AN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

TURBINE MANUFACTURING at B.H.E.L., Haridwar

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By
ABHISHEK KUMAR

Submitted To
Mr. ANUJ DIXIT(Asst. Prof.)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GREATER NOIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

GREATER NOIDA-201306
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to thank the Industrial Training Co-Ordinator of Mechanical

Engineering Department for allowing us to work on such an interesting & informative topic. We
are highly indebted to our project guide Asst. Professor MR. ANUJ DIXIT Sir for his guidance
& words of wisdom. He always showed us the right direction during the course of this project
work. We are duly thankful to him to referring us to sites like science direct, openpdf &
providing many research papers which had some research work.

Success in such comprehensive report can’t be achieved single handed. It is the team effort that
sail the ship to the coast. So I would like to express my sincere thanks to my mentor MR. ALOK
SHUKLA Sir.

I am also grateful to the management of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (B.H.E.L.),

Haridwar for permitting me to have training during 17th June to 31st July, 2013.

We worked as a team and saw ups and downs which are part of any project work. But in the end
it was their Guidance and my team work which made this project possible. Last but not the least
we would also like to thank all our teachers & friends for their constructive criticism given in
right spirit.

Abhishek Kumar (1013240001)

7th Semester, B.Tech.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Greater Noida Institute Of Technology, Greater Noida
 ABSTRACT

In the era of Mechanical Engineering, Turbine, A Prime Mover ( Which uses the Raw Energy of
a substance and converts it to Mechanical Energy) is a well known Machine most useful in the
the field of Power Generation. This Mechanical energy is used in running an Electric Generator
which is directly coupled to the shaft of turbine. From this Electric Generator, we get electric
Power which can be transmitted over long distances by means of transmission lines and
transmission towers.

In my Industrial Training in B.H.E.L., Haridwar I go through all sections in Turbine

Manufacturing. First management team told me about the history of industry, Area, Capacity,
Machines installed & Facilities in the Industry.

After that they told about the Steam Turbine its types , parts like Blades, Casing, Rotor etc. Then
they told full explanation of constructional features and procedure along with equipement used.
Before telling about the machines used in Manufacturing of Blade, they told about the safety
precautions, Step by Step arrangement of machines in the block with a well defined proper
format. They also told the material of blade for a particular desire, types of Blades, Operations
performed on Blades, their New Blade Shop less with Advance Technology like CNC Shaping
Machine.

I would like to express my deep sense of Gratitude and thanks to Mr. Alok Shukla(AGM) our
in charge of training in Turbine Block in B.H.E.L., Haridwar. Without the wise counsel and able
guidance, it would have been impossible to complete the report in this manner. Finally, I am
indebted to all who so ever have contributed in this report and friendly stay at Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited (BHEL).
 INDEX

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
CERTIFICATE iii

Sr. No. Topic Page no.

INTRODUCTION 1

1. BHEL 2-3

1.1 OVERVIEW 3

1.2 WORKING AREAS 3

1.2.1 POWER GENERATION 3
1.2.2 POWER TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION 3-4
1.2.3 INDUSTRIES 4
1.2.4 TRANSPORTATION 4-5
1.2.5 TELECOMMUNICATION 5
1.2.6 RENEWABLE ENERGY 5
1.2.7 INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS 5-6

1.3 TECHNOLOGY UPGRADATION AND RESEARCH AND 6

DEVELOPMENT
1.3.1 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE 6

1.4 HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT 7

1.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 7
1.4.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY 7-8
1.4.3 PRINCIPLE OF THE “GLOBAL COMPACT” 8

1.5 BHEL UNITS 9

1.6 BHEL HARIDWAR 10

1.6.1 LOCATION 10
1.6.2 ADDRESS 10
1.6.3 AREA 10
1.6.4 UNITS 10
Sr. No. Topic Page no.
1.6.5 HEEP PRODUCT PROFILE 12-13

2. STEAM TURBINE 14
2.1 INTRODUCTION 14-15
2.2 ADVANTAGES 16
2.3 DISADVANTAGES 16
2.4 STEAM TURBINE THE MAINSATY OF BHEL 16

3. TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE 17

3.1 THE IMPULSE TURBINE 17
3.2 THE IMPULSE TUBINE PRINCIPLE 17
3.3 THE REACTION PRINCIPLE 18
3.4 IMPULSE TURBINE STAGING 18

4. TURBINE PARTS 18
4.1 TURBINE BLADES 18-19
4.2 TURBINE CASING 19
4.3 TURBINE ROTORS 19-20

5. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF BLADE 20

5.1 H.P. BLADE PROFILES 20-21
5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PROFILES 21-22
5.3 H.P. BLADE ROOTS 22-23
5.4 L.P. BLADE PROFIES 23
5.5 L.P. BLADE ROOTS 23
5.6 DYNAMICS OF BLADE 23-25
5.7 BLADING MATERIALS 25

6. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 26
6.1 INTRODUCTION 26
6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING 26
PROCESSES
6.2.1 PRIMARY SHAPING PROCESSES 27
6.2.2 SECONDARY OR MACHINING PROCESSES 27-28

7. BLOCK-3 LAYOUT 28

8. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOCK-3 29-31

9. BLADE SHOP 32
9.1 TYPES OF BLADES 32
9.2 OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON BLADES 33
 Sr. No. Topic Page no.

9.3 MACHINING OF BLADES 33

9.4 NEW BLADE SHOP 34

10. CONCLUSION 35

FIGURE INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page no.

1. SECTIONAL VIEW OF STEAM TURBINE 14
2. FLOW DIAGRAM OF A STEAM TURBINE 15
3. HIGH PRESSURE BLADE PROFILE 20
4. OVERSPEED AND VACCUM BALANCING WHEEL 29
5. STEAM TURBINE CASING AND ROTORS IN ASSEMBLING 31
AREA
6. CNC ROTOR TURNING LATHE 31
7. TYPES OF BLADES 32
8. SCHMETIC DIAGRAM OF A CNC MACHINE 33
9. CNC SHAPING MACHINE 34

TABLE INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page no.

1. BHEL UNITS 9
2. BLOCKS IN HEEP 11
3. SECTIONS IN CFFP 11
4. BLADE ROOTS 22-23
5. LAYOUT OF BLOCK-3 28
 INTRODUCTION

BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the energy related
infrastructure sector today. BHEL was established more than 40 years ago when its first plant
was setup in Bhopal ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry in India a
dream which has been more than realized with a well recognized track record of performance it
has been earning profits continuously since1971-72.

BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation's & Transmission,
Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, Defense, etc. The wide
network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing division, four power Sector regional centers, over 150
project sites, eight service centers and 18 regional offices, enables the Company to promptly
serve its customers and provide them with suitable products, systems and services – efficiently
and at competitive prices. BHEL has already attained ISO 9000 certification for quality
management, and ISO 14001certification for environment management.

