PC MAINTENANCE LAB(DCS-606S)

To install and configure FDD and HDD.

Installing a Desktop Hard Drive

1.Make sure that you're using a Windows computer. While it's technically
possible to replace an iMac hard drive, doing so is incredibly difficult and often
results in a broken screen when improperly handled. Windows desktop computers,
on the other hand, tend to be fairly easy to tinker with.

2
Back up your computer's data. If you're removing an existing hard drive from your
computer, back up its information so that you can restore the information later.
 If you want to keep your original hard drive installed, consider adding a second hard
drive instead.

3
Buy a hard drive that matches your model of laptop. Search for a hard drive that
works with your model of computer, then purchase your preferred option.

4
Shut off and unplug your computer. You can usually shut down your computer by
using the Power button on the back of the housing, but you'll also want to unplug it
from any power sources to ensure that you don't accidentally shock yourself.

5
Remove the case panels. You may need a Phillips head screwdriver, but most
newer computers have thumbscrews. You will need to remove both sides so that you
can screw the hard drive in on both sides.
2.
 6
Ground yourself. This will prevent electrostatic shock from damaging the
components of your computer.
3.

7
Remove the old drive. If you are removing an old hard drive, make sure all of the
cables are disconnected from both the motherboard and the power supply, unscrew
all the screws on both sides of the hard drive, and then slide it out of the housing.
 You may need to remove more cables or cards in order to access the hard drives in
a tight case.

8
Insert your new drive. Remove the drive from its packaging, then slide it into an
open space in the hard drive housing. The drive should slide directly in, and the
holes on the side of the drive should line up to the screw guides on the housing.
 If you can, use a slot that has some space around it. This will improve airflow and
lead to a cooler system, but it is not a critical concern.

9
Secure the hard drive. Once the hard drive has been inserted, use the screws that
came with it to secure the hard drive in the housing. Ideally you should use two
screws on each side of the hard drive. If the hard drive is loose, it can rattle and
cause more noise and lead to physical damage.
 Tighten the screws to a firm tightness, but don’t over-tighten as that may cause
damage as well.

10
Attach the drive to the motherboard. Newer hard drives will use SATA cables,
which are thin and resemble USB cables. Use a SATA cable to connect the hard
drive to the motherboard. SATA cables can be connected in either direction.
  If you are connecting your primary hard drive, the SATA cable should be plugged
into the first SATA channel. This may be labeled SATA0 or SATA1. Refer to your
motherboard documentation for detailed information for your motherboard.
4.

11
Connect the power supply to the hard drive. Most newer power supplies have
SATA power connectors, though older power supplies typically only have Molex (4
pin) connectors. If this is the case, and you are installing a SATA drive, you will need
a Molex-to-SATA adapter.
 Ensure that none of the cables can come undone by wiggling them a little bit.
5.

12
Close up your computer. Replace the case sides and reconnect your cables if you
had to move the case to work on the inside.[1]

13
Plug back in and turn back on your computer. You should hear the hard drive
begin to spin up.
 If you hear beeps or any jarring noises, immediately turn off the computer and check
the hard drive's connections.

14
Install an operating system. Empty hard drives require an operating system to be
installed on them before you can use your computer again.
How to install a floppy disk drive

Install
Open the computer case and connect the
floppy drive to the computer using screws
or a bracket.

Connect Cables
Once the new floppy drive has been
connected into the computer, connect the
floppy interface cable (small gray flat
cable) to the back of the floppy drive. The
floppy cable has a side with a blue or red
side indicating pin number one. This side
of the cable will point to the power
connection. If your computer floppy cable
has three connections or a twist in the
cable, ensure that the cable is connected .

Today, most computers and computer

floppy disk drives have cables that only
have two connections: one for the
motherboard and one for the floppy disk
drive. If your cable only has two
connections, the above picture does not
apply.

Once the floppy interface cable is

connected to the computer, connect the
drive power cable to the back of the floppy
disk drive. This cable is relatively small,
compared to the majority of power cables
coming from the power supply.

