PREPARED BY

GOPALA KRISHNA PALEPU

ADE/MRT(PROTECTION)
 BUSBAR ARRANGEMENTS
¾ SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM.
¾ SINGLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.
¾ SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM.
¾ DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM.
¾ DOUBLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.
¾ DOUBLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM.
¾ DOUBLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS WITH
SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.
¾ ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM
1. 3CTs METHOD
2. 4CTs METHOD
3. 5CTs METHOD
4. 6CTs METHOD
¾ ONE & HALF BREAKER WITH SECTIONALISER
SYSTEM
 SINGLE BUS SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2

BAY2 BAY5 MAIN BUSBAR

BAY1 BAY3 BAY4 BAY6

FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

 SINGLE BUS SYSTEM

MAIN BUSBAR

1-89 2-89 3-89 4-89

1-52 CB 2-52 CB 3-52 CB 4-52 CB

3 1-CT 3 2-CT 3 3-CT 3 4-CT

1-89 L 2-89 T 3-89 L 4-89 T

LINE-1 LINE-2

T/F-1 T/F-2
 SINGLE BUS SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Simple in Design 1. In case of bus fault or bus bar
2. Easy Maintenance isolator fault or maintenance
3. Less Expenditure Total Substation is out of
service.
4. Good Appearance
2. In case of maintenance of
transformer circuit breaker the
associated transformer has also
to be shut-down. Similarly for
Line also.
SINGLE BUS WITH CB SECTIONALISER SYSTEM

T/F-1 T/F-2

CB SECTIONALISER MAIN BUSBAR

BAY2 BAY5
BAY1 BAY3 BAY4 BAY6

FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

SINGLE BUS WITH CB SECTIONALISER SYSTEM
BUS SECTIONALISER
BUS-1 3-89 A 3-52 CB 3-89 B BUS-2

3
3A-CT 3B-CT
1-89 2-89 4-89 5-89

1-52 CB 2-52 CB 4-52 CB 5-52 CB

3 1-CT 3 2-CT 3 4-CT 3 5-CT

1-89 L 2-89 T 4-89 L 5-89 T

LINE-1 LINE-2

T/F-1 T/F-2
SINGLE BUS WITH CB SECTIONALISER SYSTEM

In this, Main Bus is divided into two sections with

a Circuit Breaker and isolators in between the
adjoining sections. One complete section can be
taken out for Maintenance without disturbing the
continuity of other section. Even if a fault occurs
on one section of the Bus, that faulty section
along will be isolated while the other section
continues to be in service.
 SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2

TRANSFER BUS

BUS-1 TRANSFER BUS COUPLER

BAY1 BAY2 BAY3 BAY4 BAY5 BAY6 BAY7

FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
AUX BUS

TRANSFER BUS COUPLER

1-89 B 2-89 B 3-89 B 4-89 B 5-89 B

1-89 L 2-89 T 3-CT3 4-89 L 5-89 T

1-52 CB 2-52 CB 3-52 CB 4-52 CB 5-52 CB

1-89A 2-89A 3-89A 4-89A 5-89A

MAIN BUSBAR
1-CT 3 2-CT 3 4-CT 3 5-CT 3

LINE-1 LINE-2

T/F-1 T/F-2
SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

With this arrangement, all the feeders are normally

on the Main Bus Bar. If at any time, a Line Circuit
Breaker Maintenance is required, that particular
feeder, can be transferred on to the Transfer Bus.
The feeder protection thus gets transferred to trip
Transfer Bus Coupler Breaker. On fault occurrence
or maintenance, entire bus becomes de-energised.
Salient features:-
Only one Circuit at a time can be transferred on the
Transfer Bus.
For Maintenance or on fault occurrence, total Bus
becomes dead.
 DOUBLE MAIN BUS SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2

BAY1 BAY2 BAY3 BAY4 BAY5 BAY7 BAY8 BUS-1

BUS COUPLER
BUS-2

FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

 DOUBLE MAIN BUS SYSTEM
BUS -2

BUS COUPLER
1-89 B 2-89 B 3-89 B 4-89 B 5-89 B

1-89 A 2-89 A 4-89 A 5-89 A

3B-CT3
BUS -1 3-89 A
1-52 CB 2-52 CB 3-52 CB 4-52 CB 5-52 CB

1-CT3 2-CT 3 3A-CT 3 4-CT 3 5-CT 3

1-89 L 2-89 T 4-89 L 5-89 T

LINE-1 LINE-2
T/F-1 T/F-2
 DOUBLE BUS SYSTEM

Salient features:-
This has got flexibility of transferring any Circuit
to any of the Bus.
For Maintenance or on fault occurrence on one
Bus, then only that Bus becomes dead, while the
other Bus remains in service.
For Maintenance of a Circuit Breaker, that
particular Circuit has to be taken out of service.
To overcome this, an additional bypass isolator is
provided as indicated in figure below.
 DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISO SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2

BAY1 BAY2 BAY4 BAY6 BAY7

BUS COUPLER
BUS-1

BUS-2 BAY3 BAY5

WHEN ANY CB PROBLEM OR FOR

PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE THEN ALL
OTHER FEEDERS SHIFTED TO
ANOTHER BUS OF FAULTED CB BUS
AND CLOSE THE BYPASS ISOLATOR,
THEN PROTECTION IS SHIFTED TO BUS
COUPLER AND OPEN THE FAULTY CB.
FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4
DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