The company’s inherent potential coupled with its strong performance make this one of the
“NAVRATNAS”, which is supported by the government in their endeavor to become future
global players.
 B.H.E.L.
1.1. OVERVIEW

 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (B.H.E.L.) is the largest engineering and manufacturing
enterprise in India. BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power
Generation's & Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable
Energy, Defense and many more.

 Established in 1960s under the Indo-Soviet Agreements of 1959 and 1960 in the area of
Scientific, Technical and Industrial Cooperation.

 BHEL has its setup spread all over India namely New Delhi, Gurgaon, Haridwar,
Rudrapur, Jhansi, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Jagdishpur , Tiruchirapalli, Bangalore and many
more.

 Over 65% of power generated in India comes from BHEL-supplied equipment.Overall it

has installed power equipment for over 90,000 MW.

 BHEL's Investment in R&D is amongst the largest in the corporate sector in India. Net
Profit of the company in the year 2011-2012 was recorded as 6868crore having a high of
21.2% in comparison to last year.

 BHEL has already attained ISO 9000 certification for quality management, and ISO
14001 certification for environment management.

 It is one of India's nine largest Public Sector Undertakings or PSUs, known as the
NAVRATNAS or 'The Nine Jewels’.

 The power plant equipment manufactured by BHEL is based on contemporary

technology comparable to the best in the world.

 The wide network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing divisions, 4 Power Sector regional

centre, over 100 project sites, 8 Service Centre and 18 regional offices, enables the
Company to promptly serve its customers and provide them with suitable products,
systems and services efficiently.
1.2. WORKING AREAS

1.2.1. POWER GENERATION

Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro and nuclear power plant business as of
31.03.2001, BHEL supplied sets account for nearly 64737 MW or 65% of the total installed
capacity of 99,146 MW in the country, as against nil till 1969-70.

BHEL has proven turnkey capabilities for executing power projects from concept to
commissioning, it possesses the technology and capability to produce thermal sets with super
critical parameters up to 1000 MW unit rating and gas turbine generator sets of up to 240 MW
unit rating. Co-generation and combined-cycle plants have been introduced to achieve higher
plant efficiencies. to make efficient use of the high-ash-content coal available in India, BHEL
supplies circulating fluidized bed combustion boilers to both thermal and combined cycle power
plants.

The company manufactures 235 MW nuclear turbine generator sets and has commenced
production of 500 MW nuclear turbine generator sets.

Custom made hydro sets of Francis, Pelton and Kaplan types for different head discharge
combination are also engineering and manufactured by BHEL.

In all, orders for more than 700 utility sets of thermal, hydro, gas and nuclear have been placed
on the Company as on date. The power plant equipment manufactured by BHEL is based on
contemporary technology comparable to the best in the world and is also internationally
competitive.

The Company has proven expertise in Plant Performance Improvement through renovation
modernization and upgrading of a variety of power plant equipment besides specialized know
how of residual life assessment, health diagnostics and life extension of plants.

1.2.2. POWER TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION (T & D)

BHEL offer wide ranging products and systems for T & D applications. Products manufactured
include power transformers, instrument transformers, dry type transformers, series and stunt
reactor, capacitor tanks, vacuum and SF circuit breakers gas insulated switch gears and
insulators. A strong engineering base enables the Company to undertake turnkey delivery of
electric substances up to 400 kV level series compensation systems (for increasing power
transfer capacity of transmission lines and improving system stability and voltage regulation),
shunt compensation systems (for power factor and voltage improvement) and HVDC systems
(for economic transfer of bulk power). BHEL has indigenously developed the state-of-the-art
controlled shunt reactor (for reactive power management on long transmission lines). Presently a
400 kV Facts (Flexible AC Transmission System) project under execution.
1.2.3. INDUSTRIES

BHEL is a major contributor of equipment and systems to industries. Cement, sugar, fertilizer,
refineries, petrochemicals, paper, oil and gas, metallurgical and other process industries lines and
improving system stability and voltage regulation, shunt compensation systems (for power factor
and voltage improvement) and HVDC systems(for economic transfer of bulk power) BHEL has
indigenously developed the state-of-the-art controlled shunt reactor (for reactive power
management on long transmission lines).Presently a 400 kV FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission
System) projects is under execution. The range of system & equipment supplied includes:
captive power plants, co-generation plants DG power plants, industrial steam turbines, industrial
boilers and auxiliaries. Water heat recovery boilers, gas turbines, heat exchangers and pressure
vessels, centrifugal compressors, electrical machines, pumps, valves, seamless steel tubes,
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, reactors, fluidized bed combustion boilers, chemical
recovery boilers and process controls.

The Company is a major producer of large-size thruster devices. It also supplies digital
distributed control systems for process industries, and control & instrumentation systems for
power plant and industrial applications. BHEL is the only company in India with the capability
to make simulators for power plants, defense and other applications. The Company has
commenced manufacture of large desalination plants to help augment the supply of drinking
water to people.

1.2.4. TRANSPORTATION

BHEL is involved in the development design, engineering, marketing, production, installation,

and maintenance and after-sales service of Rolling Stock and traction propulsion systems. In the
area of rolling stock, BHEL manufactures electric locomotives up to 5000HP, diesel-electric
locomotives from 350 HP to 3100 HP, both for mainline and shunting duly applications. BHEL
is also producing rolling stock for special applications viz., overhead equipment cars, Special
well wagons, Rail-cum-road vehicle etc., Besides traction propulsion systems for in-house use,
BHEL manufactures traction propulsion systems for other rolling stock producers of electric
locomotives, diesel-electric locomotives, electrical multiple units and metro cars. The electric
and diesel traction equipment on India Railways are largely powered by electrical propulsion
systems produced by BHEL. The company also undertakes retooling and overhauling of rolling
stock in the area of urban transportation systems. BHEL is geared up to turnkey execution of
electric trolley bus systems, light rail systems etc. BHEL is also diversifying in the area of port
handing equipment and pipelines transportation system.
1.2.5. TELECOMMUNICATION

BHEL also caters to Telecommunication sector by way of small, medium and large switching
system.

1.2.6. RENEWABLE ENERGY

Technologies that can be offered by BHEL for exploiting non-conventional and renewable
sources of energy include: wind electric generators, solar photo voltaic systems, solar lanterns
and battery-powered road vehicles. The Company has taken up R&D efforts for development of
multi-junction amorphous silicon solar cells and fuel based systems.

1.2.7. INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS

BHEL has, over the years, established its references in around 60 countries of the world, ranging
for the United States in the west to New Zealand in the far east. These references encompass
almost the entire product range of BHEL, covering turnkey power projects of thermal, hydro and
gas-based types, substation projects, rehabilitation projects, besides a wide variety of products,
like transformers, insulators, switch gears, heat exchangers, castings and forgings, valves, well-
head equipment, centrifugal compressors, photo-voltaic equipment etc. apart from over 1110mw
of boiler capacity contributed in Malaysia, and execution of four prestigious power projects in
Oman, some of the other major successes achieved by the company have been in Australia,
Saudi Arabia, Libya, Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Egypt, Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, Sri Lanka, Iraq etc.

