 474 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑.

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 (474 𝑝𝑠𝑖)(5832 𝑖𝑛4 )

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 307,152 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔 𝒇𝒕 − 𝒌
𝑦𝑡 9.0 𝑖𝑛

2. A rectangular beam, b = 200mm, and h = 400mm, fc’ = 20 MPa, Ec = 4700√𝑓𝑐′ MPa, Es = 200 MPa is simply supported
under a uniform load of 10 kN/m throughout its length of 4.0m. Determine if the beam is cracked or not?
 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑤𝐿2 10(4)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 20 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒:

𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.70𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ = 0.70(1.0)√20 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟. 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

𝑀𝐶
𝑓=
𝐼

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

200 𝑚𝑚(400 𝑚𝑚)3

𝐼= = 1066.67𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
12
ℎ 400𝑚𝑚
𝐶= = = 200𝑚𝑚
2 2

20𝑥106 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 (200 𝑚𝑚)

𝑓= = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
1066.67𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑓 > 𝑓𝑟

3.75 > 2.77

𝑪𝑹𝑨𝑪𝑲𝑬𝑫

3. Given the t-beam shown:

(a) If the T-beam shown is uncracked, calculate the stress in the concrete at the top and bottom of extreme fibers under
a positive bending moment of 80 ft-k.

(b) If fc’ = 3000 psi and normal-weight concrete is used, what is the maximum uniformly distributed load the beam can
carry if it is used as a simple beam with 24-ft span without exceeding the modulus of rupture of the concrete?

(c) Repeat part (b) if the beam is inverted.

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

27
((60)(5) + (12)(27))𝑦 = (60)(5)(2.5) + (12)(27) ( + 5)
2
 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 𝒊𝒏

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎:

60(5)3 5 2 12(32 − 5)3 27 2

𝑰𝒈 = + (60)(5) (10.81 − ) + + (12)(32 − 5) (10.81 − 5 − ) = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟒
12 2 12 2

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 80 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑖𝑠:

𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝐶 80 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘 (12 𝑓𝑡) (32 𝑖𝑛 − 10.81 𝑖𝑛) 𝑘 𝒍𝒃
𝒇𝒃𝒐𝒕 = = 4
= 0.338 2 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝟐
𝐼 60,185 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝒊𝒏

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 80 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘 𝑖𝑠:

𝑖𝑛
80 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘 (12 ) (10.81 𝑖𝑛) 𝑘 𝒍𝒃
𝑓𝑡
𝒇𝒃𝒐𝒕 = 4
= 0.172 2 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝟐
60,185 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝒊𝒏

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑓𝑟, 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑒𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑖𝑠:

𝑓𝑟 = 7.5(1.0)√3000 = 411 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠:

𝑙𝑏
(411 ) (60,185 𝑖𝑛4 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛2 = 1167.344 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏 = 97.28 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘
(32 𝑖𝑛 − 10.81 𝑖𝑛)

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠:

8𝑀 8(97.28 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘) 𝑘 𝒍𝒃
𝑤= 2
= 2
= 1.351 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟏
𝐿 (24 𝑓𝑡) 𝑓𝑡 𝒇𝒕

𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑖𝑠 10.81 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 21.19 𝑖𝑛. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒:

𝑙𝑏
(411 ) (60,185 𝑖𝑛4 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛2 = 2,228,255 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙𝑏 = 190.69 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘
(10.81 𝑖𝑛)

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠:

8𝑀 8(190.69 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘) 𝑘 𝒍𝒃
𝑤= 2
= 2
= 2.648 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟖
𝐿 (24 𝑓𝑡) 𝑓𝑡 𝒇𝒕

Elastic Stresses – Concrete Cracked

When the bending moment is sufficiently large to cause the tensile stress in the extreme fibers to be greater than the
modulus of rupture, it is assumed that all of the concrete on the tensile side of the beam is cracked and must be
neglected in the flexure calculations.

The cracking moment of a beam is normally quite small compared to the service load moment. Thus, when the service
loads are applied, the bottom of the beam cracks. The cracking of the beam does not necessarily mean that the beam is
going to fail. The reinforcing bars on the tensile side begin to pick up the tension caused by the applied moment.

