ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the almighty for having been with us throughout this year, guiding us in all our endeavors
and for giving us the strength , knowledge and interest. Above all for is a gracious and abundant blessing on
all of to complete this project successfully.
At the foremost we thank our principal A.ANTONY FERNANDEZE.M.E., Ph.D., for having
provide us with all the facilities for doing this project.
We thank Mr .V. NANDAKUMAR. M.E., Head of the DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
For helping us in completing this project.
We also express our sincere thanks to our project guide Mr.C.RAVI KUMAR .M.E., for this
valuable guidance and encouragement given to us for the successful completion of this project.
We extended our thanks to the staff members of CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Mr.K.SELVARAJ,B.E.,M.I.S.T.E.,Mrs.P.RADHAMANI B.E., Miss.M.BRINDHA B.E.,M.I.E.,
Mrs.ANANTHI B.E., for their valuable guidance.
We should be failing in our duty if we do not thanks to the instructors of CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT Mr.S.RANJENDRAN D.C.E., Miss.T. REVATHY D.C.E for their help in project.
Last but not least we should like to thank our beloved parents for their blessing and financial support extended
to us to make this project a successful one.
 CHRIST THE KING POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
COIMBATORE – 641032

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PLANNING AND DESIGNING

OF
ANAUDITORIUM

SUBMITTED BY: Name of the Guide & Designation:

List of students:
1. 28106293 - Pradeep Kumar. G Mr.C.RAVI KUMAR .M.E.,
2. 28106296 - Ragunathan.K Lecturer,
3. 28106309 - Shahul Hameedu.A Department of Civil Engineering.
4. 28106312 - Thambidurai.k
5. 28106319 - Vivek. D
6. 28106776 - Sajeer. G

SYNOPSIS
This aim of our project is to planning and designing of the construction of auditorium in our college
campus. It is proposed to construct an auditorium with a seating capacity of 1500 students with a plinth area
of 8000sqft.
The limit state method of design has been adopted for designing of the slab, beams, lintel, cum-
sunshade, column, and footing. The designing procedure as done in accordance with IS456 2007. The brick
work and R.C.C (Reinforced cement concrete) work shall be plastered with cement mortar and colour
washing is done using supercem. Teakwood doors and windows are provided with necessary iron grills.
The curtailment rules for all structure elements are followed as per IS code recommendations
(SP-34).The data analysis is done based on the schedule of rates laid down by public works department for
the year 2009-2010.
 DEATAILED SPECIFICATION

FOUNDATION:

P.C.C. 1:4:8 (one of cement, four of sand, eight of 40mm hard blue granite metal)

for leveling course, in foundation trenches including charges for scaffolding,

shoring, centering, bailing out water if necessary, ramming, consolidating, curing,

etc., complete in all respects complying with relevant standard specification.

STONE MASONRY:

Stone masonry in cement mortar 1:6 (one of cement and six of sand) for

foundation using similar size every dressed stones of sizes 225 x 225, with necessary

bond stones at every 1.80 m c/c in each layer. Labour charge, curing etc ; complete

complying with relevant standard specification.

DAMP PROOF COURSE:

D.P.C. in cement mortar 1:3 (one of cement three of sand) for 25 mm thick and

laid to spirit level, mixed with crude oil 5% by weight of cement used including curing

etc. complete etc. complete in all respects.

BRICK WORKS:

Brick work in cement mortar 1:6 using first class, table moulded chamber burnt

bricks of crushing strength is not less than 3 kg/m^2, including scaffolding soaking of

brick rocking of joints, curing etc. complete complying with relevant standard

specification.
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE:

RCC M15 (characteristic strength 15N /mm^2) using 20mm hard broken granite metal

machine mixed for all RCC works including scaffolding materials machine mixing
lifting Labour charges etc. But excluding the cost of fabrication of reinforcement and

excluding centering and form work, complete, complying with the relevant standard

specification
.
FLOORING AND FINISHING:

Flooring with cement concrete 1:4:8, 40mm thick granite hard broken stone, all

machine mixed, laid to uniform 100mm thick, and top left rough to receive floor finish

including all Labour charge for concreting ramming, vibrating with floor vibrator, curing

etc. and giving expansion joints required slopes, complete complying with relevant

standard specification.

Top finishing of floor with cement mortar 1:4, 12mm thick, to the required slope

etc. complete at all heights.

PLASTERING:

Plastering with cement mortar 1:5, for 12mm thickness finished smoothly to one

level including scaffolding, curing etc.

WEATHERING COURSE:

Weathering course with broken jelly of 20mm gauge in pure slacked lime over

reinforcement concrete slab, one proportion of bricks jelly to lime (fat lime) being 32;

12.5 by volume, well given required slope for average 7.5 cm.
 ACOUSTICS

INTRODUCTION:

Acoustics is the science of sound, which deals with origin propagation and

auditory sensation of sound, and also with design and construction of different building

units to set optimum condition for producing and listening speech, music, etc. the

knowledge of the science is necessary for the proper functional design of theater, cinema

halls auditorium, conference halls, hospitals, etc. so that unwanted sound is excluded or

insulated.

THEORY:

The word acoustics is originally derived from a Greek word meaning “to here”.

Hence acoustics is define as the science of sound, and as such is discussed as the origin,

propagation and auditory sensation of sound.