The company has been successful in meeting demanding customer's requirements in terms of
complexity of the works as well as technological, quality and other requirements viz. extended
warrantees, associated O&M, financing packages etc. BHEL has proved its capability to
undertake projects on fast-track basis. The company has been successful in meeting varying
needs of the industry, be it captive power plants, utility power generation or for the oil sector
requirements. Executing of overseas projects has also provided BHEL the experience of working
with world renowned consulting organizations and inspection agencies.

In addition to demonstrated capability to undertake turnkey projects on its own, BHEL possesses
the requisite flexibility to interface and complement with international companies for large
projects by supplying complementary equipment and meeting their production needs for
intermediate as well as finished products.

The success in the area of rehabilitation and life extension of power projects has established
BHEL as a comparable alternative to the original equipment manufacturers (OEM’S) for such
plants.
1.3. TECHNOLOGY UPGRADATION AND RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

To remain competitive and meet customers' expectations, BHEL lays great emphasis on the
continuous up gradation of products and related technologies, and development of new products.
The Company has upgraded its products to contemporary levels through continuous in house
efforts as well as through acquisition of new technologies from leading engineering
organizations of the world.

The Corporate R&D Division at Hyderabad, spread over a 140 acre complex, leads BHEL's
research efforts in a number of areas of importance to BHEL's product range. Research and
product development centers at each of the manufacturing divisions play a complementary role.

BHEL's Investment in R&D is amongst the largest in the corporate sector in India. Products
developed in-house during the last five years contributed about 8.6% to the revenues in 2000-
2001.

BHEL has introduced, in the recent past, several state-of-the-art products developed in-house:
low-NOx oil / gas burners, circulating fluidized bed combustion boilers, high-efficiency Pelton
hydro turbines, petroleum depot automation systems, 36kV gas-insulated sub-stations, etc. The
Company has also transferred a few technologies developed in-house to other Indian companies
for commercialization.

Some of the on-going development & demonstration projects include: Smart wall blowing
system for cleaning boiler soot deposits, and micro-controller based governor for diesel-electric
locomotives. The company is also engaged in research in futuristic areas, such as application of
super conducting materials in power generations and industry, and fuel cells for distributed,
environment-friendly power generation.

1.3.1 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

The most prized asset of BHEL is its employees. The Human Resource Development Institute
and other HRD centers of the Company help in not only keeping their skills updated and finely
honed but also in adding new skills, whenever required .Continuous training and retraining,
positive, a positive work culture and participative style of management, have engendered
development of a committed and motivated workforce leading to enhanced productivity and
higher levels of quality.
1.4. HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
BHEL, as an integral part of business performance and in its endeavor of becoming a world-class
organization and sharing the growing global concern on issues related to Environment.
Occupational Health and Safety, is committed to protecting Environment in and around its own
establishment, and to providing safe and healthy working environment to all its employees. For
fulfilling these obligations, Corporate Policies have been formulated as.

1.4.1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

 Compliance with applicable Environmental Legislation/Regulation.
 Continual Improvement in Environment Management Systems to protect our natural
environment and Control Pollution.
 Promotion of activities for conservation of resources by Environmental Management.
 Enhancement of Environmental awareness amongst employees, customers and suppliers.
BHEL will also assist and co-operate with the concerned Government Agencies and
Regulatory Bodies engaged in environmental activities, offering the Company's
capabilities is this field.

1.4.2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY

 Compliance with applicable Legislation and Regulations.
 Setting objectives and targets to eliminate/control/minimize risks due to Occupational
and Safety Hazards.
 Appropriate structured training of employees on Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S)
aspects.
 Formulation and maintenance of OH&S Management programs for continual
improvement.
 Periodic review of OH&S Management System to ensure its continuing suitability,
adequacy and effectiveness.
 Communication of OH&S Policy to all employees and interested parties.

The major units of BHEL have already acquired ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
Certification, and other units are in advanced stages of acquiring the same. Action plan has been
prepared to acquire OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System
certification for all BHEL units.
In pursuit of these Policy requirements, BHEL will continuously strive to improve work particles
in the light of advances made in technology and new understandings in Occupational Health,
Safety and Environmental Science Participation in the "Global Compact" of the United Nations.

The "Global Compact" is a partnership between the United Nations, the business community,
international labor and NGOs. It provides a forum for them to work together and improve
corporate practices through co-operation rather than confrontation.

BHEL has joined the "Global Compact" of United Nations and has committed to support it and
the set of core values enshrined in its nine principles.

1.4.3. PRINCIPLES OF THE "GLOBAL COMPACT"

 HUMAN RIGHTS
1. Business should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human
rights and.
2. Make sure they are not complicit in human rights abuses.

 LABOUR STANDARDS
1. Business should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the
right to collective bargaining.
3. Eliminate discrimination.
4. The elimination of all form of forces and compulsory labour.
5. The effective abolition of child labour.
6. Eliminate discrimination.

 ENVIRONMENT
7. Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges .
8. Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility and
9. Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

By joining the "Global Compact", BHEL would get a unique opportunity of networking with
corporate and sharing experience relating to social responsibility on global basis.
1.5 BHEL UNITS

UNIT TYPE PRODUCT

1. Bhopal Heavy Electrical Part Steam Turbines, Turbo Generators, Hydro

Sets,
Switch Gear Controllers
2. Haridwar Hydro Turbines, Steam Turbines, Gas
Turbines, Turbo Generators, Heavy Castings
HEEP Heavy Electrical Equipement and Forging, Control Panels, Light Aircrafts,
Plant Electrical Machines.
CFFP Central Foundry Forge Plant

3. Hyderabad Industrial Turbo-Sets, Compressor Pumps

and Heaters, Bow Mills, Heat Exchangers
HPEP Heavy Power Equipement Plant Oil Rings, Gas Turbines, Switch Gears,
Power Generating Sets.
4. Trichy
Seamless Steel Tubes, Spiral Fin Welded
HPBP High Pressure Boiling Plant Tubes.
5. Jhansi
Transformers, Diesel Shunt Less AC locos
TP Transformer Plant and EC EMU.
6. Banglore Energy Meters, Watt Meters, Control
Equipement, Capacitors, Photo Voltic Panels,
EDN Electronics Division Simulator, Telecommunication System, Other
Advanced Microprocessor based Control
EPD Electro Porcelains Devision System, Insulator and Bushing, Ceramic
Liners
7. Ranipet Electrostatic Precipitator, Air Pre-Heater,
Fans, Wind Electric Generators, Desalination
BAP Boiler Auxilary Plant Plants.