On the tensile side of the beam, an assumption of perfect bond is made between the reinforcing bars and the concrete.
Thus, the strain in the concrete and in the steel will be equal at equal distances from the neutral axis. If the strains in the
two materials at a particular point are the same, however, their stresses cannot be the same since they have different
moduli of elasticity. Thus, their stresses are in proportion to the ratio of their moduli of elasticity. The ratio of the steel
modulus to the concrete modulus is called the modular ratio, n:

𝐸𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐
If the modular ratio for a particular beam is 10, the stress in the steel will be 10 times the stress in the concrete at the
same distance from the neutral axis. Another way of saying this is that when n = 10, 1 in. 2 of steel will carry the same
total force as 10 in.2 of concrete.

For the beam of Figure 2.6, the steel bars are replaced with an equivalent area of fictitious concrete (nAs), which
supposedly can resist tension. This area is referred to as the transformed area. The resulting revised cross section or
transformed section is handled by the usual methods for elastic homogeneous beams. Also shown in the figure is a
diagram showing the stress variation in the beam. On the tensile side, a dashed line is shown because the diagram is
discontinuous. There, the concrete is assumed to be cracked and unable to resist tension. The value shown opposite the
steel is the fictitious stress in the concrete if it could carry tension. This value is shown as fs/n because it must be
multiplied by n to give the steel stress fs.

Stress – Strain Relationship for Plain Concrete in Compression

Stages of Reinforced Concrete Behaviour

1. Uncracked Elastic Stage

2. Cracked Elastic Stage
3. Cracked Inelastic Stage

Stage I:

Concrete is stable up to about 0.30fc’. The material behaves in elastic manner. No cracks in tension zone.
Stage II:

Concrete cracks but still elastic.

Stage III:

Concrete enters inelastic stage.

Elastic Analysis

Uncracked Stage

Where:

b = base of the beam

h = height of the beam

d = effective depth

𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔 (𝑵. 𝑨. )

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑚′ 𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚

𝐴𝑌 = ∑ 𝑎𝑦

𝑜𝑟

∑ 𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ∑ 𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 ∑ 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑌 = 𝑘𝑑

1
(𝑏ℎ + (𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠)𝑘𝑑 = 𝑏ℎ ( ) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝐴𝑠)(𝑑)
2

𝒃𝒉𝟐
+ (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔(𝒅)
𝒌𝒅 = 𝟐
𝒃𝒉 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 (𝐼𝑁𝐴)

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝐼𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝒃𝒉𝟑 𝒉
𝑰𝑵𝑨 = + 𝒃𝒉( − 𝒌𝒅)𝟐 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅)𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟐
 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔:

𝑴(𝒌𝒅)
𝒇𝒄𝒄 = (𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒇𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒓)
𝑰𝑵𝑨
𝑴(𝒉 − 𝒌𝒅)
𝒇𝒄𝒕 = (𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒇𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒓)
𝑰𝑵𝑨
𝒇𝒔 𝑴(𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅)
= (𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝑨𝒔)
𝒏 𝑰𝑵𝑨

Cracked Stage

𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔

∑ 𝑀𝑁.𝐴. = 0

𝑘𝑑
𝑏(𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
2

𝑏𝑘𝑑2
= 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑑) − 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑘𝑑)
2
𝟐𝒏𝑨𝒔 𝟐𝒏𝑨𝒔
𝒌𝒅𝟐 + 𝒌𝒅 − =𝟎
𝒃 𝒃

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂

𝒃𝒌𝒅𝟑
𝑰𝑵𝑨 = + 𝒏𝑨𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅)𝟐
𝟑

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔:

𝑴(𝒌𝒅)
𝒇𝒄 =
𝑰𝑵𝑨
𝒇𝒔 𝑴(𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅)
=
𝒏 𝑰𝑵𝑨
 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏:

1
𝐶 = 𝑓𝑐(𝑘𝑑)(𝑏)
2

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠(𝑓𝑠)

1
𝑀𝑐 = 𝐶(𝑗𝑑) = 𝑓𝑐(𝑘𝑑)(𝑏)(𝑗𝑑)
2

𝑀𝑠 = 𝑇(𝑗𝑑) = 𝐴𝑠(𝑓𝑠)(𝑗𝑑)