BEHAVIOUR OF SOUND IN ENCLOSURES:

1. When is generated in room, the distance between he source and the walls is so

small and that there is little or no reduction due to distance. When the sound

waves strike the surface of a room, their things happen. Some of the sound

reflected back in the room.

2. Some of the sound energy is absorbed by the surfaces and listeners

 3. Some of sound waves set on the walls, floors and ceiling vibrating and are

transmitted out side the room.

The amount of sound reflected or absorbed depends upon the surfaces, which the

sound transmitted outside the room depends upon sound insulation properties of

the surface.

REVERBERATION:

It has been generally noticed that in public halls and auditorium the sound persist

even after the source of sound has ceased. This resistance of sound is called as

reverberation.

DEFECTS DUE TO REFLECTED SOUND:

Following are two main defects that may be caused due to reflect the behavior of

the sound plays as important role in the acoustical design of an enclosed space.

TYPES OF DEFECTS IN AN AUDITORIUM:

 Sound foci

 Dead spots

 Exterior noise

 Absorbent materials

 Porous materials

 Resonant panels

 Cavity resonators

 Composite types
  Other materials

REQUIREMENT OF GOOD ACOUSTICS MATERIALS:

1. It should have high coefficient of absorption

2. It should be efficient over a wide range of frequencies

3. It should be relatively cheap and easily available

4. It should give pleasing appearance after fixing

5. It should be self supporting and should afford easy fixing

6. It should be fire resistant

7. It should have sufficient structural strength non hydroscopic

8. It should be heat insulation.

ACOUSTICAL DESIGN OF HALLS:

CONDITIONS FOR GOOD ACOUSTICSOF A HALL:

The following conditions should be prevailing for halls possessing good

acoustical properties.

1. The initial sound from the source should be of adequate intensity so that it can

be heard through out the hall, for halls of installed.

2. The sound produced should be evenly spread in the hall so that sound foci and

dead sports are avoided.

3. The boundary surface of hall should be properly design so that the desired

reverberation time is achieved and unwanted evenly over the walls surface of
 the hall.

4. In case of conference hall the acoustic of the halls should be designed as to

ensured proper condition for listening assuming that a person may speak or

listen from any where in the hall.

5. Outside noise should be properly insulated.

GENERAL PARINCIPLES AND FACTORS IN ACOUSTIC DESIGN

The following is the list of general planning principle and factors, which are

important for Acoustical condition in hall

 Site selection and planning

 Seat and seating arrangement

 Treatment of interior surface

 Reverberation and sound and absorption

REVERBERATION TIME IN ACOUSTIC

SECOND
0.50 to 50 Excellent

1.50 to 2.00 Good

2.00 to 3.00 Fairly good

3.00 to 5.00 Bad

Above 5.00 Very bad

 SYMBOLS

LIST OF NOTATIONS:

The following symbols carrying the meanings noted against them are used in the
volume.

A _ Area

Ast _ Area of steel reinforcement

B.M _ Bending moment

Ast _ Total cross sectional area of stirrups

B _ Breath of the beam

d _ Effective depth of beam or slab

D _ Over all depth of beam or slab

Fy _ characteristic strength of steel

l _ Effective length of beam

lx _ Effective length of shorter span

ly _ Effective length of longer span

M.R _ Moment of resistance

P _ Axial load on compression load

Sr _ Spacing of stirrups

U.D.L _ Uniformly distributed load

V _ Shear force

Vus _ Shear force (design)

Nu _ Total design load

Z _ leaver arm

Mx _ B.M.Co-efficient shorter span

My _ B.M.Co-efficient longer span

σCbc _ Permissible stressed in the steel in tension

σSt _ Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement

τC _ Shear stress in concrete (Permissible )

τ Cmax _ Shear stress in concrete( Maximum)

τVc _ Nominal shear stress

Ld _ Development of bars

N _ Newton

Mm _ Millimetre

C/C _ Centre to Centre

Fe415 _ High yield strength of steel

M20 _ Grade of concrete

RFT _ Reinforce Cement

 THE AIM O F OUR PROJECT IS TO

This aim of our project is to planning and designing of the construction of auditorium in
our college campus. It is proposed to construct an auditorium with a seating capacity of 1500 students
with a plinth area of 8000sqft.
The limit state method of design has been adopted for designing of the slab, beams,
lintel, cum-sunshade, column, and footing. The designing procedure as done in accordance
with IS456 2007.
The brick work and R.C.C (Reinforced cement concrete) work shall be plastered with
cement mortar and colour washing is done using supercem. Teakwood doors and windows are provided
with necessary iron grills.
The curtailment rules for all structure elements are followed as per IS code
recommendations (SP-34). The data analysis is done based on the schedule of rates laid down by
public works department for the year 2009-2010.
 CONTENTS

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 SYNOPSIS

 SPECIFICATION

 LIST OF NOTATION

 DESIGN OF SLAB

 DESIGN OF BEAM

 DESIGN OF COLUMN

 DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING

 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

 DRAWING

 PLAN,

 ELEVATION

 APPROVAL PLAN

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 DESIGN OF SLAB - 1

Ly = 14.49 m

Lx = 2.32 m

Bv = 20

Mf = 1.0co

Fck = 20 N / mm2

Fy = 415 N / mm2

TYPE OF SLAB:

Ly / lx = 14.49 / 2.39

= 6.0672

= 6.062 > 2

Say one way slab

EFFECTIVE DEPTH :

d = span eff / BV x Mf

= 2435 / 20 x 1
 = 121.75

d = 130mm

D = d + cover + dia

= 130 + 15 + 12 / 2

= 151 mm

LOAD CALCULATION:

Self weight = l x b x d x unit weight of concrete

= 1 x 1x 0.151x 25

= 3.775 KN / m2

Live load = 10 KN / m2

Weathering course = 2 KN / m 2

Total load = 15.77 KN / m2

Fd = 15.77 x 1.5

= 23.655 KN / m2

MOMENT
Mu = leff2 x Fd / 8

= 2.4352 x 23.65 / 8

= 17.52 KN.m

d required = √Mu / Qu b

= √17.5 x 106 / 2.756 x 1000

 d = 79.62 mm [ or ] 80 mm

D = d + cover + Dia / 2

= 80 + 15 +12 / 2

= 101 mm

Compare

d1 = 130 mm D1 = 151 mm

d2 = 80 mm D2 = 101 mm

Finally

d = 130 mm D = 151mm

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast [ d - fy x Ast / fck x b]

17.8 x 106 = 0.87 x 415Ast [ 131 – 415 Ast / 20 x 1000]

17.8 x 106 = 361.05 Ast x 131 - .020 Ast

17.5 x 106 = 47297 Ast - 7.221 Ast2

Ast2 – 6550 Ast + 2.42 x 106

Ast = 395.6mm 2

Say Ast = 400mm2

ast = π d2 / 4

= π x 122 / 4

= 113mm2

Nos = Ast / ast

 = 400 / 113

= 3.56

Say = 4Nos

SPACING:

S = ast x b / Ast

= 113 x 1000 / 400

= 282.5 mm

Say = 290mm

3d = 3 x 131

= 393 mm

Say = 300mm

As provide 12mm dia 290mmc/c

DISTRIBUTION:

Ast = 0.12 x b x d / 100

= 0.12 x 1000 x 151 /1 00

= 181.2 mm

say = 230mm

Ast = π d 2/ 4

= π x 102 / 4
 = 78 mm

N = Ast / ast

= 230 / 78

= 4 Nos

SPACING:

(i) ast x b / Ast

= 78 x 1000 / 230
= 195 mm.

(ii) 3d = 3 x 131

= 393 mm

(iii) minimum spacing = 300mm

As provided 10mm dia 300mmc/c

CHECK FOR SHERE:

τ v < ktc < τc max

τv = Wl/2

= 23.65 x 2.43 / 2

= 28.73

τv = 28.73 x 103 /1000 x 131

= 0.2 N / mm2

τc = Ast

= 100 x Ast / b d
 = 100 x 400 / 1000 x 131

= 0.30

Kτc = 0.30 x 1

= 0.30 N / mm2

τ c max = 2.8 N/mm2

τ c max / 2 = 2.8 / 2

= 1.4 N / mm2

0.20 < 0.30 < 1.4 N /mm2

Hence safe

CHECK FOR SHERE

Shear = Span leff / BV x Mf

= 2435 / 20 x 1

= 125mm

131 > 125 mm

Hence safe
 DESIGN OF SLAB - 2

Lx = 4.87 m

Ly = 4.87 m

Fck = 20 N/mm2

TYPES OF SLAB:

Ly/Lx = 4870/4870

= 1

[1<2]

Two way slab

Effective depth:

d = Span / Bv x Mf

= 4870/20x1.5

= 163.5 mm

Say d = 165 mm

D = d + cover + dia / 2

= 165 + 15 + 10 / 2

D = 185mm
Shorter direction:

Lx = D- cover – dia – dia / 2

= 185 – 15 – 10 – 10 / 2

= 155mm

Longer direction:

Ly = D – cover - dia / 2

= 185 – 15 – 10 / 2

= 165mm

Eff Span:

Lx = clear Span + ds

= 4.870 + 155

= 5025mm

Ly = clear Span + dl

= 4.870 + 165

= 5035mm

Ly/lx = 5035 / 5025

= 1.00

LOAD CAICULATION:

Self weight = L x b x D x 25

= 1 x 1 x 0.0185 x 25
 = 4.75 kn/m2

Imposed load = 3 Kn/m2

Tiles load = 0.38 Kn/m2

Total load = 4.75 + 3 + 0.38

= 8.13 kn/m2
Fd = 12.195 kn/m2

BENDING MOMENT:

Mx = α x Wu x Lx2
My = α x Wu x Lx2

Mx = 0.062 x 12.195 x 4.872

= 17.93 KN.m

My = 0.062 x 12.195 x 4.872

= 17.93KN/m2

Depth of required:
Mu = Qubd2

d = √ Mu / Qub

= √17.93 x 106 / 2.756 x 1000

d = 80mm

165 > 80mm

Hence safe

MAIN REINFORCEMENT [SHOTER SPAN]:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast [ds -fy Ast / fck x b]

17.93 x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast [155 – 415 Ast / 20 x 1000]

17.93 x 106 = 55962.75 Ast - 7.221 Ast2

 Ast = 390mm2

Nos = Ast / ast

= 390 / 78

= 5 nos

SPACING:

(i) Ast x b / Ast

= 78 x 1000 / 390

= 200mm

(ii) 3d = 3 x 155

= 465mm

(iii) Minimum Spacing = 300mm

As provided 10mm dia 5 Nos c/c 200mm

MAIN REINFORCEMENT (LONGER SPAN):

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast (ds – fy Ast / fck x b)

17.93 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast ( 165 – 415 Ast / 20 x 1000)

= 361.05 Ast (165 -0.020 Ast)

17.93 x 106 = 59573.25 Ast- 7.221 Ast2

Ast = 340mm2

Nos = Ast / ast

= 340 / 78

= 4.35 Nos

Say = 5 Nos
SPACING:

(i) ast x b / Ast = 78 x 1000 / 340

= 230mm

(ii) 3d = 3 x 165

= 495mm

(iii) Minimum Spacing = 300mm

As provided 10mm dia 5 Nos c/c 230mm

CURTAILMENT:

0.01 leff = 0.1 x 4870

= 487mm

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

dreq = Span / Bv x Mf

= 4870 / 20 x1.5

= 163mm

165 > 163mm

Hence safe
 CANTILEVER SLAB

Lx = 1.10m
Ly = 2.32m
Fck = 20N/mm2
Fy = 415N/mm2
Type Of Slab
lx / lx = 2.32/1.10
= 2.1>2
Hence one way slab
Effetive depth = span / BV x Mf
= 1100 / 7 x 1
= 157.14
Say 160mm
Over all depth
D = d + cove + dia / 2
= 160+15+10/2
= 180mm
LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight = l x B x D x 25
= 1 x 1 x 0.180 x 25
= 4.5kn/m2
Live load = 2 kn/m2
Total load = 6.5 kn/m2
 Fd = 6.5 x 1.5
= 9.75 kn/m2

MOMENT
Mu = fd x leff2 / 2
= 9.87 x 1.12/2
= 1.47kn.m
Depth of req
D = √Mu / Qub
= √1.475 x 106/2.756 x 1000
= 23.09mm
Say 30mm
Over all depth
D = d + cove + dia /2
= 30 + 15+ 5
= 50mm
d>dreq
Hence Safe
MAINREINFORCEMENT
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast(d-fy ast / fck d)
1.475 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast(160 - 415Ast / 20 x 1000)
= 361.05Ast(160 - 0.020Ast)
= 57768Ast - 7.221Ast2
7.221Ast2-57768Ast+1.475*106
Ast = 100mm 2
N = Ast / ast
= 100 / 78
Say 3Nos
SPACING
(i) S = ast x 1000 /Ast

= 78 x 1000 / 100
= 78mm

(ii) S = 3d
= 3 x 160
= 480mm
(iii) S = 300mm

As providing 10mm dia 300mm c/c

DISTRIBUTION
Ast = .12 x 1000 x 160 /100
= 192mm2
N = Ast/Ast
= 192/50
Say 4Nos

SPACING
(i) S = ast x 1000/Ast

= 50 x 1000/100
= 260mm

(ii) S = 3d
= 3 x 160
= 480mm
(iii) S = 300mm
As providing 8mm dia 300mm c/c
CURTALIMENT
0.1leff = 0.1 x 1100
= 110mm

Effetive depth = span / BV x Mf

= 1100 / 7 x 1
= 157.14
Say 157 mm
160 mm > 157 mm
Hence Safe

DESIGN OF BEAM-1
 Span l = 14.78m
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 415 20 N/mm2
Wall support = 230mm

OVERALL DEPTH:
D = L / 10
= 14780 / 10
= 1478 mm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
D = D-cover – dia / 2
= 1478 – 40 - 25 / 2
= 1425.5mm
Say = 1425mm
b = d/2
= 1425 / 2
b = 712 mm
LOAD CALCULATION :
Live load in slab = 16.15 KN/m
Self weight of beam = l x b x d x Unit wt Of concrete
= 1 x 0.712 x 1.478 x 25
= 26.3KN/m2
Total = 26.3 + 16.15
= 42.45 KN/m
Design load fd = 42.45 x 1.5
Fd = 63.675 KN/m2
EFFECTIVE SPAN:

(i) L+B/2+B/2 = 17073 + .230 / 2 +.230 / 2

 = 15.01m

(ii) L+d = 14.78 + 1.425

= 16.205m
Leff = 15.01m

DESIGN BEAM:
Mu = fdleff2 / 8
= 63.675 x 15242 / 8
= 1848.6KNm
EFFECTIVE DEPTH:
dre = √Mu / Qub
= √1848.6 x 106 / 2.756 x 712
= 970mm
d > dre
MAINREINFORCEMENT:
1848 x 106 = 0.87 x 415Ast [ 1425 – 415Ast/20 x 712 ]
1848 x 106 = 361.05Ast [1425 – 0.020Ast ]
1848 x 106 = 514496.26 Ast- 7.221 Ast2
Ast2 – 7124.96 Ast + 255.92 x 106
Equating Ast = 3794mm2
ast = π D2 /4
` = π x 252 / 4
= 490 mm2
Number of beams = Ast / ast
= 3794 / 490
N = 8 Nos
As provide 8Nos in 25mm Ø cover 40mm
 DESIGN OF BEAM -2