8. Goindwal Industrial Valves Plant Industrial Valves & Fabrication

9. Jagdishpur High tension ceramic, Insulation Plates and
Bushings
IP Insulator Plant
10. Rudrapur Component Fabrication Plant Windmill, Solar Water Heating system
11. Gurgaon Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Solar Photovoltaic Cells, Solar Lanterns,
Plant. Chargers ,Solar clock

Table-1
1.6. BHEL HARIDWAR

1.6.1. LOCATION
It is situated in the foot hills of Shivalik range in Haridwar. The main administrative building is
at a distance of about 8 km from Haridwar.

1.6.2. ADDRESS
Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL)

Ranipur, Haridwar PIN- 249403

1.6.3. AREA
BHEL Haridwar consists of two manufacturing units, namely Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant
(HEEP) and Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP), having area

HEEP area:- 8.45 sq km

CFFP area:- 1.0 sq km

The Heavy Electricals Equipment Plant (HEEP) located in Haridwar, is one of the major
manufacturing plants of BHEL. The core business of HEEP includes design and manufacture of
large steam and gas turbines, turbo generators, hydro turbines and generators, large AC/DC
motors and so on.

Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP) is engaged in manufacture of Steel Castings:Up to 50 Tons
per Piece Wt & Steel Forgings: Up to 55 Tons per Piece Wt.

1.6.4. UNITS
There are two units in BHEL Haridwar as followed:

1) Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant (HEEP)

2) Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP)

There are 8 Blocks in HEEP:

Blocks Work Performed In Block

I) Electrical Machine Turbo Generator, Generator Exciter , Motor (AC and DC)

II) Fabrication Large Size Fabricated Assemblies or Components

III) Turbines & Steam , Hydro Turbines, Gas turbines, Turbine Blade, Special Tooling.
Auxilary

IV) Feeder Winding of Turbo ,Hydro Generators, Insulation for AC & DC Motors

V) Fabrication Fabricated Parts of Steam Turbine, Water Boxes, Storage Tank, Hydro
Turbine Parts

VI) Fabrication Fabricated Oil Tanks, Hollow Guide Blades, Rings, Stator Frames and
Stamping & Die Rotor Spindle, All Dies, Stamping for Generators and Motor
Manufacturing

VII) Wood Working Wooden Packing, Spacers

VIII) Heaters & LP heaters, Ejectors, Glands, Steam and Oil Coolers, Oil Tank, Bearing
Coolers Covers

Table-2

There are 3 Sections in CFFP:

Blocks Work Performed In Block

1. Foundry Casting of Turbine Rotor, Casing and Francis Runner

2. Forging Forging of Small Rotor Parts

3. Machine Shop Turning, Boring, Parting off, Drilling etc.

Table -3
1.6.5. HEEP PRODUCT PROFILE

1. THERMAL SETS:
 Steam turbines and generators up to 500 MW capacity for utility and combined cycle
applications
 Capability to manufacture up to 1000 MW unit cycle.

2. GAS TURBINES:
 Gas turbines for industry and utility application range 3 to 200 MW (ISO).
 Gas turbines based co-generation and combined cycle system.

3. HYDRO SETS:
 Custom– built conventional hydro turbine of Kaplan, Francis and Pelton with matching
generators up to 250 MW unit size.
 Pump turbines with matching motor-generators.
 Mini / micro hydro sets.
 Spherical butterfly and rotary valves and auxiliaries for hydro station.

4. EQUIPMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS:

 Turbines and generators up to 500MW unit size.
 Steam generator up to 500MW unit size.
 Re-heaters / Separators.
 Heat exchangers and pressure vessels.

5. ELECTRICAL MACHINES:
 DC general purpose and rolling mill machines from 100 to 19000KW suitable for
operation on voltage up to 1200V. These are provided with STDP, totally enclosed and
duct ventilated enclosures.
 DC auxiliary mill motors.
6. CONTROL PANEL:
Control panel for voltage up to 400KW and control desks for generating stations and EMV
sub–stations.

7. CASTING AND FORGINGS:

 Sophisticated heavy casting and forging of creep resistant alloy steels, stainless steel and
other grades of alloy meeting stringent international specifications.

8. DEFENCE:
 Naval guns with collaboration of Italy.
 2. STEAM TURBINE

2.1 INTRODUCTION
A turbine is a device that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy, specifically when a
rotor of multiple blades or vanes is driven by the movement of a fluid or gas. In the case of a
steam turbine, the pressure and flow of newly condensed steam rapidly turns the rotor. This
movement is possible because the water to steam conversion results in a rapidly expanding gas.
As the turbine’s rotor turns, the rotating shaft can work to accomplish numerous applications,
often electricity generation.

Fig.1 Sectional View Of A Steam Turbine

In a steam turbine, the steam’s energy is extracted through the turbine and the steam leaves the
turbine at a lower energy state. High pressure and temperature fluid at the inlet of the turbine exit
as lower pressure and temperature fluid. The difference is energy converted by the turbine to
mechanical rotational energy, less any aerodynamic and mechanical inefficiencies incurred in the
process. Since the fluid is at a lower pressure at the exit of the turbine than at the inlet, it is
common to say the fluid has been “expanded” across the turbine. Because of the expanding flow,
higher volumetric flow occurs at the turbine exit (at least for compressible fluids) leading to the
need for larger turbine exit areas than at the inlet.
The generic symbol for a turbine used in a flow diagram is shown in Figure below. The symbol
diverges with a larger area at the exit than at the inlet. This is how one can tell a turbine symbol
from a compressor symbol. In Figure, the graphic is colored to indicate the general trend of
temperature drop through a turbine. In a turbine with a high inlet pressure, the turbine blades
convert this pressure energy into velocity or kinetic energy, which causes the blades to rotate.
Many green cycles use a turbine in this fashion, although the inlet conditions may not be the
same as for a conventional high pressure and temperature steam turbine. Bottoming cycles, for
instance, extract fluid energy that is at a lower pressure and temperature than a turbine in a
conventional power plant. A bottoming cycle might be used to extract energy from the exhaust
gases of a large diesel engine, but the fluid in a bottoming cycle still has sufficient energy to be
extracted across a turbine, with the energy converted into rotational energy.

Fig.2 Flow Diagram Of A Steam Turbine

Turbines also extract energy in fluid flow where the pressure is not high but where the fluid has
sufficient fluid kinetic energy. The classic example is a wind turbine, which converts the wind’s
kinetic energy to rotational energy. This type of kinetic energy conversion is common in green
energy cycles for applications ranging from larger wind turbines to smaller hydrokinetic turbines
currently being designed for and demonstrated in river and tidal applications. Turbines can be
designed to work well in a variety of fluids, including gases and liquids, where they are used not
only to drive generators, but also to drive compressors or pumps.

One common (and somewhat misleading) use of the word “turbine” is “gas turbine,” as in a gas
turbine engine. A gas turbine engine is more than just a turbine and typically includes a
compressor, combustor and turbine combined to be a self-contained unit used to provide shaft or
thrust power. The turbine component inside the gas turbine still provides power, but a
compressor and combustor are required to make a self-contained system that needs only the fuel
to burn in the combustor.

