Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PTS 60.133
MARCH 1996
PREFACE
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication,
of PETRONAS OPUs/Divisions.
They are based on the experience acquired during the involvement with the design, construction,
operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where appropriate they are based
on, or reference is made to, national and international standards and codes of practice.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good technical practice to be applied by
PETRONAS' OPUs in oil and gas production facilities, refineries, gas processing plants, chemical
plants, marketing facilities or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical
and economic benefit from standardisation.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and
decision to implement. This is of particular importance where PTS may not cover every
requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of PTS is expected to be
sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating units to adapt the information set forth in PTS to
their own environment and requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use PTS they shall be solely responsible for the
quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In
particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will expect them to follow
those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected
in the PTS. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his
own responsibility, consult the Principal or its technical advisor.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with
users, PETRONAS disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury
or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the
use, application or implementation of any PTS, combination of PTS or any part thereof. The
benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to PETRONAS and/or any company affiliated
to PETRONAS that may issue PTS or require the use of PTS.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual
arrangements, PTS shall not, without the prior written consent of PETRONAS, be disclosed by
users to any company or person whomsoever and the PTS shall be used exclusively for the
purpose they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any
copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of PETRONAS.
The copyright of PTS vests in PETRONAS. Users shall arrange for PTS to be held in safe
custody and PETRONAS may at any time require information satisfactory to PETRONAS in order
to ascertain how users implement this requirement.
AMENDMENT RECORD SHEET
1. INTRODUCTION
A B C D E
Never heard Heard of Incident has Happens Happens
of in --- incident in -- occurred in several times several times
Rating People Assets Environment Reputation industry industry our company per year in co. per year in
locn.
No
0 No damage No effect No impact
injury
Slight
1 Slight injury Slight effect Slight impact
damage
Minor
2 Minor injury Minor effect Limited impact
damage
Localised Localised Considerable
3 Major injury
damage effect impact
Single Major
4 Major effect Major national
fatality damage
Mutiple Extensive Major
5 Massive effect
fatalities damage international
A scale of consequences from "0" to "5" is used to indicate increasing severity. The
consequences are those of credible scenarios (taking the prevailing circumstances into
consideration) that can develop from the release of a hazard. The potential consequences, rather
than the actual ones, are used. These are defined as the consequences that could have resulted
from the released hazard if circumstances had been less favourable.
The probability on the horizontal axis is estimated on the basis of historical evidence or
experience that the identified consequences have materialised within the industry, the company
or a smaller unit. Note that this should not be confused with the probability that the hazard is
released: it is the probability of the estimated potential consequences occurring.
Risk is described, not only in terms of risk to health, safety and the environment, but also in
terms of risk to reputation. Reputation is driven by perceptions and by societal issues. Risk in
scientific terms may be reduced to the level reasonably practicable (ALARP), yet the overall risk
to reputation may still remain high. Risk to reputation cannot be ignored and advice may be
sought from Public Affairs experts.
Consequences should be estimated on the basis of what might have resulted under slightly
different circumstances. Examples are:
Scenario Actual outcome Potential consequence
A crane drops a load one meter Damage to load. Fatal injury if a person had
besides a person. been standing under the
load.
Car rolls over on a desert road. Damage to car, no injury (seat Serious injury.
belt was worn).
Operator opens wrong valve: Minor pollution Major effect if the spill had
diesel fuel polluting river; quickly not been noticed so quickly.
spotted by someone else.
Exposure to H2S: quickly 2 days observation in Fatal or permanent
rescued and resuscitated hospital: minor injury. total/partial disability.
Exposure to benzene exceeding None. Cancer (leukemia).
current occupational exposure
limits
Flare carries over some crude. Sooting flare. Oil in flare pit. Pit on fire.
Heavy smoke. Soot on
nearby houses and cars.
Complaints. Media publicity.
Damage claims.
Assessment of Probability
The horizontal axis represents the probability or the measure of likelihood of the occurrence of an
undesired event following the release of a hazard. The scale of the horizontal axis is indicatively
defined :
"A - never heard of in the __ industry",
"B - heard of in the __ industry",
"C - has occurred in our company",
"D - happens several times per year in company", and
"E - happens several times per year in location".
This assessment is based on experience and is indicative of the likelihood of undesired
consequences materialising. Note again that this should not be confused with the probability that
the hazard is released: it is the probability of the estimated potential consequences occuring.
