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Important Airborne Pathogens
• Animal Disease
– Bacterial diseases
• Tuberculosis (Mycobacteriumm bovis)
• Brucellosis (Brucella spp.)
– Fungal diseases
• Aspergillosis (Aspergillus spp.)
• Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidiodes immitis)
– Viral diseases
• Influenza (Influenza virus)
• Rabies (Rhabdoviridae)
• Foot-and-mouth disease (Aphthovirus)
Important Airborne Pathogens
• Human disease
– Fungal diseases
• Aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus)
• Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidiodes immitis)
– Bacteria diseases
• Pulmonary tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
• Pneumonia (Klebsiella pneumoniae)
• Pulmonary anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
• Legionellosis (Legionella spp.)
• Whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis)
• Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
– Viral diseases
• Influenza (Influenza virus)
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (Hantavirus)
• Hepatitis (Hepatitis virus)
• Chicken pox (Herpesvirus)
• Common cold (Picornavirus)
Important Airborne Toxins
• Botulinal toxin
– Neurotoxin
– Lethal dose: 0.3 µg
• Staphylococcal enterotoxin
– Lethal dose ~ 25 µg
• LPS
– Endotoxin
– Sources: cotton mills, haystacks, sewage treatment
plants, solid waste handling facilities, swine
confinement buildings, poultry houses, homes & office
buildings.
– 10 ng can produce a toxic effect.
Examples:
Tartars catapulted dead bodies infected with bubonic plague into Kaffa
1943: Great Britain tested anthrax spore viability and spread spores over
Gruinard Island
1966: U.S. released Bacillus subtilis into New York subway system
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Viruses
distance time
Submicroscale up to 100 m 10 min
Microscale 100 m to 1 km 10 min to 1 hr
Mesoscale up to 100 km days
Macroscale larger longer
An example of mesoscale transport:
Aphthovirus (Picornaviridae)
The virus can persist outside the host for a month or more in
damp soil, aided by cold temperatures. Plumes of virus
contained within droplets, excreted at very high concentrations
from symptomatic animals, are dispersed by wind over long
distances (up to 60 km over land and 250 km over water).
a. gravitational settling
b. downward molecular diffusion
c. rainfall/electrostatic deposition
Stokes Law
ν (cm/sec) = ρ d2 g
18 η
g = 981 cm/sec2
ρ = 1.3 g/cm3
η = 1.8 x 10-4 g/cm-sec
Downward molecular diffusion
Surface Impaction
g = 981 cm/sec2
ρ = 1.0 g/cm3
η = 1.8 x 10-4 g/cm-sec
Depends on:
1. Type of microorganism Inactivation: Xt = X0-kt
2. Relative humidity
Where: X = number of microbes
3. Temperature k = inactivation constant
4. Radiation t = time
Antrax
1997: accidental release of bioaerosol from military microbiological
facility causing at 66 death in USSR
- Positive pressure
- Negative pressure
Biosafety levels
C
Class III Hood B
A D
Front view
Room air
Contaminated air
HEPA filtered air