An additional use for turbines in industrial applications that may also be applicable in some
green energy systems is to cool a fluid. As previously mentioned, when a turbine extracts energy
from a fluid, the fluid temperature is reduced. Some industries, such as the gas processing
industry, use turbines as sources of refrigeration, dropping the temperature of the gas going
through the turbine. In other words, the primary purpose of the turbine is to reduce the
temperature of the working fluid as opposed to providing power. Generally speaking, the higher
the pressure ratio across a turbine, the greater the expansion and the greater the temperature drop.
Even where turbines are used to cool fluids, the turbines still produce power and must be
connected to a power absorbing device that is part of an overall system.

Also note that turbines in high inlet-pressure applications are sometimes called expanders. The
terms “turbine” and “expander” can be used interchangeably for most applications, but expander
is not used when referring to kinetic energy applications, as the fluid does not go through
significant expansion.

2.2. ADVANTAGES:-
 Ability to utilize high pressure and high temperature steam.
 High efficiency.
 High rotational speed.
 High capacity/weight ratio.
 Smooth, nearly vibration-free operation.
 No internal lubrication.
 Oil free exhausts steam.

2.3 DISADVANTAGES:-
For slow speed application reduction gears are required. The steam turbine cannot be made
reversible. The efficiency of small simple steam turbines is poor.

2.4 STEAM TURBINES THE MAINSTAY OF BHEL:-

 BHEL has the capability to design, manufacture and commission steam turbines of up to
1000 MW rating for steam parameters ranging from 30 bars to 300 bars pressure and
initial & reheat temperatures up to 600ºC.
 Turbines are built on the building block system, consisting of modules suitable for a
range of output and steam parameters.
 For a desired output and steam parameters appropriate turbine blocks can be selected.
3. TYPES OF STEAM TURBINE
There are complicated methods to properly harness steam power that give rise to the two
primary turbine designs: impulse and reaction turbines. These different designs engage the steam
in a different method so as to turn the rotor

3.1 IMPULSE TURBINE

The principle of the impulse steam turbine consists of a casing containing stationary steam
nozzles and a rotor with moving or rotating buckets. The steam passes through the stationary
nozzles and is directed at high velocity against rotor buckets causing the rotor to rotate at high
speed. The following events take place in the nozzles:

1. The steam pressure decreases.

2. The enthalpy of the steam decreases.

3. The steam velocity increases.

4. The volume of the steam increases.

5. There is a conversion of heat energy to kinetic energy as the heat energy from the decrease in
steam enthalpy is converted into kinetic energy by the increased steam velocity.

3.2 THE IMPULSE PRINCIPLE

If steam at high pressure is allowed to expand through stationary nozzles, the result will be a
drop in the steam pressure and an increase in steam velocity. In fact, the steam will issue from
the nozzle in the form of a high-speed jet. If this high steam is applied to a properly shaped
turbine blade, it will change in direction due to the shape of the blade. The effect of this change
in direction of the steam flow will be to produce an impulse force, on the blade causing it to
move. If the blade is attached to the rotor of a turbine, then the rotor will revolve. Force applied
to the blade is developed by causing the steam to change direction of flow (Newton’s 2nd Law –
change of momentum). The change of momentum produces the impulse force. The fact that the
pressure does not drop across the moving blades is the distinguishing feature of the impulse
turbine. The pressure at the inlet to the moving blades is the same as the pressure at the outlet
from the moving blades.
3.3 REACTION PRINCIPLE

A reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades. The steam
expands first in the stationary or fixed blades where it gains some velocity as it drops in pressure.
It then enters the moving blades where its direction of flow is changed thus producing an impulse
force on the moving blades. In addition, however, the steam upon passing through the moving
blades again expands and further drops in pressure giving a reaction force to the blades. This
sequence is repeated as the steam passes through additional rows of fixed and moving blades.

3.4 IMPULSE TURBINE STAGING

In order for the steam to give up all its kinetic energy to the moving blades in an impulse turbine,
it should leave the blades at zero absolute velocity. This condition will exist if the blade velocity
is equal to one half of the steam velocity. Therefore, for good efficiency the blade velocity
should be about one half of steam velocity. In order to reduce steam velocity and blade velocity,
the following methods may be used:

1.Pressure compounding.

2.Velocity compounding.

3.Pressure-velocity compounding.

4.Pressure Compounding.

4. TURBINE PARTS
4.1 TURBINE BLADES
 Cylindrical reaction blades for HP, IP and LP Turbines
 3-DS blades, in initial stages of HP and IP Turbine, to reduce secondary losses.
 Twisted blade with integral shroud, in last stages of HP, IP and initial stages of LP
turbines, to reduce profile and Tip leakage losses

o Free standing LP moving blades Tip sections with supersonic design.

o Fir-tree root

o Flame hardening of the leading edge

o Banana type hollow guide blade

 o Tapered and forward leaning for optimized mass flow distribution

o Suction slits for moisture removal

4.2 TURBINE CASING

Casings or cylinders are of the horizontal split type. This is not ideal, as the heavy flanges of the
joints are slow to follow the temperature changes of the cylinder walls. However, for assembling
and inspection purposes there is no other solution. The casing is heavy in order to withstand the
high pressures and temperatures. It is general practice to let the thickness of walls and flanges
decrease from inlet- to exhaust-end. The casing joints are made steam tight, without the use of
gaskets, by matching the flange faces very exactly and very smoothly. The bolt holes in the
flanges are drilled for smoothly fitting bolts, but dowel pins are often added to secure exact
alignment of the flange joint. Double casings are used for very high steam pressures. The high
pressure is applied to the inner casing, which is open at the exhaust end, letting the turbine
exhaust to the outer casings.

4.3 TURBINE ROTORS

The design of a turbine rotor depends on the operating principle of the turbine. The impulse
turbine with pressure drop across the stationary blades must have seals between stationary blades
and the rotor. The smaller the sealing area, the smaller the leakage; therefore the stationary
blades are mounted in diaphragms with labyrinth seals around thes haft. This construction
requires a disc rotor. Basically there are two types of rotor:

 DISC ROTORS
All larger disc rotors are now machined out of a solid forging of nickel steel; this should give the
strongest rotor and a fully balanced rotor. It is rather expensive, as the weight of the final rotor is
approximately 50% of the initial forging. Older or smaller disc rotors have shaft and discs made
in separate pieces with the discs shrunk on the shaft. The bore of the discs is made 0.1% smaller
in diameter than the shaft. The discs are then heated until they easily are slid along the shaft and
located in the correct position on the shaft and shaft key. A small clearance between the discs
prevents thermal stress in the shaft.


  DRUM ROTORS
The first reaction turbines had solid forged drum rotors. They were strong, generally well
balanced as they were machined over the total surface. With the increasing size of turbines the
solid rotors got too heavy pieces. For good balance the drum must be machined both outside and
inside and the drum must be open at one end. The second part of the rotor is the drum end cover
with shaft.

5. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF A BLADE

The blade can be divided into 3 parts:

 The profile, which converts the thermal energy of steam into kinetic energy, with a
certain efficiency depending upon the profile shape.

 The root, which fixes the blade to the turbine rotor, giving a proper anchor to the blade,
and transmitting the kinetic energy of the blade to the rotor.

 The damping element, which reduces the vibrations which necessarily occur in the blades
due to the steam flowing through the blades. These damping elements may be integral
with blades, or they may be separate elements mounted between the blades. Each of these
elements will be separately dealt with in the following sections.

5.1 H.P. BLADE PROFILES

In order to understand the further explanation, a familiarity of the terminology used is required.
The following terminology is used in the subsequent sections.
If circles are drawn tangential to the suction side and pressure side profiles of a blade, and their
centers are joined by a curve, this curve is called the camber line. This camber line intersects the
profile at two points A and B. The line joining these points is called chord, and the length of this
line is called the chord length. A line which is tangential to the inlet and outlet edges is called the
bitangent line. The angle which this line makes with the circumferential direction is called the
setting angle. Pitch of a blade is the circumferential distance between any point on the profile
and an identical point on the next blade.

5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PROFILES

There are two basic types of profiles - Impulse and Reaction. In the impulse type of profiles, the
entire heat drop of the stage occurs only in the stationary blades. In the reaction type of blades,
the heat drop of the stage is distributed almost equally between the guide and moving blades.
Though the theoretical impulse blades have zero pressure drop in the moving blades, practically,
for the flow to take place across the moving blades, there must be a small pressure drop across
the moving blades also. Therefore, the impulse stages in practice have a small degree of reaction.
These stages are therefore more accurately, though less widely, described as low-reaction stages.
The presently used reaction profiles are more efficient than the impulse profiles at part loads.
This is because of the more rounded inlet edge for reaction profiles. Due to this, even if the inlet
angle of the steam is not tangential to the pressure-side profile of the blade, the losses are low.
However, the impulse profiles have one advantage. The impulse profiles can take a large heat
drop across a single stage, and the same heat drop would require a greater number of stages if
reaction profiles are used, thereby increasing the turbine length. The Steam turbines use the
impulse profiles for the control stage (1st stage), and the reaction profiles for subsequent stages.
There are four reasons for using impulse profile for the first stage:

a) Most of the turbines are partial arc admission turbines. If the first stage is are action stage, the
lower half of the moving blades do not have any inlet steam, and would ventilate. Therefore,
most of the stage heat drop should occur in the guide blades.

b) The heat drop across the first stage should be high, so that the wheel chamber of the outer
casing is not exposed to the high inlet parameters. In case of -4turbines, the inner casing parting
plane strength becomes the limitation, and therefore requires a large heat drop across the 1st
stage.

c) Nozzle control gives better efficiency at part loads than throttle control.

d) The number of stages in the turbine should not be too high, as this will increase the length of
the turbine.
There are exceptions to the rule. Turbines used for CCPs, and BFP drive turbines do not have a
control stage. They are throttle-governed machines. Such designs are used when the inlet
pressure slides. Such machines only have reaction stages. However, the inlet passages of such
turbines must be so designed that the inlet steam to the first reaction stage is properly mixed, and
occupies the entire 360 degrees. There are also cases of controlled extraction turbines where the
L.P. control stage is an impulse stage. This is either to reduce the number of stages to make the
turbine short, or to increase the part load efficiency by using nozzle control, which minimizes
throttle losses.

5.3 H.P. BLADE ROOTS

The root is a part of the blade that fixes the blade to the rotor or stator. Its design depends upon
the centrifugal and steam bending forces of the blade. It should be designed such that the
material in the blade root as well as the rotor / stator claw and any fixing element are in the safe
limits to avoid failure. The roots are T-root and Fork-root. The fork root has a higher load-
carrying capacity than the T-root. It was found that machining this T-root with side grip is more
of a problem. It has to be machined by broaching, and the broaching machine available could not
handle the sizes of the root. The typical roots used for the HP moving blades for various steam
turbine applications are shown in the following figure:

T-ROOT

T-ROOT WITH SIDE GRIP

 FORK ROOT

Table 4 Blade Roots

5.4 L.P. BLADE PROFILES

The LP blade profiles of moving blades are twisted and tapered. These blades are used when
blade height-to-mean stage diameter ratio (h/Dm) exceeds 0.2.

5.5 LP BLADE ROOTS

The roots of LP blades are as follows:

1) 2 Blading :
a. The roots of both the LP stages in –2 type of LP Blading are T-roots.

2) 3 Blading:
a. The last stage LP blade of HK, SK and LK blades have a fork-root. SK blades
have4-fork roots for all sizes. HK blades have 4-fork roots up to 56 size, where
modified profiles are used. Beyond this size, HK blades have 3 fork roots. LK
blades have 3-forkroots for all sizes. The roots of the LP blades of preceding
stages are of T-roots.

5.6 DYNAMICS IN BLADE

The excitation of any blade comes from different sources. They are

 Nozzle-passing excitation: As the blades pass the nozzles of the stage, they encounter
flow disturbances due to the pressure variations across the guide blade passage. They
also encounter disturbances due to the wakes and eddies in the flow path. These are
sufficient to cause excitation in the moving blades. The excitation gets repeated at
every pitch of the blade. This is called nozzle-passing frequency excitation. The order
of this frequency =no. of guide blades x speed of the machine. Multiples of this
frequency are considered for checking for resonance.
 Excitation due to non-uniformities in guide-blades around the periphery. These can
occur due to manufacturing inaccuracies, like pitch errors, setting angle variations,
inlet and outlet edge variations, etc.
For HP blades, due to the thick and cylindrical cross-sections and short blade heights, the natural
frequencies are very high. Nozzle-passing frequencies are therefore necessarily considered, since
resonance with the lower natural frequencies occurs only with these orders of excitation.
In LP blades, since the blades are thin and long, the natural frequencies are low. The excitation
frequencies to be considered are therefore the first few multiples of speed, since the nozzle-
passing frequencies only give resonance with very high modes, where the vibration stresses are
low.
The HP moving blades experience relatively low vibration amplitudes due to their thicker
sections and shorter heights. They also have integral shrouds. These shrouds of adjacent blades
butt against each other forming a continuous ring. This ring serves two purposes – it acts as a
steam seal, and it acts as a damper for the vibrations. When vibrations occur, the vibration energy
is dissipated as friction between shrouds of adjacent blades.
For HP guide blades of Wesel design, the shroud is not integral, but a shroud band is riveted to a
number of guide blades together. The function of this shroud band is mainly to seat the steam. In
some designs HP guide blades may have integral shrouds like moving blades. The primary
function remains steam sealing.
In industrial turbines, in LP blades, the resonant vibrations have high amplitudes due to the thin
sections of the blades, and the large lengths. It may also not always be possible to avoid
resonance at all operating conditions. This is because of two reasons. Firstly, the LP blades are
standardized for certain ranges of speeds, and turbines may be selected to operate anywhere in
the speed range. The entire design range of operating speed of the LP blades cannot be outside
the resonance range. It is, of course, possible to design a new LP blade for each application, but
this involves a lot of design efforts and manufacturing cycle time. However, with the present-day
computer packages and manufacturing methods, it has become feasible to do so. Secondly, the
driven machine may be a variable speed machine like a compressor or a boiler-feed-pump. In
this case also, it is not possible to avoid resonance. In such cases, where it is not possible to
avoid resonance, a damping element is to be used in the LP blades to reduce the dynamic
stresses, so that the blades can operate continuously under resonance also. There may be blades
which are not adequately damped due to manufacturing inaccuracies. The need fora damping
element is therefore eliminated. In case the frequencies of the blades tend towards resonance due
to manufacturing inaccuracies, tuning is to be done on the blades to correct the frequency. This
tuning is done by grinding off material at the tip (which reduces the inertia more than the
stiffness) to increase the frequency, and by grinding off material at the base of the profile (which
reduces the stiffness more than the inertia) to reduce the natural frequency.