In smaller Operating Units or new ventures where experience is limited, it is recommended that
the probability is assessed on the basis of knowledge from similar operations in other Operating
Units. In new ventures, the potential consequence scale only can be used and investigations
carried out for all incidents with potential higher than 3. By doing so, every opportunity is used for
learning from the potentially serious incidents, no matter how unlikely their occurence may be.
Risk Classification
Using the Risk Assessment Matrix, risk is classified by three characters made up as follows:
− the first character is a measure of the likelihood of an undesired event: A-E
− the second character is the consequence severity that could occur with
that event: 1-5, and
− the third character shows to which consequence category the assessment
pertains - People (P), Asset (A), Environmental (E) nature or Reputation (R).
The intersection of the chosen column with the chosen row is the risk classification. For the same
scenario, different classifications may apply to P, A, E, and R. Some examples of incident
classification are given in Appendix 2.
Increasing Probability
A B C D E
Never heard Heard of incident Incident has Happens Happens several
of in --- in -- industry occurred in our several times per times per year in
Rating industry company year in co. locn.
1
Manage for continuous
improvement
2
Incorporate Risk
3
Reduction Measures
4
Intolerable
Objective setting is at the heart of the HSE Management System and the Risk Assessment
Matrix overlay format shown above is a useful tool that can help management in the
interpretation of risk (expressed in the policy and strategic objectives of the company) and also
help the line in understanding how this policy and these objectives are to be regarded (in terms
of tolerable risk) in their day to day operations.
The definition of tolerable risk should be derived from the policy and strategic objectives of the
company and can be indicated on the Risk Assessment Matrix by company management by
shading-in the appropriate areas. The shading indicated in the matrix is recommended practice;
deviations can be considered for small operating entities. The focus provided by using the Risk
Assessment Matrix in this way enables company management to determine whether the risk
levels inherent in the company's operations are tolerable and whether they fit with current
corporate policies and objectives. For example, if an operation would result in scenarios which lie
in an area on the Risk Assessment Matrix that the company would normally regard as
"intolerable" in policy terms, then alternative ways of carrying out the operation should be
investigated. If there are no alternative ways, then management must decide whether the
operation should proceed or not. If it has to proceed then special treatment in regard to the level
of control must be implemented before the operation takes place.
The Risk Assessment Matrix overlay may also be used on a scenario by scenario basis to
prioritise risk reduction efforts. It is adaptable to varying levels of information and depths of
evaluation. It has a built-in presentation format that lends itself to review. Because it is qualitative
and the scales relative, instead of absolute, exact knowledge is not required and thus risk
understanding can be reached fairly easily. Examples of risk determination using the Risk
Assessment Matrix are included in Appendix 2.
A company should consider using the Risk Assessment Matrix as a part of its implementation of
the HSE Management System and of HSE Cases (HSE Reports). The use of the Risk
Assessment Matrix will:
− enhance the appreciation of HSE risk tolerability and ALARP at all levels in the company,
− assist in making the PETRONAS Group policy and standards and local company HSE
policies relevant to day to day operations via the setting of clear risk based objectives
that can be cascaded into the setting of individual tasks and targets, and
− provide the basis for the implementation of the risk-based HSE Management System in
accordance with PETRONAS Group Guidelines.
Increasing Probability
A B C D E
Never heard Heard of incident Incident has Happens Happens several
of in --- in -- industry occurred in our several times per times per year in
Rating industry company year in co. locn.
1
to be investigated
and discussed
2
in depth analysis
3 and discussion at
management
4 in depth analysis,
level
management involvement, voluntary
5
reporting to service companies
Suggestions for team composition, reporting and feedback to management are shown below.
Company managements are encouraged to review and customise the table.
Low risk (unshaded area) local supervisor + HSE focal reporting to department
point head
Harm to People
No. Description
1 Slight injury or health effects (including first aid case and medical treatment case) -
Not affecting work performance or causing disability.
2 Minor injury or health effects (Lost Time Injury) - Affecting work performance, such
as restriction to activities (Restricted Work Case) or a need to take a few days to fully
recover (Lost Workday Case). Limited health effects which are reversible, e.g. skin
irritation, food poisoning.
3 Major injury or health effects (including Permanent Partial Disability) - Affecting work
performance in the longer term, such as a prolonged absence from work. Irreversible
health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise induced hearing loss, chronic back
injuries.
Asset Damage
0 Zero damage
No. Description
1 Slight effect - Local environmental damage. Within the fence and within systems.
Negligible financial consequences.
Impact On Reputation
No. Description
1 Slight impact - Public awareness may exist, but there is no public concern.
2 Limited impact - Some local public concern. Some local media and/or local political
attention with potentially adverse aspects for company operations.
