262 Mathematics

26

Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles

26.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous lesson, we have defined trigonometric ratios for acute angles and developed
some relationship between them. In this lesson, we shall find the values of trigonometric ratios
of angels of 30°, 45° and 60° by using our knowledge of geometry. We will also use the
knowledge of trigonometry to solve simple problems based on heights and distances taken from
day to day life.

26.2 OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, the learner will be able to :
z find geometrically the trigonometric ratios for the angles of 30°, 45° and 60°.
z find trigonometric ratios of complementary angles.
z solve daily life problems of heights and distances, using trigonometric ratios.

26.3 EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

The student must know before starting the lesson that :
z when a ray rotates in an anti-clockwise direction about the origin, the angle formed with
x-axis is positive.
z if the sum of two angles is 90°, then the angles are said to be complementary.
z a triangle, with one angle of 90°, is called a right-angled triangle.
z in a right-angled triangle ABC right-angled at B, AC2 = AB2 + BC2.
z a triangle with three sides equal, is said to be an equilateral triangle.
z recalls the conditions of congruency of two triangles.
z in a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B

opposite side hypotenuse

sin C = hypotenuse cosec C = opposite side
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 263

adjacent side hypotenuse

cos C = hypotenuse sec C = adjacent side

opposite side adjacent side

tan C = adjacent side cot C = opposite side

26.4 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR AN ANGLE OF 45°

Let a ray OA rotate in the anti-clockwise direction and make an angle of 45° with x-axis (the
initial position of the rotating line) at any interval of time as shown in Fig. 26.1.
Take any point P on OA. Draw PM ⊥ OX.
Now ∆PMO is a right-angled triangle
We know that
∠POM + ∠OPM + ∠PMO = 180°
45° + ∠OPM + 90° = 180°
⇒ ∠OPM = 180° – 135°
= 45°
Fig. 26.1
In ∆PMO, ∠OPM = ∠POM = 45°
⇒ OM = PM
Let OM = a
Now in the right-angled triangle PMO
OP2 = OM2 + PM2 (By Pythagorus theorem)
= a2 + a2
⇒ OP2 = 2a2

⇒ OP = 2a

PM a = 1
Now, sin 45° = OP = ⇒ cosec 45°= 2
2a 2

OM a = 1
cos 45° = OP = ⇒ sec 45°= 2
2a 2

PM = a = 1
and tan 45° = ⇒ cot 45°= 1
OM a
264 Mathematics

Table for Trigonometric ratios for an angle of 45°

1
sin 45° = ; cosec 45° = 2
2

1
cos 45° = ; sec 45° = 2
2
tan 45° = 1; cot 45° = 1

26.5 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR AN ANGLE OF 30°

Let a ray OA rotate in the anticlockwise direction and make an angle of 30° with its initial
position OX.

Take any point P on OA

Draw PM ⊥ OX.

Produce PM to P′ such that PM = P′M. Join OP′.

Now, in ∆PMO and ∆P′MO

OM = OM (Common)

∠PMO = ∠P′MO (Each is equal to 90°)

Fig. 26.2
PM = P′M (By construction)

∴ ∆PMO ≅ ∆P′MO (SAS congruence)

∴ ∠OPM = ∠OP′M = 60° (c.p.c.t.)

⇒ ∆OPP′ is an equilateral triangle.

∴ OP = OP′

Let PM = a

Also PP′ = PM + MP′

= a + a = 2a

⇒ OP = OP′ = PP′ = 2a (sides of an equilateral triangle)

Now, in right-angled ∆PMO

OP2 = PM2 + OM2 (Pythagoras theorem)

Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 265

or (2a)2 = (a)2 + OM2

⇒ OM2 = 4a2 – a2

= 3a2

⇒ OM = 3a

PM a 1
Hence, sin 30° = = = ⇒ cosec 30° = 2
OP 2a 2

OM 3a 3 2
cos 30° = = = ⇒ sec 30° =
OP 2a 2 3

PM a 1
and tan 30° = = = ⇒ cot 30° = 3
OM 3a 3

Table for Trigonometric ratios for an angle of 30°

1
sin 30° = ; cosec 30° = 2
2

cos 30° = 3; sec 30° = 2

2 3

1
tan 30° = ; cot 30° = 3
3

26.6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF AN ANGLE OF 60°

Let a ray OA rotate in an anti-clockwise direction and
make an angle of 60° with its initial position OX at any
interval of time. Take any point P on it. Draw PM ⊥ OX.
Now ∆PMO is a right-angled triangle.
Now produce OM to M′ such that
OM = MM′.
Join PM′, Let OM = a
Now, in ∆PMO and ∆PMM′ Fig. 26.3
PM = PM (Common)
∠PMO = ∠PMM′ (Each is equal to 90°)
OM = MM′ (Construction)
∴ ∆PMO ≅ ∆PMM′ (SAS congruence)
266 Mathematics

∴ ∠POM = ∠PM′M = 60°

⇒ ∆POM′ is an equilateral triangle
∴ OP = PM′ = OM′ = 2a
In right-angled ∆PMO
OP2 = PM2 + OM2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
(2a)2 = (PM)2 + (a)2
⇒ PM2 = 4a2 – a2
= 3a2
⇒ PM = 3a
Hence,

2
sin 60° = PM = 3a = 3 ⇒ cosec 60° =
OP 2a 2 3

OM = a = 1
cos 60° = ⇒ sec 60° = 2
OP 2a 2

PM = 3 1
and tan 60° = ⇒ cot 60° =
OM 3
Table for Trigonometric Ratios for an angle of 60°

3 2
sin 60° = 2 ; cosec 60° =
3
1
cos 60° = ; sec 60° = 2
2
1
tan 60° = 3; cot 60° =
3

26.7 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR ANGLES OF 0° AND 90°

We have defined trigonometric ratios for acute angles 30°, 45° and 60°. For angles of 0° and
90° we shall use the following results, as axioms and will not give any logical proof for them
Table for Trigonometric Ratios for Angles 0° and 90°
sin 0° = 0; cosec 0° = Not defined
cos 0° = 1; sec 0° = 1
tan 0° = 0; cot 0° = Not defined
sin 90° = 1; cosec 90° = 1
cos 90° = 0; sec 90° = Not defined
tan 90° = Not defined; cot 90° = 0
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 267

26.8 AN IMPORTANT TABLE : AN AID TO MEMORY

The values of trigonometric ratios for angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° are quite often used
in solving problems in our day-to-day life. Thus, the following table will enable us to remember
the values of sin θ and cos θ more easily and we will be able to write the values of other
trigonometric ratios by using the existing relation between them.

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Trig. Ratio

0 1 2 3 4
sin θ
4 4 4 4 4

4 3 2 1 0
cos θ
4 4 4 4 4

0 1 2 3
tan θ Not defined
4−0 4 −1 4−2 4−3

3 2 1 0
cot θ Not defined
4−3 4−2 4 −1 4−0

4 4 4 4
cosec θ Not defined
1 2 3 4

4 4 4 4
sec θ Not defined
4 3 2 1

Let us now take some examples to illustrate the use of these trigonometric ratios.
Example 26.1: Find the value of
tan260° – sin230°
Solution : We know that
tan 60° = 3

1
and sin 30° =
2

d 3i − FH 21 IK
2 2
∴ tan260° – sin230° =

1 11
= 3− =
4 4
268 Mathematics

11
Hence, tan260° – sin230° = .
4
Example 26.2 : Find the value of
tan260° cosec245° + sec245° sin30°
Solution : We know that

tan 60° = 3 ; cosec 45° = 2

1
sec 45° = 2 ; sin 30° = 2

∴ tan260° cosec245° + sec245° sin 30°

= d 3i d 2 i + d 2 i
2 2 2 1
2

1
= 3× 2 + 2 ×
2
=6 + 1 = 7
Hence, tan260° cosec245° + sec245° sin 30° = 7
Example 26.3 : Verify that

tan 45° + sec 60° − 2 sin 90° 1

=
cosec 30° cot 45° cos 0° 2
Solution : We know that
tan 45° = 1, cosec 30° =2, sec 60° = 2, cot 45° = 1
sin 90° = 1 and cos 0° = 1
tan 45° + sec 60° − 2 sin 90°
∴ L.H.S. =
cosec 30° cot 45° cos 0°
1 + 2 − 2 ×1
=
2 1 1
1 +2−2 1
= = = R.H.S.
2 2
Example 26.4 : Verify that

