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μ x − x = μ1 − μ 2
1 2
σ 12 σ 22
σ x −x = +
1 2
n1 n2
2 2
s1 s 2
s x1− x 2 = +
n1 n2
Interval Estimation of μ 1 − μ 2
The ( 1 − α )100% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 is given by
Example 8.1
The following information is obtained from two independent samples
selected from two populations.
Solution
Exercise 8.1
A bottling company has gathered information regarding the diameter of
bottles produced by two machines, I and II. A sample of 70 bottles is
taken from machine I and they gave an average diameter of 8.56 cm with
a standard deviation of 0.5619 cm. Another random sample of 60 bottles
taken from machine II gave an average of 8.78 cm in diameter with a
standard deviation of 0.5925 cm.
(a) Let μ1 and μ 2 be the population means of diameters of bottles
produced by machine I and II, respectively. What is the point
estimate of μ1 − μ 2 and its margin of error?
(b) Construct a 97% confidence interval for μ1 − μ 2 .
Exercise 8.2
According to a report of a technician, the mean time spent by students
using internet in Lab I is 20.6 hours and in Lab II is 27.5 hours in a week.
Suppose that these means are based on a random sample of 30 computers
in Lab I and 45 computers in Lab II. The standard deviations are 4.59 and
3.35 hours for Lab I and II, respectively. Construct a 92% confidence
interval for the difference in mean time spent by students using internet
between the two labs.
μ1 ≥ μ 2 or μ1 − μ 2 ≥ 0 μ1 < μ 2 or μ1 − μ 2 < 0
μ1 ≤ μ 2 or μ1 − μ 2 ≤ 0 μ1 > μ 2 or μ1 − μ 2 > 0
( x1 − x2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
z=
σ x −x
1 2
134 Intro to Statistics & Probability
Example 8.2
By referring to Exercise 8.1, test at 5% significance level whether you
can conclude that the mean diameter of bottles are different for two
machines I and II?
Solution
H 0 : μ1 − μ 2 = 0
H1 : μ1 − μ 2 ≠ 0
The critical values are ± 1.96 and rejection regions are zα 2 < −1.96 and
zα 2 > 1.96 .
Exercise 8.3
A car magazine is comparing the total repair costs incurred during the
first year on two sports cars, the T-999 and the XPY. Random samples of
50 T-999 cars and 70 XPY cars are taken. All 120 cars are three years old
and have similar mileages. The mean of repair costs for the 50 T-999 cars
is RM4500 for the first three years with a standard deviation of RM550.
For the 70 XPY cars, the mean is RM5000 with a standard deviation of
RM650. Using the 2% significance level, can you conclude that such
mean repair costs are less for T-999 compared to XPY?
Chapter 8 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing for Two Populations 135
(a) The two populations from which the two samples are drawn
are approximately normally distributed or normally distributed.
(b) The samples are small (n1 < 30 and n2 < 30 ) and they are
independent.
(c) The standard deviations σ 1 and σ 2 of the two populations are
unknown but they are assumed to be equal.
where n1 and n2 are the sizes of the two samples and s12 and s 22 are
the variances of the two samples. Here s p is the estimator of σ .
1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p +
n1 n2
Interval Estimation of μ 1 − μ 2
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
t=
s x1 − x2
Example 8.3
The following information was obtained from two independent samples
selected from two normally distributed populations with unknown but
equal standard deviations.
Solution
1 1 1 1
s x1 − x2 = s p + = 3.4311 + = 1.003
n1 n 2 25 22
Exercise 8.4
The melting points of two substances used in a pharmaceutical process
were investigated by melting 15 samples of each substance. The sample
mean and standard deviation for substance 1 were x1 = 95 o C and
s1 = 5 o C , while for substance 2 they were x 2 = 90 o C and s 2 = 4 o C .
Assume that the melting temperature for both substances is normally
distributed with equal but unknown population standard deviations.
(a) Construct a 98% confidence interval for the difference between the
corresponding population means of the two groups.
(b) Using the 4% significance level, can you conclude that the melting
point for both substances are different?
Exercise 8.5
A random sample of 12 cars driven by men on a highway was taken and
found that the mean speed to be 70 miles per hour with a standard
deviation of 2.5 miles per hour. Another sample of 15 cars driven by
women on the same highway gave a mean speed of 68 miles per hour
with a standard deviation of 2.2 miles per hour. Assume that the speeds
at which all men and all women drive cars on this highway are both
normally distributed with the same population standard deviation.
a. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the difference between the
mean speeds of cars driven by all men and all women on this
highway.
b. Test at 2.5% significance level whether the mean speed of cars driven
by all men drivers on this highway is greater than that of cars driven
by all women drivers.
