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State Profile

Ground Water Scenario of Assam

Area (Sq.km) 78,438


Physiography  Brahmaputra Valley.
 The Central Assam Ranges.
 Barak Valley.

Drainage Brahmaputra Basin with sub basin of


Subansiri, Jia Bharali, Badeng-Pubnoi, Dhansiri,
Manas, Champamati Kalang.
Meghna Basin with sub basin of Barak river
Rainfall 2262.95 mm with 144 rainy days
Total Districts / Blocks 23 districts / 219 Blocks

Hydrogeology

Hydrogeologically the state can be divided into three units namely consolidated
formation, semi consolidated formation and unconsolidated formation. More than 75% of
the state is underlain by unconsolidated formation comprising of clay, silt, sand, gravel,
pebble and boulders. The Bhabar belt is about 11 to 15 km wide; the tubewells yield 27 to
59 m3/hr in this zone. The Tarai zone follows immediately down slope of the Bhabar zone
where the yield of the wells ranges between 80-240 m3/hr. The flood plains follow the
Tarai in Brahmaputra valley where the shallow tubewells yield between 20-50 m3/hr and
deep tubewells between 150-240 m3/hr. In the semi consolidated formations of Cachar
district, the yield of the tubewell ranges between 50 to 100 m3/hr.

Dynamic Ground Water Resources


Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource 27.23 BCM
Net Annual Ground Water Availability 24.89 BCM
Annual Ground Water Draft 5.44 BCM
Stage of Ground Water Development 22 %
Ground Water Development & Management
Over Exploited NIL
Critical NIL
Semi- critical NIL
Artificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR)  Feasible AR structures:

250 Check Dams, 500 weirs, 1000


Gabion structures, 250 development
of springs 600 RWH in Urban Areas
Ground Water Quality Problems
Contaminants Districts affected (in part)
Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Goalpapra, Kamrup, Karbi Anglong,
Nagaon,
Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Cachar, Darrang, Dhemaji, Dhubri,
Goalpapra, Golaghat, Hailakandi,
Jorhat, Kamrup, Karbi Anglong,
Karimganj, Kokrajhar, Lakhimpur,
Morigaon, Nagaon, Nalbari, Sibsagar,
Sonitpur
Arsenic (>0.05 mg/l ) Dhemaji

Enactment of Ground Water Bill to regulate and control the development of ground
water:

“The Assam Ground Water Bill” has been prepared by the Government of Assam to
regulate and control the development of ground water, which has been referred to Law
Department for vetting. Necessary action is being taken for finalization.

Inclusion of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting (RTRWH) in building by laws:

To be included.

Central Ground Water Authority

Areas Notified for Regulation of ground water development NIL


Mass Awareness Programme (as on 31.03.2010) 14
Water Management Training Programme (as on 31.03.2010) 10

Problem of Iron

Most of the ground water sources in Assam are found to have excess iron content.
Though excess iron does not have major health problem, but it stains and has aesthetic
problem.

To tackle the problem of excess iron generally Piped Water Supply Schemes with the
provision of aeration and filtration are proposed.

With 75 : 25 Central and State Governments share 160 Nos. of Schemes amounting to
23.75 crore have been technically cleared under the head Sub-Mission under ARWSP to
tackle the problem of iron more effectively..
Problem of Fluoride

Assam Public Health Engineering Department officials were the first to detect
fluoride in excess of permissible limit and endemic of fluorosis in May 1999 in Karbi
Anglong though the diseases were prevalent for the last twenty years. Prior to that
it was believed to exist no problem of fluoride in the North Eastern States though
sixteen other states of the country were identified as having excess fluoride and
fluorosis endemic. Intensified water quality testing and monitoring and health
survey have detected more and more areas to be fluoride and fluorosis endemic
which include some parts of Nagaon and Kamrup districts besides Karbi Anglong.

As per Indian Standards acceptable limit of fluoride in consumable water is 1.0 mg/l
while 1.5 mg/l is the cause for rejection. However, in some cases fluoride content in
water has been found to be as high as 23 mg/l.

Consumption of water having excess fluoride has been causing in certain pockets of
Assam serious health problems like

 Skeletal fluorosis
 Dental fluorosis
 Non-skeletal manifestation
 All or in a combination of the above

Problem of Arsenic

Arsenic in Water: Causes & Effects

The occurrence of arsenic in natural ground water is usually due to mineral


arsenopyrite, which is associated with sedimentary rocks and weathered volcanic
rocks. Fossil fuel, mineral deposits, mining wastes and geothermal areas are other
sources through which arsenic can occur in ground water. Also, arsenic and its
compounds are found in wastes from various industries like glassware, ceramic, dye,
petroleum and refining metallurgical, insecticides, pesticides, fertilizers and inorganic
chemicals which leaches into ground water.

A prolonged consumption of arsenic contaminated water having concentration of


above 0.05 mg / l lead to arsenicosis. The manifestation of arsenicosis in human body
depends on (i) concentration of arsenic, (ii) consumption of water and (iii) nutritional
status and depending on these conditions it takes 6 months to 8 years to exhibit sign
of arsenicosis.