4 cot 2 30°+3 sin 2 60°−2 cosec 2 60°− 3 tan 2 30° 10

=
3 4 3
Solution : We know that,

cot 30° = 3
3 , sin 60° = 2 ,
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 269

1
cosec 60° = 2 and tan 30° =
3 3
4 cot 2 30°+3 sin 2 60°−2 cosec 2 60°− 3 tan 2 30°
L.H.S. =
3 4

d i FGH 23 IJK FG IJ FG 1 IJ
2 2 2
4 2
= × +3 −2 2 −3
3
3
H K
3 4 H 3K
4 × 3+ 3× 3 − 2 × 4 − 3 × 1
=
3 4 3 4 3
9 8 1 10
= 4+ − − = = R.H.S.
4 3 4 3
Example 26.5 : Verify that

4 cot 2 60°+ sec 2 30°−2 sin2 45° 4

2 2 =
sin 60°+ cos 45° 3
Solution : We know that

1 2 1
cot 60° = , sec 30° = , sin 45° =
3 3 2

3 1
sin 60° = and cos 45° =
2 2
4 cot 2 60°+ sec 2 30°−2 sin2 45°
L.H.S. =
sin 2 60°+ cos2 45°

4×
FG 1 IJ + FG 2 IJ − 2 × FG 1 IJ
2 2 2

=
H 3K H 3K H 2 K
FG 3 IJ + FG 1 IJ
2 2

H 2 K H 2K
4× 1+ 4 −2× 1
= 3 3 2 = 4 = R.H.S.
3+1 3
4 2
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Example 26.6 : If θ = 30°, verify that
2 tan θ
tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ
Solution : We have θ = 30°
L.H.S = tan 2θ
= tan 60°
= 3
270 Mathematics

2 tan θ 2 tan 30°

R.H.S. = 2 =
1 − tan θ 1 − tan 2 30°

1 2
2× 3
3
= = 1
1−
FG IJ
1
2
1−
H K
3
3

2×3 3
= =
3×2 3
= 3
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Example 26.7 : Taking A = 30°, verify that
sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin3A
Solution : We know that A = 30°
L.H.S. = sin 3A
=sin 90°
=1
R.H.S. = 3 sin A – 4 sin3A
= 3 sin 30° – 4 sin3 30°

= 3× 1 − 4 × 1
2 2
FH IK 3

3−1
= =1
2 2
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 26.1

1. Evaluate each of the following :

(i) sin260° + cos245°

(ii) 2 sin230° – 2 cos245° + tan260°

(iii) 4 sin260° + 3 tan230° – 8 sin 45°cos45°

(iv) 4 (sin430° + cos460°) – 3 (cos245° – 2sin245°)

tan 45° sec 60° 5 sin 90°
(v) cosec 30° + cot 45° − 2 cos 0°
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 271

2. Verify each of the following :

(i) cosec330° × cos 60° × tan345° × sin290° + sec245° × cot30° = 8 3

1 1 7
(ii) tan 2 30°+ sin 2 45°+ cos2 30°+ cot 2 60° =
2 3 6

2 2 2
(iii) 5 sin 30°+ cos 45°−4 tan 30° =
2 sin 30° cos 30°+ tan 45°
5 2− 3
6 d i
3. If ∠A = 30°, verify that

