Aqua1004

Stu22535

Organization’s structure and culture

Seyngenta organization’s structure has the following characteristics.

Sengenta has flat structure with wide spain of control

Employees are empowered in decision making.
Employees work on projects to carry on activities
Open communication across departments
Participative management approach

The above characteristics show that Sengenta has Matrix culture.

Royal Express organization’s characteristics are given below

Royal Express has tall structure

Activities divided in department which has director
Specialization type of work environment
Only down communication for rules, procedures and apply decisions
Employees do not participate in decision making process
Authoritative management approach

These characteristics show that Royal Express has functional structure

Advantages and disadvantages of Sengenta’s organization’s structure
Advantages Disadvantages
Innovative environment Decision process slow
Satisfied employed
Free flow of information

Advantages and disadvantages of Royal Express

Advantages Disadvantages
Quick decision process One way communication which result
Specialization of work which improve employees dissatisfaction
efficiency in performance Repetitive work

Task culture is appropriated for Sengenta. The employees are working on project base
and there is interdepartmental communication. Employees are empowered to take part in
decision making process.
Royal Express has power and role culture. There is one communication, communication
flow from top to down for rules, orders purposes. Upward communication is for formal
information.

Appropriate and right culture and structure play very important role in the success of any
type of organization. Before selecting structure, there must be clear understanding of
objectives of the organization and than structure design on the base on these activities.
Culture depends on the structure and environment where the organization exists.

1b)

The following factors influence individual behaviours at work in Syngenta .

Empowerment
Employees of syngenta empower in decision making, and they feel satisfied that is why
they their work performance good and have innovative approach toward work.

Work Environment
Syngenta has work friendly environment. Employees feel free of tension and their
behaviours toward positive.

Participative approach
Employees participate in discussion with other departments and employees freely. This
encourage toward work.

Financial benefits
Syngenta provide attractive package compare other competitors, employees do not need
to thing for financial benefits from other that is why they give attention just on work.

Project based work

Employees working as team members in project, they enjoy work because it is not
repetitive nature. In this environment work is not of repetitive nature which employees
feel bore in this environment.

Task 2 – Approaches to Management and Leadership

2a)
Functions of management

Fayol apply the following management functions which base on experience and
practicle experiences. This also called classical management theory after
scientific management theory.

Planning
Planning is the first and very important function of management. In planning
phase of management functions, managers plan the objectives, targets and the
strategies which lead to these objectives. How much resources are required for
getting these objectives and from where can be manage these resources.
Sengenta planning all project and other department activities and than try to
achieve these target.

Organizing
In this function organized the structure and people for carry on the activities
smoothly. Organization has matrix culture and employees communicate
interdepartmental level. Sengenta has flat structure with low Spain of control.

Commanding
Commanding is another function of management. In modern management now it
is called leading. Commanding means to lead and order the subordinates to
perform activities efficiently and effectively. According to classical theory there
should be closed supervision. In sengenta, employees are empowered to take
decision their work by themselves and seniors’ mangers guide and facilitate
subordinates to perform work and activities.

Monitoring
Monitoring is the process through which manager compare the actual
performance with planned activities. All organizations use these functions and
with out using this managers can not evaluate project performance. Syngenta
use this approach to evaluate the projects and departmental activities.

2c Management Approaches

Scientific management- Taylor

Royal Express has specialized work environment and supervisor monitor

activities for better performance. Training are given to employees which help in
improvement. Syengenta also apply this approach in some department, but not
on managerial and supervisory level.

Administrative Method of management by Henri Fayol

Sengenta divided work in departments which have autonomous status.

Employees work as team members in projects. Interdeparmental communication
is encourages in sengenta. In Royal Express, authorities defined for each
manager layer and wide spain of control. Employees are directed from seniors
and supervisors.

Bureaucracy
In this system formal rules and procedures defined. Seniors has supreme
authority and status and use this power and authority to influence juniors in
organization. This type of management is in government departments. Both
organization the sengenta and Royal Express don not have this type of
management style.

Human relation approach

In this approach open communication and facilitated each other in work is
encouraged. Sengenta is very good example, employees are working on project
across departments. This approach is only in department in each layer of
management in Royal Express.

System approach
In system approach there are three phase, input, process and output. Both
organizations enter information and materials and applying labor and change
these into out put or products and services.

Leadership

Likert, leadership style is explained below

Job centred

Under this leadership style managers focus on job performance using different
leadership techniques to force employees for bring goods results. Seniors do not
consider the satisfaction and participation of employees, only direction come
from top to bottom, or we can say there is one way communication.

This approach is not applied on sengenta because it has participative

environment and communication is encourage on all level.

Royal express uses this type of leadership style to control employees.

Employed centered

This is the combination of two leadership style, which are consultative and
participative group management.

In this style of leadership, the participation of junior in decision making encourage

and communication take place on layer of management. Employees are
empowered and freely communicate with seniors and with other departments.
This approach encourages innovation and research based work in organization.