Span ,l = 4.87m

fck = 20KN/mm2

fy = 45N/mm2

DEPTH REQUIRED

D = l/10

= 4.87/10

= 487mm

Effective depth

d = D – Ø/2 – COVER

= 487 – 16/2 -40

= 439mm

Say d = 450mm

Breadth

b = d/2

= 450/2

= 225mm

LOAD CALCULATION

Live slab weight = 12.195KN/m2

Self weight of beam = l x b x d x unit weight of concrete

= 1x 0.220 x 0.487 x 25

= 2.531KN/m2
 Total load = 12.195 + 2.531

= 14.72KN/m2

EFFECTIVE SPAN

Simply supported beam leff = least

(i) L+ B/2 +B/2 = 4.87 + 0.315/2 +0.315/2

= 5.18m

(ii) L + d = 4.87 + 0.450

= 5.32m

MOMENT

Mu = Fd leff2 /8

= 22 x 5.18/8

= 73.78KN m

Effective depth required

dreq = √Mu/Qudb2

= √73.78 x10^6/2.756 x225

= 344.9mm

Say d = 345mm

dreq = 345mm

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

Mu = 0.87 x 415 Ast (d – Fy Ast/20x 510)

73.78 * 10^6 = 0.87 x 415xAst[450 – 415 xAst/20x225]

73.78 * 10^6 = 361.05Ast[450 – 415Ast/4500]

73.78 x10^6 = 361.05Ast[450 – 0.093Ast]

33.2Ast2 – 162450Ast + 72.78 10^6

Ast = 513.78mm2

N = Ast/ast

ast = πxd2/4

= π x 16^2/4

= 20.66mm2

N = 900/201.06

= 2.98n

4Nos

Provide 16mm dia bars at 4Nos 40mm cover

 CONTINUOUS BEAM

Fck = 20 N / mm2
Fy = 415 N / mm2
L = 2.43m

Wall of support, b = 230mm

Assume D = 520mm

d = D – cover – dia / 2

= 520 – 40 -16 / 2

= 472mm

Say, = 480mm

LOAD CALCULATIONS:

Dead load = 82.17 KN / m

Imposed load = 2 KN / m

Self weight = l x b x D x unit weight of concrete

= 1 x 1 x 0.52 x 25

= 13 KN / m

Total load = 95.17 KN / m

DESIGN MOMENT:

Bending moment at interior span = [ WL2 / 2 ] – [ WL2 / 9 ]

= 95.17 x 2.432 / 15 – [ 2 x 2.432 / 9 ]

= 42.64 – 1.132

= 43.65 KNm
 BM at middle span = 35.75 + 0.98

= 36.73KNm

EFFICTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED:

d = √Mu / Qub

= √43.65 x 10 6 / 2.756 x 230

= 262.4mm

Say , = 270mm

480 > 270mm

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT:

At Interior Support

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast [ d – fy Ast / fck b ]

43.65 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast [ 480 – 415 Ast / 20 x 230 ]

43.65 x 106 = 361.05 [ 480 – 0.090Ast ]

43.65 x 106 = 173304 Ast – 32.49Ast2

2.49Ast – 173304 Ast + 43.65 x 106 = 0
2

Ast = 296 mm2

Say, = 300 mm

Provide 16mm dia bar in 2Nos + 2Nos 12mm dia bars (top)

At the middle of interior span

36.73 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 Ast [ 480 – 415 / 20 x 230 ]

36.73 x 106 = 361.05 Ast [ 480 – 0.090Ast ]

36.73 x 106 = 173304 Ast – 32.49Ast2

32.49 Ast + 173304 Ast + 36.73 x 106 = 0
2

Ast = 221mm2
N = Ast / ast
 = 221 / 200

= 1.3Nos

Say, = 2Nos

Provide 16mm dia bars 2Nos + 12mm dia bars 2Nos(bottom)

CANTILEVER BEAM

Effetive span leff = 1100 mm

 fck = 20N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

OVER ALL DEPTH

D = L/7

= 1100/7

D = 220 mm

b = 0. 5 x D

b = 110 mm2

LOAD CALCULATION

Dead load = 9.75 KN/mm2

Self weight of Rectangular beam

= 1.215 x 0.11 x 0.10 x 25

= 0.335 KN/mm2

Self weight of Triangular beam

= 1.215 x 0.11 x 0.12 x 25

= 0.40 KN/mm2

Bending moment
= 9.75 + ( 0.335 x 1.5 ) + 0.400 x 0.405

= 9.75 + 0.502 + 0.162

Mu = 10.41 x 106 N.mm

Dreq = √ Mu / Qu x b

= √ 10.41 x 106 / 2.756 x 110

= 185.3 mm

Say 180 mm
 220 > 180 mm

Hence safe

AREA OF STEEL

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast( d – fy ast/fck x b)

10.41 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast(180 - 415 x Ast / 20 x 110 )

= 361.05Ast(180 - 0.188Ast)

