PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION LECTURE

FOUR PRINCIPLES OF MORAL DISCERNMENT/JUDGMENT

• Principle of Formal Cooperation- it occurs when someone intentionally helps another person carry out a
sinful act.
• Principle of Material Cooperation - when a person's actions unintentionally help another person do
something wrong.
• Principle of Lesser Evil - The principle that when faced with selecting from two immoral options, the one
which is least immoral should be chosen.
• Principle of Double Effect - This principle aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is
morally permissible to perform an action in pursuit of a good end in full knowledge that the action will
also bring about bad results.
• Conscience - the act by which we apply to our own conduct our knowledge of good and evil, whether
our judgment be correct or incorrect.

TYPES OF MORAL ATTITUDE

• Callous - not feeling or showing any concern about the problems and suffering of other people
• Strict - one who chooses the hardest way to do something
• Pharisaical - marked by INSINCERE self-righteousness
• Scrupulous - involves one who is being overly critical of himself. Such a person always has a fear of sinning
when there is no sin, or is in constant doubt, and/or is in fear of committing a mortal sin; tends to see
sins when there is none
• Lax - fails to see a sin when actually there is one, tends to minimize its seriousness.

DEGREES OF MORAL CERTITUDE

• Certain - the judgment about the goodness or evil of a particular action that is made without fear of
being mistaken
• Doubtful/Probable - the suspension of judgment on the moral goodness or evil of action because the
intellect cannot see clearly whether it is good or bad
• Perplexed - when one is compelled to choose between two evils. (Of two evils, choose the least.)

QUALITIES OF MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS

• Objective - the intellect’s dictate on the goodness or evil of an intended or performed action that
coincides with truth
• Correct - testifies, judges and approves in accordance with the objective law as it truly is;
• Culpable - degree to which a person can be held responsible if he causes a negative event and the act
was intentional, if the act and its consequences could have been controlled, the agent knows the likely
consequences and that he provides no excuse or justification for the actions.
• Erroneous - dictates falsely, contrary to objective and binding law- through ignorance to that law; moral
conscience that remains in ignorance (ignorance about Gospel)

CATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMMENT

• Flip-flop - When the teacher is too immersed in a small group of students or activity, thus ignoring other
students or activity
• Truncation - The teacher does not resume initiated, dropped activity
 • Stimulus-bounded - When the teacher engages students in the lesson and then something else attracts
her attention
• Thrust - Teacher suddenly “bursts in “ on students’ activities with questions without sensitivity to their
readiness to receive message
• Non- direction - Never ignoring any student or group of students in her discussions and other activities
• Dangled activity - When a teacher starts an activity then leaves it hanging in midair
• Divided attention - Some group of students are ignored in teacher’s discussing
• Abrupt end - Teacher abruptly ends or starts another activity before finishing one.

TRENDS IN EDUCATION
• Multicultural Education - refers to any form of education or teaching that incorporates the histories,
texts, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds.
• Civic Education - means all the processes that affect people's beliefs, commitments, capabilities, and
actions as members or prospective members of communities.
• Peace Education - promote the knowledge, skills and attitudes that will help people either to prevent
the occurrence of conflict, resolve conflicts peacefully, or create social conditions conducive to peace.
• Liberal Education - helps students develop a sense of social responsibility, as well as strong and
transferable intellectual and practical skills such as communication, analytical and problem-solving skills,
and a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world settings.
• Global Education - awareness of global challenges such as poverty or the inequailites caused by the
uneven distribution of resources, environmental degradation.
• It aims to change people‘s attitudes by them reflecting on their own roles in the world. Global education
motivates and empowers people to become active, responsible global citizens for sustainable
development.
• Lifelong learning - educational trend is occurring in all modern societies as a result of knowledge
explosion and rapid social, technological, economic changes
• Development education - increase their awareness and understanding of the interdependent and
unequal world in which we live, through a process of interactive learning, debate, action and reflection.