Arsenic in Assam

Recently arsenic has been detected in ground water of one block of Dhemaji district
and three blocks of Karimganj district. Water samples of Hand Pump from Majuli
riverine island of Jorhat district and Mankachar area of Dhubri district are also sent to
UNICEF, Kolkata for getting the samples tested through Atomic Absorption Photo
Spectrometer, as such instrument is not available in APHED laboratories. The detailed
position of samples tested and corresponding result are shown below:

Nos. of
Sample
Nos.of exhibiting
Sample presence of
Name of Name of Water Sample
tested / Arsenic
District Block Testing Agency
sent for more than
testing permissible
limit of 0.05
mg/l
Bengal
Engineering
20 3 College, Sivpur
(WB) on behalf of
Dhemaji Sissiborgaon UNICEF
Forensic Science
Laboratory,
10 9
Assam Guwahati -
19
Total 30 12
Bengal
Engineering
South
68 27 College, Sivpur
Karimganj
(WB) on behalf of
UNICEF
School of
Karimganj
Environmental
South
3 2 Studies, Jadavpur
Karimganj
University,
Kolkata
North
53 5 -Do-
Karimganj
Patherkandi 23 3 -Do-
Badarpur 3 Nil -Do-
Total 150 37
Majuli
Result Sent for testing to
Jorhat Riverine 10
awaited UNICEF, Kolkata
Island
Result Sent for testing to
Dhubri Mankachar 15
awaited UNICEF, Kolkata

he Water Quality Standards as set by Union Health Ministry and followed by APHED
are :-

Physical Chemical Bacteriological Virological

PHYSICAL STANDARDS
Sl
Characteristics Acceptable* Cause for Rejection*
No.

i) Turbidity (units on J.T.U. scale) 2.5 10

Colour (units on platinum-cobalt


ii) 5.0 25
scale)
iii) Taste and odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

CHEMICAL STANDARDS

Sl
Characteristics Acceptable* Cause for Rejection*
No.

*i) pH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2

ii) Total dissolved solids (mg/l) 500 1500

iii) Total hardness (as CaCo3) (mg/l) 200 600


iv) Chlorides (as Cl) (mg/l) 200 1000
v) Sulphates (as So4) (mg/l) 200 400
vi) Fluorides (as F) (mg/l) 1.0 1.5
vii) Nitrates (as No3) (mg/l) 45 45
viii) Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) 75 200
ix) Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) >30 150
(If there are 250
mg/l of
sulphates, Mg
content can be
increased to a
maximum of 125
mg/l with the
reduction of
sulphates at the
rate of 1 unit per
every 2.5 units
of sulphates)
x) Iron (as Fe) (mg/l) 0.1 1.0
xi) Manganese (as Mn) (mg/l) 0.05 0.5
xii) Copper (as Cu) (mg/l) 0.05 1.5
xiii) Zinc (as Zn) (mg/l) 5.0 15.0
Phenolic compounds (as phenol)
xiv) 0.001 0.002
(mg/l)
Anionic detergents (as MBAS)
xv) 0.2 1.0
(mg/l)
xvi) Mineral oil (mg/l) 0.01 0.3
xvii) Arsenic (as As) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05
xviii) Cadmium (as Cd) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01
Chromium (as hexavalent Cr)
xix) 0.05 0.05
(mg/l)
xx) Cynides (as CN) (mg/l) 0.05 0.05
xxi) Lead (as Pb) (mg/l) 0.1 0.1
xxii) Selenium (as Se) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01
xxiii) Mercury (total as Hg) (mg/l) 0.001 0.001
Polynuclear aromatic
xxiv) 0.2 0.2
hydrocarbons (PAH) (µg/l)
xxv) Gross alpha activity (pCi/l) 3 3
xxvi) Gross beta activity (pCi/l) 30 30
Note 1 - The figures indicated under the column 'acceptable' are the limits up to
which the water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
Note 2 - It is possible that some mine and spring waters may exceed these radio
activity limits and in such cases it is necessary to analyze the individual radionuclides
in order to assess the acceptability or otherwise for public consumption.
*Figures in excess of those mentioned under 'acceptable' render the water not
acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better
source up to the limits indicated under column 'cause for rejection' above which the
supply will have to be rejected.

BACTERIOLOGICAL STANDARDS

i) Water entering the distribution system in piped supply chrorinated or otherwise


disinfected shall satisfy the following crieria:
Coliform count in any sample of 100 ml should be zero. A sample of the water
entering the distribution system that does not conform to this standard calls for an
immediate investigation into both the efficacy of the purification process and the
method of sampling.
ii) Water in the distribution system shall satisfy these three criteria
1. E.Coli count in 100 ml of any sample should be zero.
2. Coliform organisms not more than 10 per 100 ml shall be present in any sample.
3. Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 ml of any two consecutive
samples or more than 50 percent of the samples collected for the year.
iii) In individual or small community supplies E.Coli count should be zero in any
sample of 100 ml and coliform organisms should not be more than 3 per 100 ml. If
coliforms exceed 3 per 100 ml, the supply should be disinfected.

VIROLOGICAL STANDARDS

0.5 mg/l of free residual chlorine for one hour is sufficient to inactivate virus, even in
water that was originally polluted. This free chlorine residual is to be insisted in all
disinfected supplies in areas suspected of endemicity of infectious hepatities to
inactivate virus and also bacteria. 0.2 mg/l of free residual chlorine for half an hour
should be insisted for other areas.

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