4 National impact - National public concern. Extensive adverse attention in the national
media. Regional / national policies with potentially restrictive measures and/or impact
on grant of licences. Mobilisation of action groups.
A B C D E
Never heard Heard of Incident has Happens Happens several
of in --- incident in occurred in several times times per year in
Rating People Assets Environment Reputation industry -- industry our company per year in locn.
co.
No
0 injury
No damage No effect No impact
Slight
1 Slight injury
damage
Slight effect Slight impact
Minor
2 Minor injury
damage
Minor effect Limited impact Demonstrate ALARP
Localised Considerable E
3 Major injury
damage
Localised effect
impact
Single Major
4 fatality damage
Major effect Major national R
Using the Risk Assessment Matrix (see the figure above), this scenario for people, assets and
company reputation plots in the region categorised as Demonstrate ALARP by company
management. This means that for this type of loss of containment event a cost benefit analysis
should be undertaken to determine if there are additional cost effective measures that could be put
in place to further reduce the risks to people, assets and company reputation. The risk to the
environment should be managed for continuous improvement.
2. A proposal for a new installation has two product movement scenarios: transport by truck or the
installation of a pipeline.
For the trucking scenario (indicated by a O on the matrix shown below), the following risk
classifications were identified: C5(P), C2(A), D1(E), C1(R). The risk to people is categorised as
"intolerable". For this scenario to be undertaken special treatment in regard to protecting people
must be implemented. Cost effective measures to reduce the risk to people should be undertaken.
For the pipeline scenario (indicated by a • on the matrix), the following risk classifications were
identified: B2(P), B3(A), B3(E), B1(R). The risks to people, assets, environment and reputation are
categorised as tolerable, and if the pipeline scenario is implemented, should be managed for
continuous improvement in HSE performance.
A B C D E
Never heard Heard of Incident has Happens Happens
of in --- incident in occurred in our several times several times
Rating People Assets Environment Reputation industry -- industry company per year in co. per year in locn.
2 Minor injury Minor damage Minor effect Limited impact A Demonstrate ALARP
P
Localised Considerable
3 Major injury
damage
Localised effect
impact AE
Extensive INTOLERABLE
5 Mutiple fatalities
damage
Massive effect Major international P
Examples of Incident Classification
1. During a weekly off loading operation from a supply vessel, a roof section of a container became
detached and fell into the sea striking the vessel on the port side. Containers containing chemicals
are delivered once a month.
The potential consequence to people from this incident is a single fatality. This corresponds to a
severity rating code of 4. A similar incident with fatal consequences occurred 3 years ago. Several
times per year local damage occurs as a result of loose items falling during off loading. The
Incident Potentials determined are:
− C4(P) - fatality if a person was below falling roof.
− D3(A) - equipment damage causes partial shutdown.
− C1(E) - slight environmental effect.
2. Bus carrying contract cleaning staff fails to stop at security check and hits the security gate. There
were no injuries. There have been previous occasions in company when sudden stops from hitting
obstacles resulted in fractures or bruises.
The following classifications are appropriate:
− D3(P) - injuries from sudden stop.
− D2(A) - damage to vehicle or obstacles
3. Mechanical digger severed a live 415 Volt underground cable to a laboratory while excavating to
lay water pipes. There were no injuries.
− B4(P) - possible electrocution of driver (one person).
− C2(A) - loss of ongoing experiment and equipment.
5. While trying to jump start a car (12V) with a crane battery (24V) the car battery exploded, spraying
acid on operator. Actual consequences : damage to clothing and car.
− C3(P) - possible severe eye injury.
− C2(A) - damage to car.
6. Filing cabinet drawers are opened adjacent to a busy access route in an office. The cabinet
overbalances and falls over, nobody is hurt but people could have been passing. It has occurred
once before in the Operating Unit that someone was seriously hurt by such an accident.
− D3(P) - major injury to person passing.
7. During "start-up" an exchanger joint fails releasing an estimated 5-tonne cloud of propane. The
operator jumped away and sprained his ankle.
− B5(P) - possible multiple fatalities if the gas cloud had been ignited.
− B3(A) - damage in case of gas cloud explosion.
8. During the loading of diesel from a tank, the ship's hose sprung a leak and the river was
contaminated. The contamination was noted within minutes by an outsider who warned the loading
master. The damage could have been much worse if it had not been spotted so quickly. Small
leaks have occurred earlier in the company, but not a major one.
− B3 (E) or D2 (E) - spills with minor effects have occurred, more serious local effect has not
occurred previously in this company
− D2 (R) - local population gets worried about frequent minor spills