2
⎛ s12 s 22 ⎞
⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
df = ⎝ n1 n 2 ⎠
2 2
⎛ s12 ⎞ ⎛ s 22 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ + ⎝ n2 ⎠
n1
n1 − 1 n2 − 1
s12 s 22
s x1 − x2 = +
n1 n2
Interval Estimation of μ 1 − μ 2
( x1 − x 2 ) ± tα 2 s x1 − x2
( x1 − x 2 ) − ( μ1 − μ 2 )
t=
s x1 − x2
Example 8.4
Assuming that the two populations are normally distributed with unequal
and unknown population standard deviations, construct a 98% confidence
interval for μ1 − μ 2 for the following:
Chapter 8 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing for Two Populations 139
Solution
2 2
⎛ s12 s22 ⎞ ⎛ 3.552 5.282 ⎞
⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
df = ⎝ 12 2 ⎠ 2 = ⎝ ⎠
n n 13 19
= 30.0025 ≈ 30
⎛ s1 ⎞
2
⎛ s2 ⎞
2 ⎛ ⎛ 2 2 ⎞
⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 2 2 ⎞
⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 3. 55 ⎟ ⎜ 5. 28 ⎟
⎜ ⎜ 13 ⎟⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜⎜ 19 ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ 1⎠ +⎝ 2⎠
n n ⎝ ⎠ + ⎝ ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
n1 − 1 n2 − 1 ⎜ 12 ⎟ ⎜ 18 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
From the t-table with α 2 = 0.01 and degrees of freedom 30, t-value is
2.457.
Exercise 8.6
A manufacturing company is interested in buying one of two machines.
The company tested the two machines for production purposes. The first
machine was run for 15 days and produced an average of 111 items per
day with a standard deviation of 10 items. The second machine was run
for 18 days and produced an average of 118 items per day with a
standard deviation of 8 items. Assume that the production per day for
each machine is normally distributed and that the standard deviations of
the daily productions of the two populations are unequal.
(a) Make a 97% confidence interval for the difference between the
two population means.
140 Intro to Statistics & Probability
(b) Using the 1% significance level, can you conclude that the
mean number of items produced per day by the first machine is
lower than the second machine?
μ pˆ − pˆ = p1 − p2
1 2
and
p1 q1 p2 q2
σ pˆ − pˆ =
1 2
+
n1 n2
Interval Estimation of p1 − p2
( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 )
z=
s pˆ 1− pˆ 2
where
Chapter 8 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing for Two Populations 141
⎛1 1⎞
s pˆ 1− pˆ 2 = pq ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
⎝ n1 n2 ⎠
p1 = p 2 or p1 − p 2 =0 p1 ≠ p2 or p1 − p 2 ≠0
p1 ≥ p2 or p1 − p 2 ≥0 p1 < p2 or p1 – p2 <0
p1 ≤ p2 or p1 − p 2 ≤ 0 p1 > p2 or p1 – p2 >0
Example 8.5
Solution
Exercise 8.7
One consumer protection agency wanted to check whether the
proportions of luggage lost between two airline companies differ or
not. A sample of 600 luggage from airline company P showed that 12 are
lost. Another sample of 700 luggage from airline company Q showed that
13 luggage are lost.
(a) What is the point estimate of the difference between the two
population proportions?
(b) Construct a 94% confidence interval for the differences in the
proportions of all luggage between airline companies P and Q.
(c) Testing at 3% significance level, can you conclude that
the proportions of all luggage lost between airline companies P and
Q are different?
Exercise 8.8
According to a survey by the Social Security Organization, 35.9% of
industrial accidents in XYZ area and 33.4% of industrial accidents in PQR
area were due to unsafe working conditions. Assume that these
percentages are based on random samples of 750 and 738 of industrial
accidents in XYZ and PQR area, respectively.
(a) Determine a 93% confidence interval for the difference between the
two population proportions.
(b) At the 2% significance level, can you conclude that the proportion of
all industrial accidents that due to unsafe working conditions in XYZ
area are more than that in the PQR area?
Review Exercises
(b) Is there evidence to indicate that the average oil consumption are
different when they use this type of fuel enhancer? Base your
answer on the results of part (a).
distribution.
(a) a. Is there evidence to support the claim that the two
machines produce bottles with different mean diameters?
Use α = 0.01 .
(b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the difference in
mean diameters of the bottles.
5. The mean drying time (in minutes) for two brands of paint
are analyzed. The two brands of paint are used for the 15 cm 2 area
with the same environment. The variance of drying time is known to
be 0.57 minutes regardless of the brand of paint. 12 areas are
observed for each brand and the drying times are given below:
Brand X Brand Y
1.59 1.66
1.64 1.45
1.78 1.75
1.79 1.79
1.90 1.84
2.01 1.90
2.05 1.90
2.21 2.01
1.74 1.88
1.55 1.85
1.43 1.77
1.65 1.80
Type A Type B
Mean Speed 3485 3000
(in rpm)
Variance of Speed 125 155
(in rpm)
9. Samples of plastic products were selected from two brands and the
tensile strength in pounds was measured with the following results:
Brand X Brand Y
606 683
601 603
384 604
701 477
146 Intro to Statistics & Probability
Brand X Brand Y
463 438
293 371
549 237
520 480
375 345
348 358
380 350
370 368
364 355
335 357
340 344
384 330
373 335
364 338
It is known that the variances of life of all bulbs are unequal. Is there
evidence to support the claim of the first company? Use α = 0.05 .
Chapter 8 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing for Two Populations 147
12. It is believed that the proportion of mice that experienced side effects
once they were injected with vaccine A is less compared to vaccine B.
A researcher had tested each vaccine on 20 healthy white mice under
the same conditions and below are the results obtained:
Vaccine A Vaccine B
E E E E E E E E E E
E E E E E E E E E E
E E E E E E E E E E
E E E E E E E E E E
From the above results, is there any reason to believe that vaccine A is
better than vaccine B at α = 0.005 ?