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

𝒌𝒅
𝒋𝒅 = 𝒅 −
𝟑
𝒌
𝒋=𝟏−
𝟑

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎:

𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬:

𝒇𝒄
𝝐𝒄 =
𝑬𝒄
𝒇𝒔
𝝐𝒔 =
𝑬𝒔
𝑬𝒔
𝒏=
𝑬𝒄

𝑩𝒚 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

𝜖𝑐 𝜖𝑐 + 𝜖𝑠
=
𝑘𝑑 𝑑
 𝑓𝑠
𝜖𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝑘= =
𝜖𝑠 + 𝜖𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠
𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑠

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝐸𝑠

𝐸𝑠
𝑘= 𝐸𝑐 𝑓𝑐
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐸𝑠 𝑓𝑠

𝑛𝑓𝑐
𝑘=
𝑛𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠

𝑘
𝑗 =1−
3

(𝑼𝑺𝑬 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑫𝑬𝑺𝑰𝑮𝑵)

EXAMPLES:

1. Determine the cracked and uncracked properties of the beam:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:

𝐴𝑠 = 1000 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑐 ′ = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠 = 138 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒅

𝐸𝑠 200000
𝑛= = = 9.52 = 10
𝐸𝑐 4700√20
 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔

∑ 𝑴𝑻𝑶𝑷 = 𝟎

450
((200)(450) + (10 − 1)(1000))𝑘𝑑 = (200)(450)( 2
)+ (10 − 1)(1000)(400)

𝒌𝒅 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝒎

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝑵𝑨

2
(200)(450)3 450
𝑰𝑵𝑨 = + 200(450) ( − 240.91) + (10 − 1)(1000)(400 − 240.91)2
12 2

𝑰𝑵𝑨 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟑𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔:

𝑀(𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑐𝑐 =
𝐼𝑁𝐴

𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒇𝒄′ (𝒊𝒇 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏)

𝑓𝑐 = 0.45(20)

𝒇𝒄 = 𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑁 𝑀(240.91 𝑚𝑚)
9 2
=
𝑚𝑚 1769.32𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑀 = 66098875.1 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑀(ℎ − 𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑐𝑡 =
𝐼𝑁𝐴

𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒓 = 𝒇𝒄𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝝀√𝒇𝒄′ (𝒊𝒇 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏)

𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 0.70(1.0)√20 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑁 𝑀(450 𝑚𝑚 − 240.91 𝑚𝑚)

3.13 2
=
𝑚𝑚 1769.32𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑓𝑠 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
=
𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝐴

𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝑓𝑠 = 0.50𝑓𝑦 (𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

 𝑁
138
𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑀(400 𝑚𝑚 − 240.91 𝑚𝑚)
10 1769.32𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬 𝑴𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻

𝑴 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒅:

𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒔

𝑘𝑑
200(𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 10(1000)(400 − 𝑘𝑑)
2

𝒌𝒅 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝑵𝑨

(200)(156.16)3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 10(1000)(400 − 156.16)2
3

𝑰𝑵𝑨 = 𝟖𝟒𝟖. 𝟒𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔:

𝑴(𝒌𝒅)
𝒇𝒄𝒄 =
𝑰𝑵𝑨
𝑁 𝑀(156.16 𝑚𝑚)
9 2
=
𝑚𝑚 848.45𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑓𝑠 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
=
𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝐴
𝑁
138
𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑀(400 𝑚𝑚 − 156.16 𝑚𝑚)
10 848.45𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬 𝑴𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻

𝑴 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
2. Design the beam to resist the loads shown. Use WSD Method.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:

𝑛𝑓𝑐 9(10)
𝑘= = = 0.39
𝑛𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 9(10) + 138

𝑘 0.39
𝑗 =1− =1− = 0.87
3 3

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑤𝐿2 10(4)2
𝑀= = = 20 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝐶=𝑇

𝑀𝑐 = 𝐶𝑗𝑑, 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑇𝑗𝑑

1
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐(𝑘𝑑)(𝑏)(𝑗𝑑)
2
𝑏
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑑 =
2
1 𝑁 𝑑
20𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = (9 2
) (0.39)(𝑑) ( ) (0.87)𝑑
2 𝑚𝑚 2

𝑑 = 297 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

ℎ = 300 + 60 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

300
𝑏= = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
2
𝑁
20𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 𝐴𝑠(138 )(0.87)(300 𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚2
 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑈𝑠𝑒 − 20𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝜋 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑑 (𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠)
4
𝜋
555.28 𝑚𝑚2 = (20)2 (𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠)
4

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 1.77 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

3. A concrete beam shown has a simple span of 5m. It was designed according to ACI specifications with fc’ = 20 MPa, fs
= 124 MPa. Take n = 10.

