Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
X-RAY EMISSIONS
1. Emitted through a window in the glass or metal enclosure of the x-ray tube in the form of a spectrum of energies
Answer: x-rays
5. The intensity of the x-ray beam of an x-ray imaging system is measured in _____
Answer: milligray in air (mGya) [formerly milliroentgen (mR)]
10. Most general-purpose radiographic tubes, when operated at approximately ______kVp , produce x-ray intensities of
approximately 50 μGya/mAs (5 mR/mAs) at a 100-cm source-to-image receptor distance (SID)
Answer: 70 kVp
11. The factors that affect x-ray quantity also affect ______ of the Image receptor similarly.
Answer: Exposure
14. When mAs is doubled, what happens to the number of electrons striking the tube target and to the number of x-rays emitted?
Answer: doubled
17. The radiographic technique for a kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) examination uses 74 kVp/60 mAs. The result is a patient
exposure of 2.5 mGya (250 mR). What will be the exposure if the mAs can be reduced to 45 mAs?
18. mAs is just a measure of the total number of _____ that travel from cathode to anode to produce x-rays
Answer: Electrons
mAs = mA x s
= mC/s x s where C (coulomb) is a measure of electrostatic charges
= mC 1 C = 6.25 × 1018 electrons
19. A radiograph is made at 74 kVp/100 mAs. How many electrons interact with the target?
Answer:
100 mAs = 100 mC
= 6.25 x 1017 electrons
20. If the radiographic output intensity is 62 μGya/mAs (6.2 mR/mAs), how many electrons are required to produce 10 μGya?
Answer:
62 μGya/mAs = 62 μGya/mAs/6.25 × 1015 electrons
Stated inversely,
6.25 × 1015 electrons/62 μGya/mAs = 1 × 1015 electrons/ μGya
23. if kVp were doubled, the x-ray intensity would increase by a factor of _____
Answer: four (4)
25. A lateral chest technique calls for 110 kVp, 10 mAs and results in an x-ray intensity of 0.32 mGya (32 mR). What will be the
intensity if the kVp is increased to 125 kVp and the mAs remains fixed?
26. An extremity is examined through a technique of 58 kVp/8 mAs, resulting in an entrance skin exposure (ESE) of 240 μGya. If the
technique is changed to 54 kVp/8 mAs to improve contrast, what will be the x-ray quantity?
29. As kVp is increased, what happens to the penetrability of the x-ray beam and how many x-rays are absorbed in the patient?
Answer: Penetrability of x-ray beam increased; relatively fewer x-rays are absorbed
30. As kVp is _____, more x-rays go through the patient and interact with the image receptor
Answer: increased
31. To maintain a constant exposure of the image receptor, an increase of ___% in kVp should be accompanied by a reduction of
_____ in mAs
Answer: 15%; one half (0.5)
32. A radiographic technique calls for 80 kVp/30 mAs and results in 1.4 mGya. What is the expected ESE if the kVp is increased to 92
kVp (+15%) and the mAs reduced by one half to 15 mAs?
33. Increasing kVp and reducing mAs, what happens to the patient dose?
Answer: reduced
37. Mobile radiography is conducted at 100 cm SID and results in an exposure of 0.13 mGy a (13 mR) at the image receptor. If 91 cm
is the maximum SID that can be obtained for a particular examination, what will be the image receptor exposure?
38. A posteroanterior (PA) chest examination (120 kVp/3 mAs) with a dedicated x-ray imaging system is taken at an SID of 300 cm.
The exposure at the image receptor is 0.12 mGya (12 mR). If the same technique is used at a SID of 100 cm, what will be the x-
ray exposure?
39. When SID is increased, mAs must be increased by _____ to maintain constant exposure to the image receptor
Answer: SID2
where mAs1 is the technique at SID1, and mAs2 is the technique at SID2
42. What should be the new mAs in the previous question to reduce the x-ray quantity to 0.12 mGya at 100 cm?
43. X-ray imaging systems have metal filters, usually __ to __ mm of aluminum (Al), positioned in the useful beam
Answer: 1 to 5 mm Al
45. _____ energy x-rays contribute nothing useful to the image and only increase the _____ unnecessarily because they are
absorbed in superficial tissues and do not penetrate to reach the image receptor
Answer: low- energy x-rays; patient dose
46. Adding _____ to the useful x-ray beam reduces patient dose
Answer: filtration
49. The disadvantage of x-ray beam filtration can be reduced image contrast when using screen film caused by _____
Answer: X-ray beam hardening
50. X-ray beam hardening increases the number of _____ energy x-rays in the beam by removing the _____-energy nonpenetrating
x-rays
Answer: high-enegy x-rays; low-energy x-rays
51. Refers to the ability of x-rays to penetrate deeper in tissue or pass through tissue
Answer: Penetrability
52. As the energy of an x-ray beam is increased, what happens to the penetrability?
Answer: increases
53. _____-energy x-rays are able to penetrate tissue more deeply than _____-energy x-rays
Answer: high; low
57. Although x-rays are attenuated exponentially, _____ x-rays are more penetrating than _____ x-rays
Answer: high; low
58. Whereas 100-keV x-rays are attenuated at the rate of approximately ___%/cm of soft tissue, 10-keV x-rays are attenuated at
approximately ___%/cm of soft tissue
59. X-rays of any given energy are more penetrating in material of _____ atomic number than in material of _____ atomic number
