Analysis Of Bars Of Composite Sections

(1)

(2)
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a
cast iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined
bar a total of 0.8 mm in the length of 2 m. For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for
cast iron, E = 100 GPa.
A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically
spaced rods as shown in Fig. Each copper rod has an area of 900
mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70 MPa. The steel
rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable
stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be
supported.
Hoop Stress
Linear or longitudinal Strain and Lateral Strain
 Volumetric Strain

 

Where, v = V/V 

= Change in volume 
Original volume

= Volumetric Strain
 Bulk Modulus
•When a body is subjected to the identical stress  in three
mutually perpendicular directions, the body undergoes uniform
changes in three directions without the distortion of the shape.

• The ratio of change in volume to original volume has been

defined as volumetric strain(v )
 
•Then the bulk modulus, K is defined as K=  / v

Where, v = V/V 

= Change in volume 
Original volume

= Volumetric Strain
 Shear Stress

Stress induced when body is subjected to equal and

opposite forces that are acting parallel to resisting surface.

 The forces tend to make one part of the material slide

over the other part.
 Shear stress is tangential to the area over which it acts.
F

Shear stress τ =F(Applied force)/A(Surface area)

 Shear Strain
x C’
C D D’ F

A B

Shear strain is the distortion produced by shear stress on

an element or rectangular block as above. The shear
strain,  (gamma) is given as:
 = x/L = tan 
If  is small ,  
It is dimensionless and is measured in radians
Modulus of Regidity
Two-dimensional Stress System
Three-dimensional Stress System
Generalized Hooke’s Law
Relation Between Elastic Constants
Relationship between E, K & G
E /3 K = (1-2  )------(1)
E /G=2(1+ )-------(2)

By adding --(1) & --(2)

3 = E{(1/3K ) / (1/G)}
3=E{(3K+G)/3KG}
E = 9KG / (G+3K) ---------(3)
(1) Relation between E ,K and G:--

E = 2G(1+  )

E = 3K (1- 2 )
E = 9KG / (G+3K)

(2) Relation between  ,K and N:--

 =1/m=(3K-2G)/(6K+2G)
Volumetric Strain Of A Cylindrical Rod
Stress - Stain Diagram
Factor of Safety
Ductile materials
Brittle materials
 Strain Energy
F

Consider a solid object acted upon by force, F, at a point, O,

as shown in the figure.

Let the deformation at the the point be infinitesimal and be

F represented by vector dr,
as shown.
dr

The work done = F dr

y F
For the general case:
dx W = Fx dx
i.e., only the force in the direction of the
x deformation does work.
z
 Amount of Work done

Constant Force: If the Force is constant, the work is simply the

product of the force and the displacement, W = Fx

x
Displacement
Linear Force: If the force is proportional to the displacement, the work is
1
W Fo xo
2
Fo
F

xo x
Displacement
 x
F

Consider a simple spring system, subjected to a Force

such that F is proportional to displacement x; F=kx.
Now determine the work done when F= Fo, from before:
1
W Fo xo
2
This energy (work) is stored in the spring and is released
when the force is returned to zero
 Strain Energy Density
y Consider a cube of material acted upon by a
force, Fx, creating stress sx=Fx/a2
a
causing an elastic displacement, d in the x
direction, and strain ex=d/a
a
a x 1
W  Fx
y 2
1 1
Fx U   x a ex a   x ex a 3
2

2 2
U 1 1
u    x ex a / a   x ex
3 3
a x V 2 2
d
Where U is called the Strain Energy, and u is the
Strain Energy Density.
Question:1

A cube of SAE1045 steel is subjected to a uniform uniaxial stress

as shown;
Determine the strain energy density in the cube when:

(a) the stress is 300 MPa; (b) the strain in the x-direction is 0.004

sx

x
(a)
 Shear Strain Energy

y
Consider a cube of material acted upon by a shear
a
stress,txycausing an elastic shear strain xy

a
a x
1
y U  t xy y a 3
2
txy

1 1
u  t xy xy a / a  t xy xy
3 3

2 2
x
xy
  xya
Total Strain Energy for a Generalized State of Stress

u   x x y y   z zt xy xy  t yz yz  t xz xz 

1
2
 xx 
1
E
 xx   ( yy   zz 
 yy 
1
E
 yy   ( zz   xx 
 zz 
1
E

 zz   ( xx   yy 
2(1   )
 xy   xy
E
2(1   )
 yz   yz
E
2(1   )
 zx   zx
E
Strain Energy for axially loaded bar
L 
F FL
 axial  ;   ;
A F A AE
2
1 F L
U  F 
2 2 AE

F= Axial Force (Newtons, N)

A = Cross-Sectional Area Perpendicular to “F” (mm2)
E = Young’s Modulus of Material, MPa
L = Original Length of Bar, mm
Strain Energy And Resilience
Sudden Load
Impact Load