2 tan A
(i) tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A

(ii) cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A

(iii) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A

4. Taking 2A = 60°, find sin 30° and cos 30° using cos 2A = 2 cos2A – 1.

26.9 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

Let XOX' and YOY' be a rectangular system of coordinates. Let A be any point on OX. Let
a ray OA rotate in an anti-clockwise direction and trace an angle θ from its initial position
(x-axis) at any interval of time. Let ∠POM = θ.
Draw PM ⊥ OX.
∆PMO is a right triangle
Also, ∠POM + ∠OPM + ∠PMO = 180°
∠POM + ∠OPM + 90° = 180°
∴ ∠POM + ∠OPM = 90°
⇒ ∠OPM = 90° – ∠θ
i.e. ∠OPM and ∠POM are complementary angles.
Fig. 26.4
In right-angled ∆PMO, we know that

PM OM PM
sin θ = , cos θ = and tan θ =
OP OP OM

OP OP OM
cosec θ = , sec θ = and cot θ =
PM OM PM
For reference angle (90° – θ), we have in right-angled ∆OPM

OM
sin (90° – θ) = = cos θ
OP
272 Mathematics

PM
cos (90° – θ) = = sin θ
OP

OM
tan (90° – θ) = = cot θ
PM

PM
cot (90° – θ) = = tan θ
OM

OP
cosec (90° – θ) = = sec θ
OM

OP
and sec (90° – θ) = = cosec θ
PM
Let us take some examples to illustrate the above
Example 26.8 : Prove that tan 11° = cot 79°.
Solution : We know that,
tan (90° – θ) = cot θ
∴ R.H.S. = cot 79° = cot (90° – 11°)
= tan 11°
= L.H.S.
Example 26.9 : Evaluate sin240° – cos250°.
Solution. We know that,
cos (90° – θ) = sin θ
cos 50° = cos (90 – 40)°
= sin 40°
Hence, sin240° – cos250° = sin240° – sin240° = 0

cos 43° sec 32°

Example 26.10 : Evaluate sin 47° + cosec 58°

Solution : We know that

cos (90° – θ) = sin θ
sin 47° = sin (90° – 43°) = cos 43°
Also cosec 58° = cosec (90° – 32°) = sec 32°

cos 43° + sec 32° cos 43° + sec 32°

∴ =
sin 47° cosec 58° cos 43° sec 32°
=1 + 1 = 2
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 273

Example 26.11 : Show that tan 7°.tan23°.tan60°.tan67°.tan83° = 3

Solution : We know that

tan (90° – θ) = cot θ

and tan 60° = 3

∴ tan 83° = tan (90° – 7°) = cot 7°
Also, tan 67° = tan (90° – 23°) = cot 23°
L.H.S. = tan 7°.tan23°.tan60°.tan67°.tan83°
= tan 7°.tan 23°.tan 60°.cot 23°.cot 7°

= b gb
3 tan 7° .cot 7° tan 23° cot 23° g
= 3 × 1× 1

= 3
= R.H.S.

cos θ + sin θ
Example 26.12 : Prove that
b g
sin 90°−θ cos 90°−θ
=2
b g
Solution : We know that,

sin (90° – θ) = cos θ

and cos (90° – θ) = sin θ

cos θ + sin θ
L.H.S. =
b g
sin 90°−θ cos 90°−θ b g
cos θ + sin θ
= = 1 + 1 = 2 = R.H.S.
cos θ sin θ

sin 90°−θ b
cos 90°−θ
Example 26.13 : Prove that cosec 90°−θ + sec 90°−θ = 1
g b g
b g b g
Solution : We know that

sin (90° – θ) = cos θ

cosec (90° – θ) = sec θ
cos (90° – θ) = sin θ
274 Mathematics

sec (90° – θ) = cosec θ

b
sin 90°−θ g
cos 90°−θ
L.H.S. = cosec 90°−θ + sec 90°−θ
b g
b g b g
cos θ sin θ
= +
sec θ cosec θ

= cos2θ + sin2θ
=1
= R.H.S.
Example 26.14 : Express tan 68° + sec 68° in terms of angles between 0° and 45°.