STRUCTURE OF SUBJECT MATTER-COGNITIVE ASPECT

• An idea that can be verified.
• Categorization of events, people, places and ideas
• Relationship between and among facts and concepts
• Educated guesses about relationships or principles
• Sets of facts, concepts and principles/these explain why principles are true
• Thoroughly tested and firmly established principles

GOVERNMENT RENEWAL PROGRAMS

• Bayan Muna Bago Sarili - DO.30, S. 1990 anchored on Article XIV Sec # of 1987 Phil. Constitution
• Honesty in public service - E.O. No. 319 April 3, 1996
• Zero tolerance for corruption - A.O. 255 s. 2009
• Responsible citizenship for good governance - FIDEL V. RAMOS

PHILIPPINE LAWS
 • Hazing in fraternities - RA 8049
• Sexual harassment in the workplace - RA7877
• Instituting a new framework of governance for basic education - RA9155
• Providing the abolition of ROTC and its replacement for NSTP - RA9163
• providing for penalties for sexual harassment in the workplace - RA7877
• Establishing the PRC Board for Professional teachers - RA7836
• Magna Carta for Teachers - RA 4670
• National Appropriation Act - RA9498
• Academic freedom - RA 7722 Higher Education Act of 1994
• TESDA - RA 7796
• State subsidy for private schools and students - Government Assistance for Students and Teachers in
Private Education (GASTPE): DO 18, s. 2016
• Code of conduct and ethical standards for public employees - RA 7613

NOTABLE FIGURES IN EDUCATION

• Samuel Huntington - The Clash of Civilization
• George Orwell - Animal Farm/Stalin’s Betrayal of Russian Revolution
• Kinichi Ohme - Expansion of the Human Mind
• Alvin Tomer - What the Future Holds
• Francis Fukuyama - Political and social historian who predicted the end of history after the fall of the
Berlin Wall
• Timothy M. Smeeding - Fifty- Year War on Poverty
• Betty D. Reardon - Sexism and War System
• Jim A. Cummins - Bilingualism in Education
• Ivan Illich - Deschooling Society
• Geronima Pecson - Senate Committee on Education
• Estefania Aldava Lim - First female cabinet secretary
• Erlinda Pefianco - Secretary of DECS in 1998
• Lourdes Quisumbing - First woman secretary of Education
• Johan Galtung - Gandhi's Political Ethics”
• Gabriel Almond - Civic Culture, Political Order
• Thomas L. Friedman - “The World is Flat”
• Jean Jacques Rousseau - “Social Contract” “Emile”
• Voltaire - His famed works include the tragic play Zaïre, the historical study The Age of Louis XIV and the
satirical novella Candide.
• Francois Rabelais - writer of fantasy, satire, the grotesque, bawdy jokes and songs. His best known work
is Gargantua and Pantagruel
• Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) - His motto was "Learning by head, hand and heart".
• Education as a natural, symmetrical, and harmonious development of the faculties of the child.
• Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) - was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder
of pedagogy as an academic discipline.
• Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel or Froebel - children have unique needs and capabilities; created the
concept of the "kindergarten" and also coined the word now used in German and English; developed the
educational toys known as Froebel Gifts
ADVOCACIES ON BASIC EDUCATION REFORMS
 • League of Foundation - created to provide business solutions to social problems
• Sa Aklat Sisikat Ka - A 31-day marathon program to enhance children’s reading comprehension( Ibong
Adarna and Reading Passports)
• Synergia - implemented program to improve basic education for nearly 1.5 million children in 250
municipalities
• A network of institution and individuals “building a constituency to make education work”
• Philippine Business for Social Progress - Largest corporate-led social development foundation in the
Philippines (corporate social responsibility)
• Philippine Main Education Highway - EXECUTIVE ORDER 652 on January 31, 2008:to improve
participation rate of school children

OTHER PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS IN EDUCATION

• Developmentalism - It attempts to understand the nature and sources of growth in children's cognitive,
language, and social skills; the role of nature versus nurture in shaping development.
• Organismic - Children are viewed as active, purposeful beings who make sense of their world and
determine their own learning (Active beings).
• Mechanistic - Change is stimulated by the environment, which shape the behavior of the child (Passive
beings).
• Naturalism - advocated that education should be in accordance with the nature of the child. This means
that all educational practices are focus toward the natural development of the innate talents and abilities
of the child.
• Disciplinism - known as formal discipline, was based upon Aristotle’s faculty psychology which asserted
that the mind is made up of certain faculties memory, reason, will and judgment each of which needs
special activities for its training and development.
• Scientific Determinism - The theory holds that all or most of a man’s life is determined for him by factors
beyond his control, be they the environment, heredity, that play upon him
• Modernism - 19TH-AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY; emphasized self- consciousness and practical
experimentation
• Secularism - separation of government institutions from religious institutions
• Humanism - human values and needs are more important than religious beliefs.

