• Submitted

by
Priyanka class 12th A
to
Dept of chemistry
JSBC
Lko
 This to certify that the given
project entitled "Coagulation of
colloidal solutions by the help of
different electrolyte "is prepared
by Priyanka Singh under the
supervision of Ms Sabrina Riaz
for partial fulfillment AISSCE
chemistry practical.

Principal Project Coordinator

JSBC Ext-Examiner Sabrina Riaz
Dept.of chemistry
JSBC
I feel proud to present my
investigatory project in chemistry on
the “Coagulation of colloidal solutions
by the help of different electrolyte".
This project would not have been
feasible without the proper rigorous
guidance of chemistry teacher
Ms.Sabina Riaz who guided me
throughout this project in every
possible way.
I would like to thanks both Ms.Sabina
Riaz and lab assistant Mr.Ashok for
guiding me on a systematic basis and
ensuring that I completed all my
experiments with ease.
I would also like to thank my parents
and friends for their suggestion and
constructive criticism
1. Introduction
2. Experiment
- Aim
-Theory
-Apparatus
-Chemicals required
-Procedure
-Observations
-Result
-Precaution
3. Bibliography
Presence of small concentrations of appropriate
electrolytes is necessary to stabilize the
colloidal solutions. However, if the electrolytes
are present in higher concentrations , then the
ions combine with charged colloidal particles
and neutralize them. Now these colloidal
particles may unite together to form bigger
particles which are then precipitated. The
precipitation of a colloid through induced
aggregation by the addition of some suitable
electrolyte is called coagulation.
• The coagulation of a colloidal
solution by an electrolyte does
not take place until the added
electrolyte has certain minimum
concentration of an electrolyte in
mill moles per litre of mixed
solution. This amount of the
electrolyte required to cause
coagulation of a particular sol is
called the coagulation value of
the electrolyte for the sol.
Different electrolytes have
different coagulation values. The
coagulation behavior of various
electrolytes was studied in detail
by Hardy and Schulze.
Hardy and Schulze observed that:
1. The ions carrying charge
opposite to that of sol particles
are effective in causing the
coagulation of that sol.
2. coagulation power of an
electrolyte is directly
proportional to the valency of
ions causing coagulation.
Thus, for the coagulation of sols
carrying negative charges like
[ As2S3 ] – S2− sol, Al3+ ions are
more effective than Ba2+ or Na+
ions.
Coagulation of a colloidal solutions
can also be achieved by following
methods:
1. By mutual precipitation: when
two oppositely charged sols are
mixed in equimolar proportions,
they neutralize each other and get
coagulated.
2. By electrophoresis: During
electrophoresis , the sols particles
move towards the oppositely
charged, electrodes. If the process
is carried for a long time , the
particles will touch the electrode,
lose their charges and get
coagulated.
3. By heating: The sol may be
coagulated even by simple
heating.
• Compare the precipitation
values of sodium chloride,
barium chloride and
aluminium chloride for
arsenious sulphide sol.
• Arsenious sulphide sol consists of
colloidal particles of arsenious
sulphide , As2S3 , dispersed in
water. It is negatively charged sol.
It will be precipitated by positively
charged ions. However , the
precipitation value of the cation
will depend upon the valency of
the cation . Thus, univalent cations
such as sodium ion have much less
precipitation power and therefore ,
their case large amount of salt will
have to be added to precipitate the
arsenious sulphide sol.
• On the other hand , bivalent cations
such as barium chloride have much
greater precipitation power and a
lesser amount of such salts will be
needed for precipitating the arsenious
sulphide sol. The trivalent cations such
as aluminium ions have still greater
precipitation power and still lesser
amount of aluminium salt is needed for
precipitating arsenious sulphide sol.
• 3 conical flasks (100 ml), a burette
and a beaker.

Arseniuos sulphide sol,0.1 M

Sodium chloride solution,0.01M
barium chloride solution
,0.001M aluminium chloride
solution.
1. Take 3 conical flasks and label1,2,3.
2. Add 20 ml of the arsenious sulphide sol to
each conical flask.
3. To the conical flask no.1 add drop wise
0.1 M nacl from the burette . Shake
gently after each drop of addition . Do it
till a yellow precipitate of arsenious
sulphide is just formed. Note down the
volume of nacl required to precipitate
arsenious sulphide sol.
4. Repeat the step 3 with 0.01 M as Bacl2
solution in conical flask no.2 . Note down
the volume required for the precipitation
of As2S3 sol.
5. Repeat the process with sol in conical
flask no.3 with 0.001M AlCl3 solution.
Measure the , As2S3 volume when a
yellow precipitate is formed.
i. The apparatus to be used
should be cleaned thoroughly .
ii. To detect the start of
precipitation , look vertically
down in conical flask.
iii. shake the conical flask gently
after the addition of each drop
of electrolyte .
• Together with
lab manual chemistry
class xii
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