Answer: low; high
60. Refers to the reduction in x-ray intensity that results from absorption and scattering
Answer: Attenuation
63. A diagnostic x-ray beam usually has an HVL in the range of ___ to ____ mm Al or ___ to ___ cm of soft tissue.
Answer: 3 to 5 mm Al; 3 to 6 cm
64. The _____ of an x-ray beam is the thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the x-ray intensity to half of its original
value
Answer: HVL
The HVL is determined experimentally, with a setup consists of three principal parts
Answer:
a. x-ray tube
b. radiation detector
c. graded thicknesses of filters, usually Al
65. A radiation measurement is made with no filter between the _____ and the _____
Answer: x-ray tube and radiation detector
66. Measurements of radiation intensity are made for successively thicker sections of filter. The thickness of filtration that reduces
the x-ray intensity to half of its original value is the _____
Answer: HVL
67. The following data were obtained with the radiographic tube operated at 70 kVp, while the detector was positioned 100 cm
from the target with 1.0-mm Al filters inserted between the target and the detector. Estimate the HVL from observation of this
data. Then plot the data to see how close you were.
mm Al 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
μGya 1.18 0.82 0.63 0.51 0.38 0.29
Answer:
One half of 1.18 μGya is 0.59 μGya; therefore, the HVL must be between 2 and 3 mm of Al. A plot of the data shows the HVL to
be 2.4 mm Al
69. Different combinations of _____ and _____ can result in the same x-ray beam HVL
Answer: Added filtration and kVp
71. X-ray beam quality can be identified by kVp or filtration, but _____ is most appropriate
Answer: HVL
72. The ideally filtered x-ray beam would be _____energetic because such a beam would further reduce the patient dose
Answer: monoenergetic
73. It is desirable to remove totally all x-rays _____ a certain energy determined by the type of x-ray examination
Answer: below
74. To improve image contrast, it is also desirable to remove x-rays with energies _____ a certain level
Answer: above
Unfortunately, such removal of regions of an x-ray beam is not normally possible
76. Material of choice for filtration efficient in removing low-energy x-rays through the photoelectric effect and because it is readily
available, inexpensive, and easily shaped
Answer: Aluminum (Z = 13)
79. What are the two components of filters of the diagnostic x-ray beam?
Answer:
a. Inherent filtration
b. Added filtration
80. The glass or metal enclosure of an x-ray tube filters the emitted x-ray beam. This type of filtration is called
Answer: Inherent filtration
81. Inspection of an x-ray tube reveals that the part of the glass or metal enclosure through which x-rays are emitted—the
window—is very thin. This provides for _____ inherent filtration
Answer: low
82. The inherent filtration of a general purpose x-ray tube is approximately ____ mm Al equivalent
Answer: 0.5 mm Al
83. With age, inherent filtration tends to _____ because some of the tungsten metal of both the target and filament is vaporized
and is deposited on the inside of the window
Answer: increase
84. Special-purpose tubes, such as those used in mammography, have very thin x-ray tube windows, sometimes made of _____
rather than glass and have an inherent filtration of approximately _____ mm Al
Answer: beryllium (Z = 4); 0.1 mm Al
88. The addition of a filter to an x-ray beam attenuates x-rays of all energies emitted, but it attenuates a greater number of _____-
energy x-rays than _____-energy x-rays
Answer: low; high
89. Added filtration shifts the x-ray emission spectrum to the high energy side, resulting in an x-ray beam with _____ energy, _____
penetrability, and _____ quality
Answer: higher; greater; better
90. The HVL increases, but the extent of increase in the HVL cannot be predicted even when the _____ of added filtration is known
Answer: thickness
91. Because added filtration attenuates the x-ray beam, it affects _____
Answer: x-ray quantity
This value can be predicted if the HVL of the beam is known
92. The addition of filtration equal to the beam HVL reduces the beam quantity to its prefiltered value and results in a _____ x-ray
beam quality
Answer: higher
93. An x-ray imaging system has an HVL of 2.2 mm Al. The exposure is 20 μGy a/mAs (2 mR/mAs) at 100 cm SID. If 2.2 mm Al is
added to the beam, what will be the x-ray exposure?
Answer:
This is an addition of one HVL; therefore, the x-ray exposure will be 10 μGya/mAs (1 mR/mAs)
95. One of the most difficult tasks facing radiographers is producing an image with a _____ intensity when a body part is examined
that varies greatly in thickness or tissue composition
Answer: Uniform
96. Filter that compensates for differences in subject radiopacity; used in producing an image with uniform intensity or when a
body part is examined that varies greatly in thickness or tissue composition is called
Answer: Compensating filter
97. Compensating filters are nearly always constructed of _____, but plastic materials also can be used
Answer: Al
99. The wedge filter is principally used during radiography of a body part, such as the foot, that varies considerably in _____
Answer: thickness
102. Compensating filters are useful for maintaining _____. They are not radiation protection devices.
Answer: image quality
103. As mAs increases, what happens to x-ray quantity and image receptor exposure?
Answer: increases
104. As kVp increases, what happens to x-ray quantity and image receptor exposure?
Answer: increases
105. As distance increases, what happens to x-ray quantity and image receptor exposure?
Answer: reduced
106. As filtration increases, what happens to x-ray quantity and image receptor exposure?
Answer: reduced