Setup CMOS
Once the floppy drive is fully connected to
the computer, put the case back on the
computer. Then, connect the keyboard,
monitor, and power to the computer. (We
recommend that you do not reconnect the
rest of your cables yet. If you experience
problems, you may have to disconnect all
the cables again.)

Once connected, turn on the computer and

enter CMOS setup. Verify that the floppy
drive is properly configured in BIOS, most
likely as a 1.44 MB 3.25" floppy.

To be familiar with and to be able to troubleshoot

motherboard.

Components of Motherboard

The important components of a Motherboard are given below:

1. Mouse & keyboard :
There are two types of keyboard and mouse connectors.First type is called
PS/2 and second one is called USB.

2. USB (Universal serial bus) :

USB is Universal serial bus. It is used for connection for PC. There
are different devices which is used to connect with USB port such as mouse,
keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers.USB connector is used to
connect computer motherboard and a peripheral device. You can insert or
remove peripheral device connect by USB connector without restarting your
system.

3. Parallel port :
Most of old printers are used to connect by parallel port. Parallel port used
more than one wire for sending or receiving multiple bits of data at once,
while serial port uses only one wire. Parallel ports use a 25-pin female DB
connector.

4. CPU Chip :
CPU refers to a processor, the central processing unit, also called the
microprocessor performs all the task that take place inside a computer
system.It is also know as brain of computer.

5. RAM slots :
RAM slots is for attaching RAM on it in general desktop we can see two slot of
RAM but in server motherboard we can see 4+ slot of RAM.RAM comes in
different size(memory).

6. Floppy controller :
In old motherboard the floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin
ribbon cable, one end of ribbon cable is connect to floppy drive and other is
connected to the motherboard.

7. IDE controller :
IDE that is Integrated Drive Electronics,also called as ATA or Parallel ATA
(PATA).IDE controller is responsible for controlling the hard drive. Today’s
computers no longer come with a IDE controller.

8. PCI slot :
PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interface, PCI slot allows you to insert
expansion cards into your computer. PCI used to connect additional PCI
device like network cards, sound cards,modems,video cards.Some of today’s
computers no longer come with a PCI expansion slot.Its connect audio, video
and graphics.

9. ISA slot :
ISA stands for Industry Standard Architecture, It is the standard architecture
of the Expansion bus.Its connect modem and input devices.

10. CMOS Battery :

CMOS is complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor is used to store BIOS
setting in computer motherboard. CMOS Battery also store date and time.
11. AGP slot :
The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel
for attaching a video card to a computer system, If you have a modern
motherboard, you will almost certainly notice a single connector that looks like
a PCI slot.A fast port for a graphics card

12. CPU slot :

The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the
motherboard that connect a CPU.

13. Power supply plug in :

The Power supply provides the necessary electrical power to make the
computer system operate. The power supply takes standard 110-V AC power
and converts into +/-12-Volt, +/-5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.
The power supply connector has 20-pins, and the connector can go in only
one direction.

To be familiar with SMPS.

Switch mode power supplies (SMPSs) are used in a range of applications as an
efficient and effective source of power. Basically, it is a device in which energy
conversion and regulation is provided by power semiconductors that are continuously
switching “on” and “off” with high frequency.

The different kinds

 DC to DC Converter
 Forward Converter
 Flyback Converter
 Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter

DC-DC converter
The primary power received from AC main is rectified and filtered as high voltage
DC. It is then switched at a huge rate of speed and fed to the primary side of the step-
down transformer. The step-down transformer is only a fraction of the size of a
comparable 50 Hz unit thus relieving the size and weight problems. We have the
filtered and rectified output at the secondary side of the transformer. It is now sent to
the output of the power supply.

Forward converter

In a forward converter, the choke carries the current when the transistor is conducting
as well as when it’s not. The diode carries the current during the OFF period of the
transistor. Therefore, energy flows into the load during both the periods. The choke
stores energy during the ON period and also passes some energy into the output load.

Flyback converter

In a flyback converter, the magnetic field of the inductor stores energy during the ON
period of the switch. The energy is emptied into the output voltage circuit when the
switch is in the open state. The duty cycle determines the output voltage.

Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter

This is the most simple and basic converter based on the flyback principle. During the
conduction time of the switching transistor, the current through the transformer
primary starts ramping up linearly with the slope equal to Vin/Lp. The voltage
induced in the secondary winding and the feedback winding make the fast recovery
rectifier reverse biased and hold the conducting transistor ON. When the primary
current reaches a peak value Ip, where the core begins to saturate, the current tends to
rise very sharply. This sharp rise in current cannot be supported by the fixed base
drive provided by the feedback winding. As a result, the switching begins to come out
of saturation.
 To install sound card
Step 1: Click the small up arrow in the bottom right-hand corner of your screen, next to the clock
and calendar.
Step 2: Right-click the small speaker icon, and select Open Sound Settings.
Step 3: In the settings menu, look to the top-entry that reads, Choose your output device.

To install video card

1. Firmly insert the card into the slot, then push down the plastic lock on the end of the PCI-E
slot to hold it in place.
2. 2. Next, use a screw to secure the graphic card's metal retention bracket to your PC's case

To install DMP, inkjet and laser printing; to

undertake preventive maintenance and to
troubleshoot DMP.
The set up process is usually the same for most printers:
1. Install the cartridges in the printer and add paper to the tray.
2. Insert installation CD and run the printer set up application (usually "setup.exe"),
which will installthe printer drivers.
3. Connect your printer to the PC using the USB cable and turn it on.

Paper Jam Prevention

1. . Keep food and drinks away from your copier. 2. Don't use torn paper.

3. Fan paper before you add it into the paper tray – and put it right side up.
Yes, paper has a right direction, look for the arrow on your ream of paper.

4. Try to use paper quickly. Paper will start to absorb moisture over time
and is more likely to jam.

5. Before adding a bunch of documents to copy (or scan) to the feeder,

remove paper clips, staples, tape torn edges, remove Post-It notes, and
anything else.
 6. Keep it clean.

7. Keep the air filter clean

8. Once a month, remove the paper from the trays and use a can of air to
blow out all of the dust, dirt, and debris.

To practice anti-virus software installation and

virus removal.
1.Understand the need for an antivirus program. Windows is the most virus-prone operating
system (OS) out of the three major OSes. It has the most users and the weakest built-in security.
Antivirus programs will defend your computer from malware that comes through email, flash
drives, downloads, websites and more.
2. Acquire an antivirus program. There are several popular free options available
that do a good job of protecting the average user. These programs are updated
frequently with new virus definitions that recognize the latest threats.
 If you frequently deal with files or websites that are virus-infected, you may want to
opt for more powerful paid protection. Paid antivirus programs are typically available
for a yearly subscription fee.
 When downloading free or paid antivirus programs, ensure that you are downloading
from a trusted source. There are many programs out there that claim to be
antivirus/antimalware but instead install malware themselves. Read reviews and
download products from companies that have been around for a long time.
 Windows 10 and 8 have Windows Defender, which is a free anti-malware application
provided by Microsoft. It's already built-in.

3
Install the antivirus program. Make sure that no other programs are running while
you install the antivirus. You will most likely need to be connected to the internet to
download additional files and updates.
 Some free antivirus programs come packaged with toolbars for your web browser.
These can add protection but also change your search options and bog down older
computers. You have the opportunity to opt out of these changes during the
installation process.

.
To be familiar with different network cables (UTP,
STP, Coaxial), Connectors (BNC, BNC-T, RJ-11
 (4 wire) RJ-45 (8 wire), DB9, DB15) and
Terminator.

What is Network Cabling?

Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network
device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with
LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks
will use a variety of cable types. The type of cable chosen for a network is related
to the network's topology, protocol, and size. Understanding the characteristics of
different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects of a network is
necessary for the development of a successful network.

The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other
related topics.

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
 Cable Installation Guides
 Wireless LANs
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school
networks (See fig. 1).

Fig.1. Unshielded twisted pair

The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed
cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with
a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent
pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported
transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot. The EIA/TIA (Electronic
Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association) has established
standards of UTP and rated six categories of wire (additional categories are
emerging).

Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair

Category Speed
1 1 Mbps
2 4 Mbps
3 16 Mbps
4 20 Mbps
100 Mbps (2 pair)
5
1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet
5e 1,000 Mbps
6 10,000 Mbps
Use
Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
LocalTalk & Telephone (Rarely used)
10BaseT Ethernet
Token Ring (Rarely used)
100BaseT Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet

Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector

The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.
This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector (See
fig. 2). A slot allows the RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for
Registered Jack, implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed from the
telephone industry. This standard designates which wire goes with each pin inside
the connector.

Fig. 2. RJ-45 connector

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio and
electrical frequency interference (it should not be too close to electric motors,
fluorescent lights, etc.). If you must place cable in environments with lots of
potential interference, or if you must place cable in extremely sensitive
environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the UTP, shielded
twisted pair may be the solution. Shielded cables can also help to extend the
maximum distance of the cables.

Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations:

1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.

2. There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a
group).
3. There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as around the entire
group of wires (referred to as double shield twisted pair).

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides
insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3).
The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights,
motors, and other computers.

Fig. 3. Coaxial cable

Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal

interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network
devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial
and thin coaxial.

Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the

specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the
approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In actual fact the
maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable has been popular in
school networks, especially linear bus networks.

Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the

specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the
maximum segment length being 500 meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra
protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor.
This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in a linear bus
network. One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is
difficult to install.

Coaxial Cable Connectors

The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-Neill-
Concelman (BNC) connector (See fig. 4). Different types of adapters are available
for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator.
Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid
problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather
screw, onto the cable.

Fig. 4. BNC connector

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of
protective materials (See fig. 5). It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain
environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference. It has also
made it the standard for connecting networks between buildings, due to its
immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.

Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than
coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly
greater speeds. This capacity broadens communication possibilities to include
services such as video conferencing and interactive services. The cost of fiber optic
cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is more difficult to install and
modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable carrying Ethernet
signals.

The center core of fiber cables is made from glass or plastic fibers (see fig 5). A
plastic coating then cushions the fiber center, and kevlar fibers help to strengthen
the cables and prevent breakage. The outer insulating jacket made of teflon or
PVC.

Fig. 5. Fiber optic cable

 To study crimping: RJ-45, RJ-11, Cross-over
Cable.
HOW TO MAKE A CAT 6 PATCH CABLE

Step 1
This procedure generally applies to Cat 6 RJ45 connectors.

Step 2
Cut the cable to the length needed.

Step 3
Strip back the cable jacket approximately 1 inch.
Use the cutter provided with the crimping tool or strip by hand.
Be careful not to nick the individual wires.
Un-twist each of the 4 pairs
and straighten each wire as
much as possible between the
fingers.

Step 4
Use the 568-B
wiring scheme on
both ends for a
standard patch
cable.

Step 5
Bring all of the wires together as closely as possible.
Hold the grouped (and sorted) wires together tightly between the thumb, and the forefinger.
Cut all of the wires at a perfect 90 degree angle from the cable,
1/2 inch from the end of the cable jacket.
Use a sharp cutting tool so as
not to "squash" the wire ends.

Step 6
With the connector pins facing up, carefully insert the wires into the connector.
Apply a moderate amount of force in order to properly seat the wires against the contacts in the
connector.

The wires are inserted into the flanged end.

Step 7
Observe the tip of the connector to confirm that all the wires are fully inserted.
The end of each wire you should be in full view.
There should be enough of the cable jacket inside the connector to crimp against.
Step 8
Place the connector into the crimp tool, and squeeze hard so that the handle reaches its full
swing.

Step 9
Repeat the process on the other end using the desired wiring scheme.
Be sure to slide the snagless boots snugly over the connectors when finished.

Step 10
Always use a cable tester to check for continuity, opens and
shorts.