(a) Compute the safe moment capacity of the beam

(b) Compute the value of concentrated load P that the beam could carry at its midspan of moment governs.

𝐴𝑠1 = 2 − 28𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 − 25𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝐴𝑠2 = 4 − 32𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠1 = 10( (25)2 (2) + (28)2 (2)) = 22133 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠2 = 10( (32)2 (4)) = 32170 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑘𝑑
450(𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 22133(875 − 𝑘𝑑) + 32170(940 − 𝑘𝑑)
2

𝒌𝒅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒎

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎

450(364.13)3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 22133(875 − 364.13)2 + 32170(940 − 364.13)2
3

𝑰𝑵𝑨 = 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑀(𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑐𝑐 =
𝐼𝑁𝐴
𝑁 𝑀(364.13 𝑚𝑚)
9 2
=
𝑚𝑚 23687𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟓𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑓𝑠 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
=
𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝐴
124 𝑀(940 𝑚𝑚 − 364.13 𝑚𝑚)
=
10 23687𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

124 𝑀(875 𝑚𝑚 − 364.13 𝑚𝑚)

=
10 23687𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟓𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬 𝑴𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻:

𝑴 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑃𝐿 𝑤𝐿2
𝑀= +
4 8
 𝑘𝑁 2
𝑃 (5.0 𝑚) 10.6 𝑚 (5.0 𝑚)
510.04 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = +
4 8

𝑷 = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑵

4. The figure shown below is a cross-section of a cantilever beam supporting a uniform load of 2.5 kN/m including its
own weight and a concentrated load of 30 kN at its free end. Reinforcing bars consists of 3 – 25mm bars whose center is
placed at a distance of 60 mm from the top. The width of the beam is 250 mm and effective depth is 390 mm. Using fc =
8 MPa, fs = 124 MPa, n = 10.

(a) Compute the resisting moment of the beam.

(b) Compute the span of the beam.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10 ( ) (25)2 (3) = 14726 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑘𝑑
250(𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 14726(390 − 𝑘𝑑)
2

𝒌𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒎

250(163)3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 14726(227)2 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒
3
𝑀(𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑐𝑐 =
𝐼𝑁𝐴
𝑁 𝑀(163 𝑚𝑚)
8 2
=
𝑚𝑚 1120𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑓𝑠 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
=
𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝐴
𝑁
124 𝑚𝑚 𝑀(390 𝑚𝑚 − 163 𝑚𝑚)
=
10 1120𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑴 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬 𝑴𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻:

𝑴 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑤𝐿2
𝑀 = 𝑃𝐿 +
2
𝑘𝑁
2.5 (𝐿)2
55 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 30 𝑘𝑁(𝐿) + 𝑚
2

𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎

5. A triangular beam having a given cross section shown. Using modular ratio n = 10. Compute the location of neutral
axis and transformed moment of inertia.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10 ( ) 252 (4) = 19635 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐿𝑒𝑡:

𝑥 = 𝑘𝑑

𝑏 = 𝑦 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

 𝑦 500
=
𝑘𝑑 800
5
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑑
8

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠

∑ 𝑀𝑁𝐴 = 0

1 𝑘𝑑
(𝑦)(𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 19635(720 − 𝑘𝑑)
2 3
1 5 𝑘𝑑
( 𝑘𝑑) (𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 19635(720 − 𝑘𝑑)
2 8 3

𝒌𝒅 = 𝟑𝟗𝟒. 𝟒𝟒

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑘𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑦

5
𝑦 = (394.44) = 246.53 𝑚𝑚
8

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑁𝐴

𝑦(𝑘𝑑)3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)2
12

246.53(394.44)3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 19635(720 − 394.44)2
12

𝑰𝑵𝑨 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒

6. The cross-section shown consists of a hollow concrete beam with an effective depth of 400 mm. The beam is
reinforced with 4-16mm diameter bars placed 60 mm from the center to the bottom of the beam. The beam has a
simple span of 6 m.