The damping in any blade can be of any of the following types:

a) Material damping: This type of damping is because of the inherent damping properties of the
material which makes up the component.

b) Aerodynamic damping: This is due to the damping of the fluid which surrounds the
component in operation.

c) Friction damping: This is due to the rubbing friction between the component under
consideration with any other object.
Out of these damping mechanisms, the material and aerodynamic types of damping are very
small in magnitude. Friction damping is enormous as compared to the other two types of
damping. Because of this reason, the damping elements in blades generally incorporate a feature
by which the vibrational energy is dissipated as frictional heat. The frictional damping has a
particular characteristic. When the frictional force between the rubbing surfaces is very small as
compared to the excitation force, the surfaces slip, resulting in friction damping. However, when
the excitation force is small when compared to the frictional force, the surfaces do not slip,
resulting in locking of the surfaces. This condition gives zero friction damping, and only the
material and aerodynamic damping exists. In a periodically varying excitation force, it may
frequently happen that the force is less than the friction force.
During this phase, the damping is very less. At the same time, due to the locking of the rubbing
surfaces, the overall stiffness increases and the natural frequency shifts drastically away from the
individual value. The response therefore also changes in the locked condition. The resonant
response of a system therefore depends upon the amount of damping in the system (which is
determined by the relative duration of slip and stick in the system, i.e., the relative magnitude of
excitation and friction forces) and the natural frequency of the system (which alters between the
individual values and the locked condition value, depending upon the slip or stick condition).

5.7 BLADING MATERIALS

Among the different materials typically used for blading are 403 stainless steel, 422 stainless
steel, A-286, and Haynes Satellites Alloy Number 31 and titanium alloy. The403 stainless steel is
essentially the industry’s standard blade material and, on impulse steam turbines, it is probably
found on over 90 percent of all the stages. It is used because of its high yield strength, endurance
limit, ductility, toughness, erosion and corrosion resistance, and damping. It is used within a
Brinell hardness range of 207 to 248 to maximize its damping and corrosion resistance. The 422
stainless steel material is applied only on high temperature stages (between 700 and 900°F or
371 and 482°C), where its higher yield, endurance, creep and rupture strengths are needed.

The A-286 material is a nickel-based super alloy that is generally used in hot gas expanders with
stage temperatures between 900 and 1150°F (482 and 621°C). The Haynes Satellites Alloy
Number 31 is a cobalt-based super alloy and is used on jet expanders when precision cast blades
are needed. The Haynes Satellite Number 31 is used at stage temperatures between 900 and
1200°F (482 and 649°C). Another blade material is titanium. Its high strength, low density, and
good erosion resistance make it a good candidate for high speed or long-last stage blading.
6. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Manufacturing process is that part of the production process which is directly concerned with the
change of form or dimensions of the part being produced. It does not include the transportation,
handling or storage of parts, as they are not directly concerned with the changes into the form or
dimensions of the part produced. Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation.
Manufacturing and technical staff in industry must know the various manufacturing processes,
materials being processed, tools and equipments for manufacturing different components or
products with optimal process plan using proper precautions and specified safety rules to avoid
accidents. Beside above, all kinds of the future engineers must know the basic requirements of
workshop activities in term of man, machine, material, methods, money and other infrastructure
facilities needed to be positioned properly for optimal shop layouts or plant layout and other
support services effectively adjusted or located in the industry or plant within a well planned
manufacturing organization. Today’s competitive manufacturing era of high industrial
development and research, is being called the age of mechanization, automation and computer
integrated manufacturing. Due to new researches in the manufacturing field, the advancement
has come to this extent that every different aspect of this technology has become a full-fledged
fundamental and advanced study in itself. This has led to introduction of optimized design and
manufacturing of new products. New developments in manufacturing areas are deciding to
transfer more skill to the machines for considerably reduction of manual labor.

6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

For producing of products materials are needed. It is therefore important to know the
characteristics of the available engineering materials. Raw materials used manufacturing of
products, tools, machines and equipments in factories or industries are for providing commercial
castings, called ingots. Such ingots are then processed in rolling mills to obtain market form of
material supply in form of bloom, billets, slabs and rods. These forms of material supply are
further subjected to various manufacturing processes for getting usable metal products of
different shapes and sizes in various manufacturing shops. All these processes used in
manufacturing concern for changing the ingots into usable products may be classified into six
major groups as

 Primary shaping processes

 Secondary machining processes
 Metal forming processes
 Joining processes
 Surface finishing processes and
 Processes effecting change in properties
6.2.1 PRIMARY SHAPING PROCESSES
Primary shaping processes are manufacturing of a product from an amorphous material. Some
processes produces finish products or articles into its usual form whereas others do not, and
require further working to finish component to the desired shape and size. The parts produced
through these processes may or may not require to undergo further operations. Some of the
important primary shaping processes are:

 Casting
 Powder metallurgy
 Plastic technology
 Gas cutting
 Bending and
 Forging

6.2.2 SECONDARY OR MACHINING PROCESSES

As large number of components require further processing after the primary processes. These
components are subjected to one or more number of machining operations in machine shops, to
obtain the desired shape and dimensional accuracy on flat and cylindrical jobs. Thus, the jobs
undergoing these operations are the roughly finished products received through primary shaping
processes. The process of removing the undesired or unwanted material from the work-piece or
job or component to produce a required shape using a cutting tool is known as machining. This
can be done by a manual process or by using a machine called machine tool (traditional
machines namely lathe, milling machine, drilling, shaper, planner, slotter).