To connect HUB with other nodes and HUB-to-

HUB.
A Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to
a single network. Hubs may be based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB
connections. A switch is a control unit that turns the flow of electricity on
or off in a circuit. It may also be used to route information patterns in
streaming electronic data sent over networks. In the context of a
network, a switch is a computer networking device that connects
network segments.
Comparison chart

Hub Switch
Layer Physical layer. Hubs are Data Link Layer. Network switches operate at Layer 2 of
classified as Layer 1 devices the OSI model.
per the OSI model.

Function To connect a network of Allow connections to multiple devices, manage ports,

personal computers manage VLAN security settings
together, they can be joined
through a central hub.

Data Electrical signal or bits Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3 switch)
Transmission
form

Ports 4/12 ports Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports

Transmission Hubs always perform frame First broadcast; then unicast & multicast as needed.
Type flooding; may be unicast,
multicast or broadcast

Device Type Passive Device (Without Active Device (With Software) & Networking device
Software)

Used in (LAN, LAN LAN

MAN, WAN)

Table A network hub cannot learn Switches use content accessible memory CAM table which
or store MAC address. is typically accessed by ASIC (Application Specific
integrated chips).

Transmission Half duplex Half/Full duplex

Mode

Broadcast Hub has one Broadcast Switch has one broadcast domain [unless VLAN
Domain Domain. implemented]

Definition An electronic device that A network switch is a computer networking device that is
connects many network used to connect many devices together on a computer
device together so that network. A switch is considered more advanced than a hub
devices can exchange data because a switch will on send msg to device that needs or
 Hub Switch
request it

Speed 10Mbps 10/100 Mbps, 1 Gbps

Address used Uses MAC address Uses MAC address

for data
tramsmission

Necessary for No. No

Internet
Connection?

Device non intelligent device Intelligent Device

Category

Manufacturers Sun Systems, Oracle and Cisco and D-link Juniper

Cisco

Collisions Collisions occur commonly No collisions occur in a full-duplex switch.

in setups using hubs.

Spanning- No Spanning-Tree Many Spanning-tree Possible

Tree

Hub and Switch Ports

Hubs and switches have two types of ports: medium dependent interface (MDI) and medium dependent
interface crossed (MDI-X). The two types of ports differ in their wiring. As the X implies, an MDI-X port’s
wiring is crossed; this is because the transmit wire from the connected device must be wired to the receive
line on the other. Rather than use a crossover cable (which is discussed in the next section, "Cables
Connecting Hubs and Switches"), you can use the more simple straight-through cable (also discussed in
the next section) to connect systems to the switch or hub.

On most modern hubs and switches, a special port called the uplink port allows you to connect two hubs
and switches to create larger networks. Because the aim of this type of network connection is to make each
hub or switch think that it is simply part of a larger network, the connection for the port is not crossed; a
straight-through network cable is used to connect the two hubs or switches together. Figure 3.6 shows the
uplink port on an Ethernet switch.

Figure 3.6 The uplink port on an Ethernet switch.

In the absence of an uplink port, you can connect two hubs or switches together by using MDI-X ports, but
you must use a crossover cable to do so.
NOTE

Hub Ports Instead of having a dedicated uplink port, some switches and hubs have a port that you can
change between MDI and MDI-X by pushing a button. If you are using the port to connect a computer,
make sure that it is set to MDI-X. If you’re connecting to another hub or switch, make sure that it’s set to
MDI.
Cables Connecting Hubs and Switches
Two types of cables are used to connect devices to hubs and switches: crossover cables and straight-
through cables. The difference between the two types is that in a crossover cable, two of the wires are
crossed; in a straight-through cable, all the wires run straight through.

Specifically, in a crossover cable, Wires 1 and 3 and Wires 2 and 6 are crossed: Wire 1 at one end
becomes Wire 3 at the other end, Wire 2 at one end becomes Wire 6 at the other end, and vice versa in
both cases. You can see the differences between the two cables in Figures 3.7 and 3.8. Figure 3.7 shows
the pinouts for a straight-through cable, and Figure 3.8 shows the pinouts for a crossover cable.

Figure 3.7 Pinouts for a straight-through twisted-pair cable.

Figure 3.8 Pinouts for a crossover twisted-pair cable.