Solution : We know that

tan (90° – θ) = cotθ

Also, sec (90° – θ) = cosec θ
∴ tan 68° = tan (90° – 22°) = cot 22°
and sec 68° = sec (90° – 22°) = cosec 22°
Hence, tan 68° + sec 68° = cot 22° + cosec 22°

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 26.2

1. Show that

(i) cos 35° = sin 55°

(ii) sin211° – cos279° = 0

(iii) cos251° – sin239° = 0

2. Evaluate each of the following :

cos 75° + sin 12° − cos18°

(i)
sin 15° cos 78° sin 72°

(ii) FH cos
sin 47° I + F cos 43° I
2

43° K H sin 47° K

2
− 4 cos2 45°

cos2 20°+ cos2 70° − cos2 0°

(iii)
sin 2 59°+ sin 2 31°
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 275

3. Prove that
(i) sin θ cos(90° – θ) + cos θ sin (90° – θ) = 1
(ii) cos θ cos (90° – θ) – sin θ sin (90° – θ) = 0

b
cos 90°−θ g1 + sin 90°−θ b
(iii) 1 + sin 90°−θ + cos 90°−θ = 2 cosec θ
g
b g b g
tan 90°−θ b g
(iv) sin (90° – θ) cos (90° – θ) = 1 + tan 2 90°−θ
b g
4. Express each of the following in terms of angles between 0° and 45°.
(i) cos 55° + sin 68°
(ii) cot 75° + cosec 75°
(iii) sec262° + sec269°

26.10 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

We have so far learnt to define trigonometric ratios of an angle. Also, we have learnt to
determine the values of trigonometric ratios of the angles of 30°, 45° and 60°. In this lesson,
we will learn how trigonometry can be used to determine the distance between the objects
(particularly inaccessible ones) or the heights of the objects by taking some examples from
day-to-day life. We shall first define some terms which will be needed in the study of heights
and distances.

26.10.1 Angle of Elevation

Whenever an observer is looking at an object which is at a greater
height than the observer, he has to lift his eyes to see the object;
and an angle of elevation is formed between the line of sight
joining the observers eye to the object. and the horizontal line.
Fig. 26.5
In Fig. 26.5 , ∠θ is the angle of elevation.
26.10.2 Angle of Depression
On the contrary, if the observer, at a height, is looking at an object
at a lesser height, the angle formed between the line of sight and
the line joining eye of the observer to the object is called an angle
of depression. In Fig. 26.6, α is the angle of depression. Fig. 26.6

Example 26.15 : A ladder leaning against a window of a house makes an angle of 60° with
the ground. The length of the ladder is 8 m. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from
the well.
Solution : Let AC be a ladder leaning against the wall AB making an angle of 60° with the
level ground BC.
276 Mathematics

Let BC = x m
Now, in right-angled triangle ABC

BC x
cos 60° = =
AC 8

1 x
⇒ =
2 8
⇒ x=4
Fig. 26.7
Hence, the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall.
Example 26.16 : A balloon is connected to a meteorological ground station by a cable of length
100 m inclined at 60° to the horizontal. Determine the height of the balloon from the ground.
Assume that there is no slack in the cable.
Solution : Let A be the position of the balloon, attached to a string AC of length 100 m which
makes an angle of 60° with the level ground BC.
Let AB = x m
Now, in right-angled ∆ABC

AB = x
sin 60° =
AC 100
3 = x
2 100

⇒ x = 50 × 3 m
= 86.6 m
Hence, the balloon is at a height of 86.6 m. Fig. 26.8

Example 26.17 : The upper part of a tree is broken by the action of wind. The top of the tree
makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal ground. The distance between the base of a tree
and the point where it touches the ground is 10 m. Find the height of the tree.
Solution : Let AB represent a tree. Let C be a point from where the tree was
broken by the action of the wind in two parts upper part makes an angle of 30°
at D with level ground such that BD = 10 m
Let BC = x m
Now, in right-angled ∆CBD

BC = x
tan 30° =
BD 10

1 x
⇒ =
3 10
Fig. 26.9
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 277

10 × 3
x= ...(i)
3
We know that
The height of the tree = BC + CD
Now we shall find CD
In right-angled ∆CBD

BC = x
sin 30° =
DC DC
1 x
⇒ =
2 DC
⇒ DC = 2x
10 3
= 2× [From (i)]
3
20 3
=
3
10 3 20 3
∴ Height of the tree = m+ m
3 3

