Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
METHODS
AR. RAMON R. DUEÑA, JR., uap
INSTRUCTOR
PRIMARY TEXTBOOK
ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH METHODS
2 ND EDITION
LINDA GROAT & DAVID WANG
REFERENCES:
BSArch/MArch MS PhD
DESIGN
RESEARCH
Systems Of Inquiry
DOMAIN OF ARCHITECTURAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN DEFINED
- “COURSE OF ACTION AIMED AT CHANGING EXISTING
SITUATIONS INTO PREFERRED ONES.” – Herbert Simon
- “CONVERTS INDETERMINATE SITUATIONS TO
DETERMINATE ONES.” – Donald Schon
- GENERATIVE
RESEARCH DEFINED
• “SYSTEMATIC INQUIRY DIRECTED TOWARD THE
CREATION OF KNOWLEDGE.” – James Snyder
PRIMARY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DESIGN AND
RESEARCH
FACETS OF DESIGN RESEARCH
DIFFERENCE
CONTRIBUTION PROPOSAL FOR ARTIFACT KNOWLEDGE and/or
(From small-scale to large- APPLICATION THAT IS
scale interventions) GENERALIZABLE (in
diverse epistemological
terms)
THEORY
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH METHODS
THE SYSTEMATIC DESIGN MODEL
• B. THEORETICAL PURPOSE
I. IS IT TO CREATE A NEW THEORY?
II. DOES IT EXPAND AN EXISTING THEORY BY:
a. REFINING IT
b. APPLYING IT TO NEW VENUES
III. IF THE PROJECT CULMINATES IN A DESIGN, HOW DOES THAT RELATE TO
THE USE OF THEORY
SYSTEMS OF INQUIRY
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH
PURPOSES PURPOSES
1. MOTIVATION 1. THEORY
2. AUDIENCE 2. APPLICATION
3. IMPACT
RESEARCH
QUESTION
WHY AM I DOING THIS RESEARCH?
“…..The research question alone will not produce links to
methods unless the question is thought through seriously,
as well as iteratively, and becomes reflective of purpose.
In other words, the research question is necessary but not
sufficient to determine methodology. By considering the
question and purpose iteratively, one can get to a design
or set of designs that more clearly reflect the INTENT of
the question.”
- Newman et al. Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research.
• THE STATED RESEARCH PURPOSES
• THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN
CONTEXTUAL PURPOSES
• WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH PROJECT?
(MOTIVATION)
• PRACTICAL MANDATE
• PERSONAL INTEREST
• WHO IS THE AUDIENCE?
• WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL OR LIKELY IMPACT OF THIS RESEARCH?
• WHAT DO I HOPE TO ACCOMPLISH BY DOING THIS RESEARCH?
• WILL MY AUDIENCE COME TO THINK DIFFERENTLY ABOUT THE TOPIC OF
MY RESEARCH?
• WILL PEOPLE BE MORE INCLINED TO TAKE ACTION REGARDING A
PARTICULAR SITUATION? PERHAPS WITH RESPECT TO A DESIGN
PROCESS OR DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT?
RESEARCH PURPOSES : THEORY
• “THEORIA” - TO BEHOLD, TO CONTEMPLATE, FROM A REMOVED DISTANCE.
• “PRAXIS” - ACTION OR ACTIVITY
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
RESEARCH
QUESTION
STRATEGIES
TACTICS
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY VS. LITERATURE REVIEW
• ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES DEMONSTRATE KNOWLEDGE OF THE
GENERAL LITERATURE RELEVANT FOR THE RESEARCHER’S AREA OF INTEREST.
• LITERATURE REVIEWS
SYNTHESIZE THEMES WITHIN THAT LITERATURE
ASSESSMENT & CRITIQUE OF EXISTING PERSPECTIVES BUT
OFFER NEW IDEAS
ORIGINAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• PROCESS
“What factors spurred her informers to live in off-grid
homes?”
“What traits do folks who live in off-grid, naturally built
homes share in common, if any?”
THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
THEORETICAL
CONCERNED WITH DEVELOPING, EXPLORING OR TESTING THE
THEORIES OR IDEAS THAT RESEARCHERS HAVE ABOUT HOW
THE WORLD OPERATES
EMPIRICAL
BASED ON OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF REALITY
– ON WHAT WE PERCEIVE OF THE WORLD AROUND US
NOMOTHETIC
REFERS TO LAWS OR RULES THAT PERTAIN TO THE GENERAL
CASE („NOMOS‟ IN GREEK).
