10/24/2018

Lecture No. 5
Building Construction and
Drawings, CE-213

Dr. Mohammad Ashraf, Associate Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

Lecturer Outlines
Deep Foundation:

 General Introduction
 Cast-in-Place and Driven Piles
 Pile Cap
 Pile Load Test
 Pile-raft System

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General Introduction

 Deep foundation are provided when the underlying foundation soil is

incapable of supporting the load from superstructure.
 Deep foundations are provided sufficiently below the ground surface.
 Deep foundations are usually provided in the form of group of piles
supporting a pile cap.
 Capacity of a group of pile is less than sum of the capacities of the
individual piles due to interaction between the individual piles.
 Pile-raft system may be provided in which the load from superstructure is
shared between raft and piles.

Construction of Piles (Cont..)

Cast-in-place Piles

 These piles, very common in Pakistan, are cast at the

site producing less disturbance in the neighborhood.
 These are suitable for granular soil with larger diameter
(up to 5000 mm)
 These piles are difficult to install in case of smaller
diameter (less than 400 mm) due to installation
difficulty.
 Casing pipe may or may not be required in the
borehole
 Bentonite slurry is usually used in place of casing pipe

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Construction of Piles (Cont..)

Cast-in-place Piles

 Stages of Installation:
 Setting of piles location
 Preparation of rig movement plan
 Bore drilling to the required length
 Placement of Reinforcement cage
 Pouring of concrete in the borehole.
 Pile cap is cast in place in case of
pile group.

Construction of Piles (Cont..)

Pile Cap

 The purpose of pile cap is to distribute loads from

super structure evenly among piles.
 Pile cap are provided in different shape depending
upon the number of piles.
 Depth of the pile cap depends upon the load from
super structure and the number of piles.
 Pile reinforcement shall be anchored in the pile cap

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Construction of Piles
Driven Piles

 Driven piles (precast piles) are prefabricated elements

(timber, steel or concrete), which are driven into the
ground by:
 Percussion
 Pressing or
 Vibration
 This type of pile is suitable for soft soils and not suitable for
soils with boulders
 Pile driving may cause disturbance to the surrounding
structures.

Pile Load Test

ASTM D 1143-81
 Piles are designed based the design load and subsurface
parameters (type of soil, cohesion, friction angle
 To verify the capacity of pile, a pile selected from a
number of piles may be tested before construction of
piles.
 Pile load test may be:
 Vertical pile load test (static or dynamic)
 Lateral pile load test
 Pullout pile test

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Pile Load Test (Cont..)

 Single pile and pile group is tested respectively up to

200% and 150% of its design capacity
 The load increment is 25% of design capacity in case
of both single and pile group.
 Each load increment is maintained till the settlement
rate is less than 0.25 mm per hour but no longer than
2 hours.
 If the pile or group has not failed, keep the total load
for at least 12 hours if the settlement rate is less than
0.25 mm per hour otherwise keep the load for 24
hours
 The load is then removed in decrement of 25% of the
design capacity with one hour between decrement.

Pile-Raft System

 In Pile-raft system the load from superstructure is shared between piles and
raft
 The main problem in the design of pile-raft system is the determination of
load shared by piles and raft.
 Three-dimensional numerical modeling considering pile-soil interaction, pile-
raft interaction and raft-soil interaction is required.
 To avoid such complexity in the design, the designer usually ignored the
load shared by raft and design the pile for total super structure load.