= 10 3 = 17.32 m.
Example 26.18 : A vertical flagstaff AB stands on a horizontal plane. At a point P, which is
200 m away from its foot, the top of the flagstaff makes an angle APB = 30°, where A is the
top of the flagstaff. Find the length AB of the flagstaff.
Solution : In right-angled ∆ABP

AB = x
tan 30° =
PB 200
1 x
⇒ =
3 200
Fig. 26.10
200
⇒ x=
3

= 200 3 = 2 × 173.2
200 × 3
=
3 3 3

346.4
= = 115.5 m (app.)
3
Hence, the length AB of the flagstaff is 115.5 m. (app.)
278 Mathematics

Example 26.19 : At a point on level ground, the angle θ made by the top of the tower with
it is found to be such that tan θ = 5 12 . On walking 192 m towards the foot of the tower, the
tangent of the angle becomes 3/4. Find the height of the tower.
Solution : Let AB be a tower and C, D be the two positions of the observer such that
CD = 192 m. Let AB = h m and BC = x m.

5 3
We are given that tan θ = and tan C = .
12 4

Now, in right-angled ∆ABC

h
tan C =
x

3 h
= Fig. 26.11
4 x

4h
⇒ x= ...(i)
3
Again, in right-angled ∆ABD

h
tan θ =
192 + x

5 h
=
12 192 + 4 h
3

3h
=
576 + 4 h
⇒ 36 h = 2880 + 20 h
⇒ 16 h = 2880
⇒ h = 180
Hence, the height of the tower is 180 m.
Example 26.20 : Standing on the top of a tower 100 high, Swati observes two cars on the
opposite side of the tower. If their angles of depression are 45° and 60°, find the distance
between the two cars.
Solution : Let PQ be a tower which is 100 m high. Let A and B be the position of the two
cars. Let the angle of depression of the car at A be 60° and for the car at B be 45° as shown
in Fig. 26.12
Now, ∠RPA = ∠PAB = 60°
and ∠SPB = ∠PBQ = 45°
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 279

In right-angled triangle PQB,

PQ 100
tan 45° = QB = QB

100
⇒ 1 = QB ⇒ QB = 100 m

Also, in right-angled ∆PQA

Fig. 26.12
PQ 100
tan 60° = QA = QA

100
3 = QA

100 100 3 100 × 1.732

⇒ QA = = = = 57.74
3 3 3
Hence, the distance between the two cars
= AQ + QB = (100 + 57.74) m = 157.74 m

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 26.3

1. A ladder leaning against a vertical wall makes an angle of 60° with the ground. The foot
of the ladder is at a distance of 3 m from the wall. Find the length of the ladder.
2. At a point 50 m away from the base of a tower, an observer measures the angle of elevation
of the top of the tower to be 60°. Find the height of the tower.
3. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 30° from a point 150 m away from its
base. Find the height of the tower.
4. The string of a kite is 100 m long. It makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal ground.
Find the height of the kite, assuming that there is no slack in the string.
5. A kite is flying at a height of 100 m from the level ground. If the string of kite makes
an angle of 60° with a point on the ground, find the length of the string, assuming that
there is no slack in the string.
6. The angle of elevation of tower at a point is 45°. After going 40 m towards the foot of
the tower, the angle of elevation becomes 60°. Find the height of the tower.
7. Two men are on either side of a cliff which is 80 m high. They observe the angles of
elevation of the top of the cliff to be 30° and 60° respectively. Find the distance between
the two men.

8. One of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle is 18 2 m. If the angle of its vertex is
90°, find the length of the base.
280 Mathematics

9. From the top of a building 60 m high, the angles of depression of the top and bottom
of a tower are observed to be 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower and
its distance from the building.
10. A ladder of length 4 m makes an angle of 30° with the level ground while leaning against
a window of a room. The foot of the ladder is kept fixed on the same point of the level
ground. It is made to lean against a window of another room on its opposite side, making
an angle of 60° with the level ground. Find the distance between these two rooms.