10.41 x 106 = 64989Ast - 67.87Ast2

Ast2 - 960Ast + 153.38 x 103

Ast = 202.5

Say 210mm

Provided 4 Nos of 12mm dia bars

Size of Cantilever beam = 110 x 220mm

Cantilever beam for free end = 120 x 100mm

DESIGNING OF PLINTH BEAM

Clear span = 2.32m

Wall thickness = 0.23m
 Height of masonry = 7m
= 2.32 x 0.23 x 7 x 1.9
= 80m
Weight of masonry = 2.32 x 0.23 x 7 x 1.9
= 80 KN
Factored load = 80 x 1.5
= 120KN
MOMENT:
Mu = Wl2 / 8
= 120 x 2.552 / 8
= 88.75 KN
Material used = M20, Fe415
Depth = 500mm
Breadth = 30mm
REINFORCEMENT:
M1 = Qubd2
= 2.756 x 300 x 5002
= 193.2 x 106 Nm
Mu = 0.87fy Ast [ d – Ast / fck b ]
193.2 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast [ 500 – 0.020Ast ]
193.2 x 106 = 180.52 x 103 Ast – 7.22 Ast2
Ast = 1119.2mm
Say Ast = 1120 mm
ast = 100 x 106 Nm
= 88.75 / 0.87 415 [ 500 – 40 ]
= 534mm2
Say = 540mm2
Total Ast = Ast + ast
= 1120 + 540
= 1660 mm2
Provide 10rods of 20mm Ø Bar
AREA OF COMPRESSING:
= 0.0035 x 0.48 [ 500 – 40 ] / 0.48 x 500
= 0.0032
= 354.8 N/mm2
= 185 .05 x 106 / 354.8 [ 500 – 40 ]
= 612.71mm2
Provide 2 rods of 20mm
1.9say rod 20mm Ø Bar
CHECK FOR SHEAR :
V = fd x ½
= 120 x 3.00 /2
= 180 KN
τv = 180 / 300 x 500
= 1.2 N/mm2 < τcmax 2.5 N/mm2

PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS:

% Ast = 4 x 804 x 100 / 500 x 300
= 2.14 %
τc = 0.82
tv > tc
Hence The Shear Design Is Necessary

Spacing As Per Design Shear

vus = 130 x 103 x 0.82 x 300 x 500
= 102 KN
(a) Sv = 0.87 x 415 x 2 x 510 x 500 x 237.63 x 103

= 80.23mm2
 (b) Spacing as shear stress

Sv = Asv x fy x 0.4b

= 2 x 50 x 415 x 0.4 x 300

= 345.3 mmc/c

(c) 0.75d = 0.75 x 500

= 375mm c/c
Assuming the fixing at ends, negative at support
Design BM = Wl2 / 12
= 120 x 2.322 / 12
= 53.844 N/m
Effective depth required = 53.82 x 106/ 2.07 x 230
= 113.04mm
Say d = 114 mm
114mm< 200mm
Hence ok

DESIGNED AS A U.S SECTION:

Area of steel

53.824 x 102 = 0.87 415 x Ast [ 100 – 415 x Ast / 15000 ]

= 31.07mm2

MINIMUM AREA OF STEEL :

Ast min = 0.85 bdfy
= 0.85 x 230 x 100 / 415
= 47.108mm2
Provide 2nos of 6mmØ

Therefore Ast = 56.55mm2

 DESIGN OF LINTEL

L = 1500mm

Fck = 20 N/mm

Fy = 415 N/mm2
Over all depth

D = l / 10

= 1500 / 10

= 150 mm

d = 150 - 20 – 10 / 2

= 125mm

a. c/c of bearing = 1.5 + 0.23

= 1.73m

b. leff = Clear opening + effective depth

= 1500+125

l = 1625mm

Hieght of equilanteral triangular

= 0.865 x 1.625

= 1.405m

Height of wall above the lintel

= 1.8 – 0.15

= 1.65m

1.65m > 1.405m

Hence Safe

Weight of triangular portion of masonry :

W1 = ½ x 1.625 x 1.405 x 0.23 x 19000

 = 4988.6 N

Say W1 = 4.98KN/m2

Self weight of lintel :

= 0.23 x 0.15 x 1.625 x 25000

= 1402 N

= 1.40 KN/m2

Imposed load :

W2 = 1.40+1

W2 = 2.40 KN / m2

Maximum bending moment of mid span :

Mu = W1l / 6 + W2l / 8

= 4.98 x 1.625 / 6 + 2.40 x 1.625 / 8

= 1.348 + 0.4875

= 1.83 KN.m

Design of moment :

= 1.83 x 1.5

= 2.745 KN.m

Area of steel :

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast [ d-fy Ast / Fck b ]

2.745 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast [ 125- 415Ast / 20 x 230 ]

 2.745 x 106 = 361.05 Ast [125-0.090Ast ]

2.745 x106 = 45131.25 Ast + 32.49 Ast2

32.49Ast2 - 45131.25 Ast + 2.745 x106

Ast = 80 mm2

Number of bars :

Nos = Ast / ast

= 80 / 78

= 1.02 Nos

Say = 2 Nos

Provided 2 Nos 10mm dia, mild steel bar of at bottom main reinforcement and 2 numbers

of 8mm dia bars at top as hangest

Lintel size = 230 x 150mm

Reinforcement = 2 Nos 10mm dia bottom & 2 Nos 8mm dia top

DESIGN OF COLUMN

DESIGN LOAD :
 Axial load , P = 700KN

Partial safety factor for load = 1.5

Design load = 700 x 1.5

= 1050000N.