Sengenta is very good example to follow this type of leadership style. Royal
express also follow with combination of other management and leadership styles.

Motivational theory
The following motivational theory selected from the motivational theories.

Reinforcement theory

This theory is used to force the employees’ behaviors t toward work

performance. There are two types of behaviors, desirable behaviors and
undesirable behaviors.

Positive reinforcement
Managers use positive reinforcement to encourage and motivate the behaviors
toward job performance. Managers give financial and non financial benefits to
employees bring the required results. Appreciation and recognition of work
encourage employees to more performance. For example, Sengenta recognize
the work of employees and they are very motivated toward research and
innovative type of work.

Negative reinforcement

To stop the unwanted behaviors which are not favorable for job and work
performance? Different strategies apply to do this, for example punishment,
salary deduction, fire from job, demotion and job appraisal. This is not the good
way, but using those organizations which have specialized nature of reparative
work like Royal Express.

Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory

According to this theory, when one need of employees satisfy it generate other
needs. Maslow divided these needs in the following categories.

Physiological needs
These are the basic needs of life, for example foods, clothes and house. At
beginning employees searching for satisfy these needs. Employees apply for low
level jobs just for satisfying these needs. In Royal Express, the entry level
employees just fight for these needs.

Safety and security needs

Security is very important element of satisfy employee. There are many types of
security, such as job security, physical security from accidents which depends on
nature of work, law and order situation in the country where the company
performing business. Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan are the examples, those
companies which work in these countries has very high employees turn over and
absenteeism rate because of unsecure environment.

Social affiliation needs

Employees also need social employees with other at every level. In organization
employees want to create social relationship with colleagues and employees in
other departments. Some organization gives chance because of following
management approach and the company nature. For example, the employees in
media and sport related companies are very satisfied, because they have
interaction with people beyond the boundaries of company where they are
working, that is why they are very satisfy and feel proud on their jobs.

Sengenta also have very participative approach and employees satisfied

because of working as team members in project across departments.

Esteem needs

Recognition of work is the high need of employee. When employees satisfy the
above needs, than they want to appreciation what they contribute to business.
This can do through giving price, financial awards and appreciate to do more and
giving training and resources for further improvement.

Self actualization needs

This is the high level need of employees and it create when employees reach to
top position, they need power and authority to do things and want to play the role
of a leader or senior manger. Employees at all level want to gain these need but
at some level it create automatically when the before mentioned needs satisfied.
These employees do not worry about the above needs that is why the can move
form one organization to another and want a position where they have more
authority and respect.

Rask 4

Tam and Group

Group
Group are individuals or employees which come together from same profession,
gender, or age and make group for common purpose. Group can be formal and
informal. For example, students plan arrange evening party so they come
together and enjoy this party in group which is an informal type of group. Some
time professional of same field come together and want to discuss relevant
issues.

Team
Team is the group of members which plan objectives, goals and make rules,
formal procedures and framework to get these objectives with combine struggle
and cooperation with each other.

Difference between group and team

Roles
A member of team has defined roles according to their experiences and skills.
They have well defined authority which responsibilities and they and their
performance monitored by team leader or supervisor. The examples of these
roles are team leader, supervisor, team member, specialist etc.

On other hand, group has no defined responsibilities, the members of group work
voluntarily.

Exit of members
The team performance can affect by exit or absenteeism of any member and it
delay team performance toward targeted objectives. On other hand, group are
not affected

Performance measurement
The performance of group evaluated at end and just appreciate results does not
matter how they achieve. There a formal procedures to do the work, and work is
monitored if there is any deficiency, the team leader and member think
alternative solution for that. Efficiency and effectiveness are considered in team
work.

4b
The following elements ensure effective operation in Sengenta.

Empowerment

Employees are empowered in decision making process. They work on research

on invention new ideas. So they are very loyal to the organization goals and
objectives.

Communication
Employees are communicating with peers in other department and seniors. This
encourages employees to forward new ideas and solutions to problems.

Information flow
As discussed above, there is two way and interdepartmental communication
environment in Sengenta, so employees do not have any delay in retrieving
required information which gives help in efficiency and quick and right decision
making.

Financial benefits
Organization gives attractive financial package to employees whom they do not
worry about finance to support their families and personal expenses.

Recognition of performance
Work is recognized in Sengenta, that result employee’s satisfaction and they feel
proud of their performance in shape of rewards. It motivate them for further
achievement and directly improve the overall performance of organization.

Structure and culture of organization

Designing suitable organizational structure and culture also affect on the smooth
operation of organization.

4c)

Technology changes and team work

Technology has the following affect on team performance

Efficiency
Team members perform their activities in efficient manner. If a company wants to
re-enter the old data in new designed system. If we do it manually, may it take
one or two years to enter the data of past five years in system, but by using the
advanced technology Data loader software, this data can be entered just in one
moth.

Accuracy
Through new technology the data can be entered in accurate way, taking the
same example, by enter data manually, there are great chances of mistakes and
errors but through data loader it is easy to enter data with out any error.