LET US SUM UP
1. The following are the relation between trigonometrical ratios for the complementary
angles :
(i) sin (90° – θ) = cos θ
(ii) cos (90° – θ) = sin θ
(iii) tan (90° – θ) = cot θ
(iv) cosec (90° – θ) = sec θ
(v) sec (90° – θ) = cosec θ
(vi) cot (90° – θ) = tan θ
2. The following table illustrates the values of trigonometric ratios for the angle θ such that
0° ≤ θ ≤ 90° :
Table of Values of Trigonometric Ratios

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

Trig.
Ratio
1 1 3
sin θ 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos θ 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan θ 0 1 3 not defined
3
1
cot θ not defined 3 1 0
3
2
cosec θ not defined 2 2 1
3
2
sec θ 1 2 2 not defined
3
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 281

TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. Find the value of each of the following :
(i) 4cos260° + 4sin245° – sin230°
(ii) sin245° – tan245° + 3(sin290° + tan230°)

5 sin 2 30°+ cos2 45°−4 tan2 30°

(iii)
2 sin 2 30° cos2 30°+ tan 45°

2. Prove that

3 2 5
(i) 2cot230° – 2cos260° – sin 45° – 4sec230° = –
4 24

(ii) 2 sin230° + 2 tan260° – 5 cos245° = 4

(iii) cos 60° cos 45° + sin 60° sin 45° = sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
3. It θ = 30°, verify that

2 tan θ
(i) tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ

2 tan θ
(ii) sin 2θ =
1 + tan 2 θ

(iii) cos 2θ = 2 cos2θ – 1

4. If ∠A = 60° and ∠B = 30°, verify that
(i) sin (A – B) ≠ sin A – sin B
(ii) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
5. Prove that
(i) sin 20° sin 70° – cos 20° cos 70° = 0
(ii) sin A sin (90° – A) – cos A cos (90° – A) = 0

(iii)
b g b
sin 90°− A cos 90°− A g
= sin2(90° – A)
tan A

(iv) tan 20°. tan 35°. tan45°. tan55°.tan70° = 1

b
cos 90°− A g
1 + sin 90°− A b g
b g
(v) 1 + sin 90°− A + cos 90°− A
b g
= 2 sec (90° – A)
282 Mathematics

6. The length of a string without slack, between a kite and a point on the ground is 150
m. If the string makes an angle θ with the horizontal plane such at sin θ = 4 15 , determine
the height of the kite.
7. A ladder leaning against a vertical wall makes an angle θ with the ground such that
tan θ = 4 3 . The foot of the ladder is 3 m away from the wall. Determine the length of
the ladder.
8. Two pillars of equal height stand on either side of a roadway which is 150 m wide. At
a point on the roadway between the pillars, the elevation of the top of the pillars are 60°
and 30°. Find the height of the pillars and the position of the point.
9. An observer standing 40 m from a building notices that the angles of elevation of the
top and bottom of a flagstaff, which is surmounted on the building, are 60° and 45°
respectively. Find the height of the tower and the flag staff.
10. From the top of a hill, the angle of depression of two consecutive kilometer stones due
east are found to be 30° and 60°. Find the height of the hill.
Trigonometric Ratios of some Special Angles 283

ANSWERS

Check Your Progress 26.1

5 5
1. (i) (ii) (iii) 0 (iv) 2 (v) 0
4 2

1
4. sin 30° = ; cos 30° = 3
2 2

Check Your Progress 26.2

2. (i) 1 (ii) 0 (iii) 0
4. (i) sin 35° + cos 22°
(ii) tan 15° + sec 15°
(iii) cosec228° + cosec221°

Check Your Progress 26.3

1. 6 m 2. 86.6 m 3. 86.6 m 4. 86.6 m 5. 115.46 m
6. 94.64 m 7. 184.75 m 8. 36 m 9. 25.35 m 10. 5.46 m.

Terminal Exercise

11 7 40
1. (i) (ii) (iii)
4 2 121

6. 40 m 7. 5 m 8. 64.95 m, 37.5 m
9. 40 m, 29.28 m
10. 433 m