RT 303 – RADIOLOGIC PHYSICS

NOTES

Fractions – is a ratio of 2 numbers

½ = 0.5 = 50%
1/3 = 0.33 = 33%
¼ = 0.25 = 25%
¾ = 0.75 = 75%
5/8 = 0.625 = 62.5%
1/5 = 0.20 = 20%
1/8 = 0.125 = 12.5%

Addition of fraction
½ + 2/3 = 3/6 + 4/6 = 7/6
 It should have the same denominator, if different look for least common denominator

Multiplication of fraction
½ X 2/3 = 2/6
 Multiply the numerator and denominator

Division of fraction
½  2/3 = ½ X 3/2 = 3/4
 Reciprocal of the second fraction

Scientific Notation
0.00000000001 = 1.0 X 10-10 (move decimal places to the right for negative exponent)
300000000 = 3 X 108 (move decimal places to the left for positive exponent)

3.0 X 105 + 1.0 X 5 = 4.0 X 105

 Adding numbers with same exponent – exponent will remain

105 X 10-3 = 105+(-3) = 102

 In multiplication, exponent should be add

105  10-3 = 105-(-3) = 108

 In division, the exponent should be subtracted

Three (3) basic physical quantities

 Length (l) – Unit: meter (m)
 Mass (m) – Unit: Kilogram (Kg)
 Time (t) – Unit: second (s)
Velocity
V = d/t – Unit: m/s

Acceleration
a = Vf – Vi /t – Unit: m/s2

Newton’s Law
Law of Inertia
 Object at rest will be at rest
 Net + balance force

F = ma  kg.m/s2 (Newton)
aF
a  1/m
a  F/m

Work
 Force due to gravity

W = Fg = mg (g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s 2)

Physics
 Is the study of matter and energy and their interaction

Matter
 Is anything that occupies space and has mass

Mass
 Is the quantity of matter contained in an object
 It is the measure of inertia of a body or the resistance to acceleration

Energy
 Is the ability or capacity to do work

Classification of Physical Quantities

 Scalar Quantities – quantities that have magnitude only (ex. mass, temperature,
distance, speed, energy)
 Vector Quantities – quantities that have both magnitude and direction (ex. velocity,
displacement, force, momentum)

Mechanics
 Is the study of motion of objects
Velocity
 Is the time rate of change of position of an object
 V = d/t (Unit: m/s)

Newton’s Law of Motion

 Law of Inertia
 Law of Force and Acceleration
 Action-Reaction Law

Force = mass x acceleration

F = ma (Unit: kg.m/s2)

Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity

W = mg (where: g = 9.8m/s2)

Momentum (p)
 Is the product of the mass of an object and its velocity
 P = mv (Unit: kg.m/s)

Work
 Is equal to the force used over a distance
 W = Fd (Unit: N-m or Joule (J)

Power (P)
 Is the time rate of doing work, that is the work performed over time
 P = W/t in J/s or watt (W)

Kinetic Energy (EK)

 Is energy due to motion of an object
 EK = ½ mv2 (Unit: N-m or J)

Potential Energy (EP)

 Is the energy by virtue of the objects position
 EP = Wh or Ep = mgh (Unit: N-m or J)

Temperature
 Is the measure of degree of hotness or coldness of a substance
C = 5/9 (F-32)
F = 9/5 C + 32
K = C + 273
Standard Scientific Notation, Prefixes, and Symbols
1018 – Exa – E
1015 – Peta – P
1012 – Tera – T
109 – Giga – G
106 – Mega – M
103 – Kilo – k
102 – hecto – h
101 – deka – da
10-1 – deci – d
10-2 – centi – c
10-3 – milli – m
10-6 – micro - 
10-9 – nano – n
10-12 – pico – p
10-15 – femto – f
10-18 – atto – a

Centuries of Discoveries of Atom

Greek Atom
 Earliest reference of the atom comes from Greek
 They thought all matters was composed of 4 substances (Earth, water, air, fire)
 This substances were modified by 4 basic essences (wet, dry, hot, cold)
 For them, the term atom is indivisible, describe the smallest part of 4 basic structures

108 elements – have been identified

92 elements – naturally occurring
16 elements – artificially produced in high energy particle accelerator

Atom