SIZE OF COLUMN:

Let the gross area of the column be Ag

Assume 2% longitudinal reinforcement

Area of the longitudinal steel, Asc = 0.02Ag

Area of concrete, Ac = Ag - 0.02Ag

= 0.98Ag

Assuming the column as a short column ,

0.4 x 20 x 0.98Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.02 Ag = Design load

13.401Ag = 1050000

Ag = 78352mm2

Diameter of the column required, = √Ag x 4/ π

= √78352 x 4 /π
 = 315.85

Say, = 325mm dia.

CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS :

Effective length of column ,lef = 3.5m

= 3500mm

Diameter of the column, d = 325mm

Lef / d = 3500/325

= 10.77 > 12

The column is short column

LONGITUDINAL STEEL:

Area of the steel required = 0.02 x 78352

= 1567mm2

Provide 6 numbers of 20mm diameter bars with a nominal cover of 40mm

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT:
 Minimum size of lateral ties = 20 / 4

= 5mm

Say, = 6mm

Maximum permitted pitch is the least of :

(i) diameter of the column = 325mm

(ii) 16 x dia. Of main bars = 16 x 20

= 320mm

(iii) minimum spacing = 300mm

Say, = 300mm c/c

Provide 6mm diameter lateral rings 300mm c/c

DESIGN OF COLUMN

Axial load , P = 500KN

Concrete grade = M20
Steel grade = fe 415
Effective length = 3.5m
LOAD CALCULATIONS
Axial load , P = 500KN
Partial safety factor load = 500 x 1.5
= 750KN
SIZE OF COLUMN
Let the gross area of the column be Ag
Assume 1% longitudinal reinforcement.
Area of the longitudinal steel, Ac = 0.01Ag
= 0.99Ag
Assuming the column as a short column,
0.4 x 20 x 0.99 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01Ag = 7500 x 103
7500 x 103 = 7.29 + 2.7805 Ag
Ag = 70093.45
b = D, = √70093.4
= 228.85 mm
Say b and D = 230mm
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
= 8 (70093.4 – Asc ) + 0.67 x 415 x Asc
1892528 = 270.80Asc
Say Asc = 710mm
No. of bars = Asc / asc
asc = π D2 /4
= π x 162 / 4
= 201.4mm
N = 710 / 201.4
= 3.5Nos
Say N = 4Nos
CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS
Effective length of column, lef = 3.5m
= 3500mm
Breadth of the column ,B = 230 mm
Depth of the column = 230 mm
Leff /d = 3500 / 230
= 15.77 > 12
LONGITUDINAL STEEL
 Area of steel required = 0.01 x 70093.45
= 700.93mm2
Provide 4 numbers of 16mm diameter bars with a nominal cover of 40mm
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Minimum size of the lateral rings = ¼ dia
= ¼ x 16
= 4mm
Say = 6mm

Maximum permitted pitch is the least of

1. least lateral dimension of column
b (or) d = 230mm
2. 16 x dia. Of main bars = 16 x 16

= 256mm
3. 300mm

Provide 6mm dia. Lateral ties at 255mm c/c

DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Axial Load, P = 800KN

Concrete Grade = M20
Steel Grade = Fe 415
Effective Length = 7.01 m
LOADING:
Axial Load , P = 800KN
Effective Length Of Column = 7.01 m
Design Load = 800 x 1.5
= 1200 Kn
CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS RATIO:
Effective length of column Leff = 7.01m
Least Lateral Dimension b = 230 mm
D = 450mm
Slenderness Ratio X = Leff / d
= 7010 / 450
= 15.27 > 12
Slenderness Ratio Y = 30.47 > 12
The Column is Long Column

SIZE OF COLUMN:
Design Load of the Column Pu = 750KN
Let Gross Area of the Column AG
AREA OF THE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Ag = bxd
= 230 x 450 mm
= 103500 mm2

Asc = 0.02 x Ag
= 0.02 x 103500
= 2070 mm2
% Asc = Asc / Ag x 100
= 2070 / 103500 x 100
= 2%
2% > 0.8% < 6%
Hence ok.
Assume 22mm Ø Bar
Asc = π x 222 / 4
= 318.13 (Say = 380 mm2)
Asc = 380 mm2
No. of Bars = Asc / asc
 = 2070 / 380
= 5.4 ( Say = 6 No )

CLEAR COVER IS THE GREATER OF:

1. 40mm
2. 20mm

Provide Clear Cover 40mm

SPACING:
Longer side = D – ( Cover + cover + Ø /2 + Ø /2 )2
= 450 – ( 40 + 40 + 22 / 2 +22 / 2 ) 2
= 276 mm
Shorter Span = b –( Cover + cover + Ø/2 + Ø /2 )2
= 230 -( 40 + 40 + 22 / 2 +22 / 2 ) 2
= 64 mm

LATERAL TIES :
a. Diameter
1. 1 /4 x Diameter = 1 / 4 x 22
= 55mm
2. Not Less than 6 mm
Provide 8 mm Dia
b. Pitch
1. Least Lateral dimension = 16 x smallest Dia of Longitudinal Reinforcement
= 16 x 16
= 256mm
2. Minimum spacing = 300mm