IN CONTRAST TO THE TERM IDIOGRAPHIC („IDIOS‟ IN GREEK)
WHICH REFERS TO LAWS OR RULES THAT APPLIES TO THE
INDIVIDUAL
PROBABILISTIC
BASED ON PROBABILITIES
CAUSAL
CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
PHILOSOPHY OF RESEARCH
STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH
BROAD AREA OF INTEREST
• THE INITIAL PROBLEM THAT THE RESEARCHER WISHES TO
STUDY
EXAMPLE: HOW TO USE COMPUTERS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF
STUDENTS IN MATHEMATICS
HYPOTHESIS
DESCRIBES IN OPERATIONAL TERMS EXACTLY WHAT WE
THINK WILL HAPPEN IN THE STUDY
EXAMPLE: THE METROPOLITAN SUPPORTED
EMPLOYMENT PROGRAM WILL SIGNIFICANTLY
INCREASE RATES OF EMPLOYMENT AFTER SIX MONTHS
FOR PERSONS WHO ARE NEWLY EMPLOYED (AFTER
BEING OUT OF WORK FOR AT LEAST ONE YEAR)
COMPARED WITH PERSONS WHO RECEIVE NO
COMPARABLE PROGRAM
POSITIVISM & POST-POSITIVISM
EPISTEMOLOGY
GREEK „EPISTЀMЀ‟ MEANING KNOWLEDGE
PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWLEDGE OR OF HOW WE COME TO KNOW
METHODOLOGY
FOCUSED ON THE PRACTICE – THE METHODS - OF HOW WE
COME TO KNOW.
POSITIVISM
THE GOAL OF KNOWLEDGE IS SIMPLY TO DESCRIBE THE
PHENOMENA THAT WE EXPERIENCE
PURPOSE OF SCIENCE IS TO STICK TO WHAT WE CAN
OBSERVE AND MEASURE
BELIEVES IN EMPIRICISM - OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT
WAS THE CORE OF THE SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOR
POST-POSITIVISM
SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND COMMON SENSE REASONING
ARE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME PROCESS
COMMON FORM OF POST-POSITIVIST PHILOSOPHY
CRITICAL REALISM
THERE IS A REALITY INDEPENDENT OF OUR
THINKING ABOUT IT THAT SCIENCE CAN STUDY
CRITICAL OF OUR ABILITY TO KNOW REALITY WITH
CERTAINTY
CONSTRUCTIVIST
WE EACH CONSTRUCT OUR VIEW OF THE WORLD
BASED ON OUR PERCEPTIONS OF IT
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
TRAITS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
HISTORY RESEARCH BRINGS INTO VIEW SOMETHING FROM
THE PAST
INTERPRETATION
NARRATIVE
THE CULTURAL TURN
ATTENTION PAID TO GENDER ISSUES
THE INFLUENCE OF MICHEL FOUCAULT‟S WORK ON
POWER, KNOWLEDGE, AND REGIMES OF TRUTH IN
RELATION TO SOCIAL HISTORY
A DEPARTURE FROM THE FRENCH “ANNALES” APPROACH
TO HISTORY, WHICH WAS AN EARLIER „TURN‟ AWAY FROM
NARROW POLITICAL HISTORY TO A BROADER VARIETY OF
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES, INCLUDING THE
CULTURAL OUTLOOK OF PERIODS
THE EMERGENCE OF CULTURAL STUDIES AS A FOCUS OF
HISTORY RESEARCH
AN ACTIVE DIALOGUE BETWEEN ANTHROPOLOGY AND
HISTORY
THE CULTURAL TURN – TURN FROM MACROHISTORIES TO PAYING
GREATER ATTENTION TO SMALLER SEGMENTS: TO THE LIVES,
AND SIGNIFICANTLY, TO THE EXPERIENCES OF LITTLE PEOPLE.
THE CULTURAL TURN VALUES WHAT IS STORED IN MEMORIES AND
SUBJECTIVE “GEOGRAPHIES”
STRATEGY OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH:
HISTORICAL NARRATIVE
3 PERSPECTIVES OF HISTORICAL NARRATIVE
o HISTORY AS CONSTRUCTED OF NARRATIVE SENTENCES
A narrative sentence is one that involves two situations
separated by time
“The faith of the Lloyd Joneses was more than just a religion
for Wright; it also schooled him in the moral rhetoric that
would forever shape his speech and writing.”
–William Cronon on Fank Lloyd Wright
o HISTORICAL NARRATIVES IN RELATION TO LITERARY
CONSTRUCTIONS
“Every work of history displays…features which strongly
support the claim that history is a species of the genus
Story.” -W. B. Gallie
• History, like all stories and all imaginative literature, is as
much a journey as an arrival, as much an approach as a
result…
• History as story is, first, itself a MODE of
knowledge….second, is something human beings participate
in even as we organize our lives.
• LEVELS OF NARRATION:
• FORM OF CONTENT - “facts” of a set of events
• SUBSTANCE OF EXPRESSION – “plot-type” of the
contents narrated by the historian.
o ROLE OF IMAGINATION & COMPREHENSION IN HISTORICAL
NARRATIVES