(a) Compute the moment capacity of concrete.

(b) Compute the moment capacity of steel.

(c) What total uniform load (including its own weight) could the beam carry besides a concentrated load of 8 kN at
midspan. fc = 7 MPa, fs = 124 MPa, n = 12. As = 4 – 16mm diameter bars.
 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 12 ( ) (16)2 (4) = 9651 𝑚𝑚2
4

∑ 𝑀𝑁𝐴 = 0

𝑘𝑑
250(𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 9651(400 − 𝑘𝑑)
2

𝑘𝑑 = 141

𝑘𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 150 𝑚𝑚

141 < 150 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑁𝐴

250(141)3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 9651(400 − 141)2
3

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 881𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑁 𝑀(141 𝑚𝑚)
7 =
𝑚𝑚2 881𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑀 = 43.74 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑁
124
𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑀(141 𝑚𝑚)
12 881𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑀 = 35.14 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑴 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤)

𝑃𝐿 𝑤𝐿2
𝑀= +
4 8

8 𝑘𝑁(6 𝑚) 𝑤(6 𝑚)2

35.14 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = +
4 8

𝒘 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

7. A beam having an 8 m span has a cross-section shown in the figure.

(a) Compute the transformed moment of inertia of the neutral axis of the beam.

(b) Compute the moment capacity of beam.

(c) Determine the maximum concentrated load that this beam can carry besides its own weight. Use fc = 7 MPa, fs = 124
MPa, n = 10. As = 4 – 25 mm diameter bars. Let w = 3.86 kN/m
 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 12 ( ) (25)2 (4) = 19634.5 𝑚𝑚
4

∑ 𝑀𝑁𝐴 = 0

𝑘𝑑
400(𝑘𝑑) ( ) = 19634.5(340 − 𝑘𝑑)
2

𝑘𝑑 = 140 𝑚𝑚

𝑘𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑎𝑡 100 𝑚𝑚

140 > 100 (𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

∑ 𝑀𝑁𝐴 = 0

𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑑 − 100
400(𝑘𝑑) ( ) − 200(𝑘𝑑 − 100) ( ) = 19634.5(340 − 𝑘𝑑)
2 2

𝑘𝑑 = 142.46 𝑚𝑚

𝑘𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 100 𝑚𝑚

142.4 𝑚𝑚 > 100 𝑚𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑁𝐴:

400(142.46)3 200(142.46 − 100)3

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = − + 19634.5(340 − 142.46)2
3 3

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 1146.57𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑁 𝑀(142.46 𝑚𝑚)
7 2
=
𝑚𝑚 1146.57𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑀 = 56.34 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
 𝑁
124
𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑀(340 𝑚𝑚 − 142.46 𝑚𝑚)
10 1146.57𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑀 = 71.97 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:

𝑴 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿
𝑀= +
8 4
𝑘𝑁
3.86 𝑚 (8 𝑚)2 𝑃(8 𝑚)
56.34 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = +
8 4

𝑷 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵

8. From the figure shown, assuming a modular ratio of 10. The beam carries a total moment of 150 kN-m.

(a) Compute the transformed moment of inertia at the neutral axis.

(b) Compute the stress of concrete.

(c) Compute the stress of steel.

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10 ( ) (28)2 (4) = 24630 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠:

∑ 𝑀𝑁.𝐴. = 0

𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑑 − 150
300(𝑘𝑑) ( ) + 200(𝑘𝑑 − 150) ( ) = 24630(750 − 𝑘𝑑)
2 2

𝑘𝑑 = 265.70 𝑚𝑚

300(265.70)3 200(265.70 − 150)3

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + + 24630(750 − 265.70)2
3 3

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 7756𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠:
 150𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 (265.70 𝑚𝑚)
𝑓𝑐 =
7756𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝒇𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑓𝑠 150𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 (750 𝑚𝑚 − 265.70 𝑚𝑚)

=
10 7756𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

𝒇𝒔 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