Provide 22mm Dia Bar at 256mm c/c Distance

 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Load by the column = 500 KN

Assume soil weight of footing 10% = 50 KN

Total load on the soil = 550 KN

Safe bearing capacity of soil = 150 KN

Area of footing = 550 / 150

= 3.66 m2

Side of the square footing = √3.6

= 1.9 m

Provide a square footing of size = 1.9 m x 1.9m

NET UPWARD LOAD:

 Factored load = 500 x 1.5

= 750 KN

Net upload design pressure = 750 / 1.9 x 1.9

= 207.7 KN / m2

Say = 210 KN / m2
BENDING MOMENT:
Projection of footing from the face of column

= 1.9 – 0.230 / 2

= 0.835 m

Bending moment at section --- X X

Mx = 210 x 0.235 x 2 x 0.835

= 146.41 KNm
Depth of footing required

be = 230 + 1/6(1900 – 230)

= 508.33mm

Say = 510mm

Mu = Qubd2
 d = √Mu / Qub

= √146 x ½.756 x 510

d = 322.74mm

Say = 325mm

Total depth 835mm with effective depth 618mm

TENSION REINFORCEMENT:

Mu = 0.87 x 415 Ast [ d – Fy Ast / 20 x 510 ]

146.41 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 Ast [ 325 – 415 Ast/20 x 510 ]

146.41 x 106 = 117341.25Ast – 0.0406Ast2

0.0460Ast2 – 117341.25Ast + 146.41 x 106 = 0

Ast = 1246 mm2

Say Ast = 1250 mm2

N = Ast / ast

= 1250 / 201

= 6.21Nos

Say = 10 Nos.
 Provide 10 Nos 16mm diameter

Percentage of steel
P = 1250 / [ 510 x 325 ] x 100

P = 0.75 %

Check for transeverse shear

τc = 0.55N/mm2

τv = 146.41 x 103 x 1.9

= 45.89 KNm

Total depth of footing at the middle of section

= 150 + [ 835 – 150 / 1000 x 0.510 ]

= 575 mm

Effective depth of centre = 575 - .75

= 574.42 mm

Effective depth of edge = 200 – 75

= 125 mm

Breadth of section at top = 230 + 2 x 575

 = 1380 mm

Effective area resisting transverse shear

= 1900 x 125 + [ 1380 + 1900 ]

= 1073400 mm2

NOMINAL SHEAR:
= 45890 / 1073400

= 0.042 N/mm2

0.42 < 0.055

Hence ok.

Size of footing = 1.9 x 1.9m

Thickness at free end = 150mm

Reinforcement 10 Nos of 16mm dia , steel bar in each direction at uniform spacing
 SEPTICK TANK

WITH DISPERION TRENCH

Design of septick tank:

Flow of sewage per day = 300 x120 / 1000

= 36m3 / day

Assume a detention period of 10 hr Tank capacity

Required = 3 x 10 / 24

= 15 m3

Assume that the tank cleared once in 2 years

1. Space required for storage of sludge = 0.0708 m3 / capacity

(from table for 2 years interval ) = 300 x 0.0708

= 21.24

say = 22m3

2. space required for scum storage = 0.01 m3 / capacity

= 300 x 0.01

= 3 m3
2. Space required for sludge storage
Designation = 0.03 m3/capacity

= 300 x 0.03
 = 9 m3

Add 25% Extra future Extension = 25/100 x 15

= 3.75 m3

say = 4 m3

total capacity of tank = 15 + 22 + 3 + 9 + 4

= 53 m3

let the depth of liquid ( 1 to 1.85) = 1.7m

plan area of the tank = 53/1.7

= 31.16

say = 32m

let the length of tank 3 times the width of tank (2 to 4 times is use)

3b x b = 32

b2 = 32 / 3

b2 = 10.66

= 3.26

b = say 3.3m

l = 10 m2

Area of tank = 10 x 3.3

l = 33 m2

33 m2 > 32 m2

Assume the free board = 0.5m (minimum300mm)

Total depth = 1.7+0.5

= 2.2m
 Size of tank = 10 x 3.3 x 2.2m

Alternatively from table

(ii) for interval of sludge cleaning once 2 Years

L = 10.7 m

B = 3.3 m

Liquid depth = 1.7m

Depth = 2.2m

Free board = 0.5mm

Size of tank = 10.7 x 3.3 x 2.2m

Liquid capacity of 60 m3 may be adopted

a) Design of Dispersion trench

b) Flow in to the trench = sewage flow per day + Extra flow taken for future extension

= 15 + 4

= 19 m2

Assume the width of dispersion trench

= 1m

Assume the rate of percolation as 0.204 m3 / m2 / day

Length of trench required = 19 / 0.204 x 1

= 93.13 m

say = 94m

Minimum leng = 31m

Provide 3 trenches of each 31m length

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

DESINGN OF REINFORCED COCNCRETE STRUCTURES _ R. NARAYANAN

THEORY IF STRUCTURES _ RAMAMIRTHAM

CONCRETE STRUCTURES – HAZRANI

_ RATWANI

IS456 STRUCTURALHAND BOOK _ STANDARD CODE BOOK

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING – ARUALMANICKAM

STRUCTURAL DRAWING AND DETAILS – PAWANKUMAR

_ MEENA