Contents

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS..........................................................................................................................3
Inverting Op-Amplifier.............................................................................................................................3
Non-Inverting amplifier...........................................................................................................................4
COMPONENTS USED....................................................................................................................................4
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS................................................................................................................5
GRAPH.........................................................................................................................................................5

1
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Operational amplifiers along with resistors, capacitors etc. are the components that form the core basics
of Electronic Devices. They are linear devices with fully functional attitude towards DC ideal input.
Operational Amplifiers are the three terminal devices,

1. Inverting Pin (Vin -)

2. Non-inverting pin (V non-inv +)
3. Vout

The third terminal represents the Operational Amplifiers output port which can both sink and source
either a voltage or a current. In a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the amplification
factor, known as the amplifiers gain (A) multiplied by the value of the input signal.

Depending on the terminal where input is given there can be two classifications to Op-Amps.

Inverting Op-Amplifier
If the input (Vin) is given at the Inverting pin while the non-inverting pin is kept grounded. In an Inverting
Amplifier circuit the operational amplifier is connected with feedback to produce a closed loop
operation.

There are two very important rules to remember about inverting operational amplifiers

 No current flows into the input terminal

 V1 always equals V2

Gain of Inverting Amplifier:

Vout Rf
Gain(Av) = Vin = - Rin

The output gain of this configuration is negative. That is the output signal is inverted or 90 degrees out
of phase with input signal.
Non-Inverting amplifier
If the input (Vin) is given at the Non-Inverting pin while the inverting pin is kept grounded.

Gain of Non-Inverting Amplifier:

Where,

Rf=R1

Rin=R2

Vout Rf
Gain(Av) = Vin = 1+ Rin

COMPONENTS USED
 Resistors
 Op-Amp IC
 Battery source
 Function generator
 oscilloscope

The pin configuration of the IC is

V+ =Vcc+ = +12V
 V- =Vcc- = -12V

Pin number 2 is used for the case of Inverting op-amp and Pin number 3 is used for the case of
Non-Inverting op-amp.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS

The theoretical gain is calculated using the above mentioned formulae. Whereas the observed gain is
simply the ratio of output to input i.e. Av=(Vout/Vin)

The gains of the inverting op-amp in the table cater for their Vp-p value only. However, an inverted signal
was observed that was phase shifted. A negative sign with output voltages is to represent the inversion.

Amplifier Rf Ri Voltage Gain

Type (kΩ) (Ω) (Vp-p) Av
Input Output Theoretical Observed
Non- Inverting 1.5 150 0.5 5.8 11 11.6
Op-Amp 1.2 180 0.5 3.9 7.6 7.8
5.6 680 0.5 4.7 9.2 9.4
3 390 0.5 4.3 8.6 8.8
Inverting 1.5 150 0.5 -5.3 -10 -10.6
Op-Amp 1.2 180 0.5 -3.5 -6.6 -7
5.6 680 0.5 -4.5 -8.2 -9
3 390 0.5 -3.9 -7.6 -7.8

GRAPH
Plot the graphs between the actual and theoretical gains at different Rf and Ri ratios.

clc
clear all
a=[-7,-7.8,-9,-10.6];
b=[-6.6,-7.6,-8.2,-10];
c=[7.8,8.8,9.4,11.6];
d=[7.6,8.6,9.2,11];
subplot(211);
plot(a,b);
title('inverting amplifier');
legend('actual gain verses theoretical gain ');
xlabel('actual gain ');
ylabel('theoretical gain ');

subplot (212);
plot(c,d);
title('noninverting amplifier');
legend('actual gain verses theoretical gain');
xlabel('actual gain ');
ylabel('theoretical gain ');

inverting amplifier
-6
actual gain verses theoretical gain
theoretical gain

-7

-8

-9

-10
-11 -10.5 -10 -9.5 -9 -8.5 -8 -7.5 -7
actual gain
noninverting amplifier
11
actual gain verses theoretical gain
theoretical gain

10

7
7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12
actual gain