In many cases these operations are performed on rods, bars and flat surfaces in machine shops.
These secondary processes are mainly required for achieving dimensional accuracy and a very
high degree of surface finish. The secondary processes require the use of one or more machine
tools, various single or multi-point cutting tools (cutters), jobholding devices, marking and
measuring instruments, testing devices and gauges etc. forgetting desired dimensional control
and required degree of surface finish on the work-pieces. The example of parts produced by
machining processes includes hand tools machine tools instruments, automobile parts, nuts, bolts
and gears etc. Lot of material is wasted as scrap in the secondary or machining process. Some of
the common secondary or machining processes are:

 Turning
 Threading
 Knurling
 Milling
 Drilling
 Boring
 Planning
 Shaping
 Slotting
 Sawing
 Broaching
 Hobbing
 Grinding
 Gear Cutting
 Thread cutting and
 Unconventional machining processes namely machining with Numerical control (NC)
machines tools or Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tool using ECM,
LBM, AJM, USM setups.

7. BLOCK 3 LAY-OUT

Table 5: Lay-out of Block 3

8. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOCK 3

BAY-1 IS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS

1. HMS
In this shop heavy machine work is done with the help of different NC &CNC machines
such as center lathes, vertical and horizontal boring & milling machines. Asia’s largest vertical
boring machine is installed here and CNC horizontal boring milling machines from Skoda of
Czechoslovakia.

2. Assembly Section (of hydro turbines)

In this section assembly of hydro turbines are done. Blades of turbine are1st assemble on
the rotor & after it this rotor is transported to balancing tunnel where the balancing is done. After
balancing the rotor, rotor &casings both internal & external are transported to the customer. Total
assembly of turbine is done in the company which purchased it by B.H.E.L.

3. OSBT (Over Speed Balancing Tunnel)

In this section, rotors of all type of turbines like LP(low pressure), HP(high pressure) &
IP(Intermediate pressure) rotors of Steam turbine ,rotors of Gas & Hydro turbine are balanced .In
a large tunnel, Vacuum of 2 torr is created with the help of pumps & after that rotor is placed on
pedestal and rotted with speed of 2500-4500 rpm. After it in a computer control room the axis of
rotation of rotor is seen with help of computer & then balance the rotor by inserting the small
balancing weight in the grooves cut on rotor.

Fig 4: Over speed & Vacuum Balancing Tunnel

For balancing and over speed testing of rotors up to 320 tons in weight, 1800 mm in length and
6900 mm diameter under vacuum conditions of 1 Torr.
BAY –2 IS DIVIDED IN TO 2 PARTS:

1. HMS
In this shop several components of steam turbine like LP, HP & IP rotors, Internal & external
casing are manufactured with the help of different operations carried out through different NC &
CNC machines like grinding, drilling, vertical & horizontal milling and boring machines, center
lathes, planer, Kopp milling machine.

2. Assembly Section
In this section assembly of steam turbines up to 1000 MWIs assembled. 1st moving blades are
inserted in the grooves cut on circumferences of rotor, then rotor is balanced in balancing tunnel
in bay-1.After is done in which guide blades are assembled inside the internal casing & then
rotor is fitted inside this casing. After it this internal casing with rotor is inserted into the
external.

BAY 3 IS DIVIDED INTO 3 PARTS:

1. Bearing Section
In this section Journal bearings are manufactured which are used in turbines to overcome
the vibration & rolling friction by providing the proper lubrication.

2. Turning Section
In this section small lathe machines, milling & boring machines, grinding machines &
drilling machines are installed. In this section small jobs are manufactured like rings, studs, disks
etc.

3. Governing Section
In this section governors are manufactured. These governors are used in turbines for
controlling the speed of rotor within the certain limits. 1st all components of governor are made
by different operations then these all parts are treated in heat treatment shop for providing the
hardness. Then these all components are assembled into casing. There are more than 1000
components of Governor.

BAY-4 IS DIVIDED INTO 3 PARTS:

1. TBM (Turbine Blade Manufacturing) Shop

In this shop solid blade of both steam & gas turbine are manufactured. Several
CNC & NC machines are installed here such as Copying machine, Grinding machine, Rhomboid
milling machine, Duplex milling machine, T- root machine center, Horizontal tooling center,
Vertical & horizontal boring machine etc.
 Fig 5. Steam Turbine Casing & Rotors in Assembly Area

2. Turning Section
Same as the turning section in Bay-3, there are several small Machine like lathes
machines, milling, boring, grinding machines etc.

Fig 6. CNC Rotor Turning Lathe

3. Heat Treatment Shop

In this shop there are several tests performed for checking the Hardness of different
components. Tests performed are Sereliting, Nitriding, DP Test.
 9. BLADE SHOP
Blade shop is an important shop of Block 3. Blades of all the stages of turbine are made in this
shop only. They have a variety of centre lathe and CNC machines to perform the complete
operation of blades. The designs of the blades are sent to the shop and the Respective job is
distributed to the operators. Operators perform their job in a fixed interval of time.

9.1 TYPES OF BLADES

Basically the design of blades is classified according to the stages of turbine. The size of LP
TURBINE BLADES is generally greater than that of HP TURBINE BLADES. At the first T1,
T2, T3 & T4 kinds of blades were used, these were 2nd generation blades. Then it was replaced
by TX, BDS (for HP TURBINE) & F shaped blades. The most modern blades are F & Z shaped
blades.

3 Dimesional Cylindrical Profile Twisted Profile

3DS Blade TX Blade F Blade
HP/IP Initial Stages HP/IP Intermediate stages HP/IP Rear Stages
& LP Initial

Fig. 7 Types Of Blades

9.2 OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON BLADES
Some of the important operations performed on blade manufacturing are:-

 Milling
 Blank Cutting
 Grinding of both the surfaces
 Cutting
 Root milling

9.3 MACHINING OF BLADES

Machining of blades is done with the help of Lathe & CNC machines. Some of the machines
are:-

 Centre lathe machine

 Vertical Boring machine
 Vertical Milling machine
 CNC lathe machine

Fig 8. Schmetic Diagram of a CNC Machine

9.4 NEW BLADE SHOP
A new blade shop is being in operation, mostly 500mw turbine blades are manufactured in this
shop. This is a highly hi tech shop where complete manufacturing of blades is done using single
advanced CNC machines. Complete blades are finished using modernized CNC machines. Some
of the machines are:-

 Pama CNC ram boring machine.

 Wotum horizontal machine with 6 axis CNC control.
 CNC shaping machine.

Fig 9. CNC Shaping Machine

 10. CONCLUSION

Gone through rigorous 6 Weeks training under the guidance of capable engineers and workers of
BHEL Haridwar in Block-3 “TURBINE MANUFACTURING” headed by Senior Engineer of
department Mr. ALOK SHUKLA situated in Ranipur, Haridwar,(Uttarakhand).

The training was specified under the Turbine Manufacturing Department. Working under the
department I came to know about the basic grinding, scaling and machining processes which was
shown on heavy to medium machines. Duty lathes were planted in the same line where the
specified work was undertaken.

The training brought to my knowledge the various machining and fabrication processes went not
only in the manufacturing of blades but other parts of the turbine.