RIGHTS OF AN INDIVIDUAL
• Absolute rights - not limited; (freedom from torture, from inhumane treatment and from slavery)
• Inalienable rights - human rights
ex. The natural rights of life and liberty
• Alienable rights - capable of being taken away; transferable (ex. Ownership of a property)
• Imperfect rights - social obligations
• An imperfect right could not be enforceable in law.
ex. benevolence
• Perfect rights - legal obligation
A perfect right is enforceable in law.
ex. a promissory note is a perfect right in favor of creditor

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

 • To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• To achieve universal primary education
• To promote gender equality and empower women
• To reduce child mortality
• To improve maternal health
• To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• To ensure environmental sustainability

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

• Hindu Education - Philosophical and religious
• Jewish Education - Religious in nature. It was purely in accordance with the Old Testament of the Bible
• Chinese Education - Development Of Moral Character/Good Moral Conduct
• Egyptian Education - Purely centered on religion; provided the modern world with the basic foundations
of education, art, music, literature, mathematics, engineering, architectures, astronomy, geography,
geology, medicine and other field.
• Persian Education - Training for leadership; development of traits of wisdom in decision, justice in
punishment, temperate in nature and bravery in battle.
• Greek Education
• Spartan Education - It was purely a military city-state that exercised totalitarianism over its
subjections.
• Athenian Education - Sound mind in a sound body - the ultimate goal; stressed ethical and moral
concepts and values, character education is said to have started in ancient.

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
• Catechumenal School - adequate introductory lessons on the basic doctrine and dogmas of the church;
were required to pass this stage of instruction and trail for Christian life before they could be accepted
as full-pledge members of the church
• Cathedral/Episcopal School - centers of advanced education; served as the only educational institution
in the west after total collapse of the Roman civilization
• Catechetical school - to prepare adults for baptism in the early Christian church
• Parish school/ Parochial - religious, science , math and language arts

HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• PRE-SPANISH EDUCATION - informal—fit for their needs; education was oral, practical/FOR SURVIVAL
• SPANISH EDUCATION - religious; Free modern public education ;The Education Decree of 1863: the
establishment of at least two free primary schools, one for boys and another for girls, in each town;

VOCATIONAL WAS STARTED BUT NOT IMPLEMENTED-

• AMERICAN EDUCATION - democratic education; health education; PENSIONADOS--those students who
excelled academically were sent to the U.S; THOMASITES-Volunteer American soldiers became the first
teachers of the Filipinos.
• JAPANESE EDUCATION - Tagalog as medium of instruction; emphasized Philippine History, Character
Education; love for work and dignity for labor; vocational education; Nippon-go, the Japanese language,
was made a compulsory subject in all schools.
 • COMMONWEALTH EDUCATION - organized effort to develop a common national language was stared in
compliance with the mandate of the 1935 constitution.

PPPF by HAYDEN SMITH AND THOMAS NAGEL-

• Prepare yourself;
• Prepare your students;
• Present your material;
• Follow-up

FOUR LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION

• LITERAL - stated facts in the text: DATA, SPECIFICS, DATES, TRAITS AND SETTINGS
• INFERENTIAL - build on facts in the text: PREDICTIONS, SEQUENCE AND SETTINGS
• EVALUATIVE - judgment of text based on: FACT VERSUS OPINION, VALIDITY, APPROPRIATENESS,
COMPARISON, CAUSE AND EFFECT
• APPLIED - response to a text based on: AUTHOR’S LANGUAGE, VALUES, IMAGERY, STYLE AND PURPOSE

FOUR BROAD FUNCTIONS OF THE SCHOOL

• Cognitive purpose - to teach the basic cognitive skills
• Political purpose - to foster patriotism and loyalty to the existing political order
• Economic purpose - to prepare every citizens for the world of work
• Social Purpose - to familiarize every citizen of their various function in the society

FOUR BROAD POWERS OF A TEACHER

• Expert power - the teacher makes the students feel that she has thorough knowledge of the subject
matter
• Referent power - the teacher makes her students feel that they are accepted, loved and cared of in the
class
• Legitimate power - the teacher makes her students realize that she has an authority over the class
• Reward power - the teacher gives grades tantamount to their performance

GREEN FLAG
• Student interest and teacher enthusiasm
• Integration of problem solving
• Available enrichment activities
• Content applied to real-life situations

RED FLAG
• Homogenous students grouping
• Content delivery based
• Rigidity of movement
• Overemphasis on drill and practice