T/F-1 T/F-2

BUS-1

BUS COUPLER
BUS-2

TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER
BAY3 BAY4 BAY5
BAY1 BAY2 TRANSFER BUS BAY6 BAY7 BAY8

FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER3 FEEDER4

 DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
BUS -2

BUS COUPLER
1-89 B 2-89 B 3-89 B 4-89 B 5-89 B 6-89 B

1-89 A 2-89 A 4-89 A 5-89 A 6-89 A

3B-CT3
BUS -1 3-89 A
1-52 CB 2-52 CB 3-52 CB 4-52 CB 5-52 CB 6-52 CB

4-CT3
1-89 L 2-89 T 3A-CT 3 4-89 C
5-89 L 6-89 T

1-89 C 2-89 C 5-89 C 6-89 C

1-CT3 2-CT3 AUX BUS TRANSFER 5-CT3 1-CT 3

BUS COUPLER

LINE-1 LINE-2 T/F-2

T/F-1
DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

This is combination of Main and Transfer Bus and

Double Bus Arrangement.
Salient features:-
This has got flexibility of transferring any Circuit to
any of the Main Buses.
For Maintenance or any fault occurrence on a Bus,
Particular Bus only becomes dead, while the other
Bus continues to be in service.
Any Circuit Breaker can be taken out for
Maintenance by transferring that circuit to Transfer
Bus, and transferring its Protection to Transfer
Bus Coupler Circuit Breaker.
DOUBLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2

BAY4
BAY1 BAY2 BAY3 BAY6 BAY7 BAY8 BUS-1

BUS COUPLER
BUS COUPLER

BUS
SECTIONALISER

BUS-2
BAY5

This is an improvement over the double bus

FEEDER1 FEEDER2
bar arrangement. For maintenance or an
occurrence of a fault, only one section of the
faulty bus only becomes dead while the rest
continues to be in service.
 DOUBLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM
4-89 B 4B-52 CB 4-89 D
BUS -2 BUS -4

3
4B-CT 4D-CT
1-89 B 2-89 B 3-89 B 5-89 B 6-89 B 7-89 B
BUS SECTIONALISER
1-89 A 3-89 A 5-89 A 7-89 A
2B-CT 3 4-89 A 4A-52 CB 4-89 C 6B-CT 3

3
BUS -1 2-89 A 4A-CT 4C-CT 6-89 A BUS -3

1-52 CB 2-52 CB 3-52 CB 5-52 CB 6-52 CB 7-52 CB

1-CT3 2A-CT 3 3-CT3 5-CT3 6A-CT 3 7-CT3

1-89 L 3-89 T 5-89 L 7-89 T

LINE-1 LINE-2
T/F-1 T/F-2
ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SYSTEM
(I-CONFIGUARATION)
FEEDER1 FEEDER3 FEEDER5 FEEDER7 FEEDER9 FEEDER11

BUS-1 DIA1 DIA2 DIA3 DIA4 DIA5 DIA6

BAY10

BAY13

BAY16
BAY4

BAY7
BAY1

BAY11

BAY14

BAY17
BAY8
BAY2

BAY5

BAY12

BAY18
BAY15
BAY9
BAY3

BAY6

BUS-2

FEEDER2 FEEDER4 FEEDER6 FEEDER8 FEEDER10 FEEDER12

ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SYSTEM
(D-CONFIGUARATION)
FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER5 FEEDER6 FEEDER9 FEEDER10

BAY2 BAY8 BAY14

BAY15
BAY13
BAY3

BAY9
BAY1

BAY7
DIA1 DIA3 DIA5

BUS-1

BUS-2

BAY18
BAY10

BAY12
BAY6

BAY16
BAY4

DIA2 DIA4 DIA6

BAY5 BAY11 BAY17

FEEDER3 FEEDER4 FEEDER7 FEEDER8 FEEDER11 FEEDER12

 DIFFERENT CT METHODS OF ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM
CB CB CB
3 CT METHOD
LINE AT/F
CB CB CB
4 CT METHOD
LINE AT/F
CB CB CB
5 CT METHOD
LINE CB CB CB AT/F
6 CT METHOD
LINE AT/F
CB CB CB
6 CT METHOD
LINE CB CB CB AT/F
6 CT METHOD
LINE AT/F
8 CT METHOD
LINE AT/F
ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SYSTEM
Salient features:-
™ It has 3 Circuit Breakers for Two Circuits.( One is
Line another is Transformer or Bus Reactor or
both are Lines)
™ No changeover of Line from one Bus to the other
is required.
™ For Circuit Breaker Maintenance of any Line, the
load gets transferred Automatically to the other
bus.
™ For Maintenance or an occurrence of a Bus fault,
all the interconnections will be on healthy bus
and no disturbance to the Circuits.
™ Even if both Buses become dead, Circuits can still
be in service through the Tie Circuit Breaker.
™ This has got many such advantages to maintain
the system stability.
DOUBLE BUS & DOUBLE BREAKER SYSTEM
FEEDER1 FEEDER3 FEEDER1 FEEDER3

BUS-1

BAY2

BAY6
BAY1

BAY5
BAY7
BAY1

BAY3

BAY5

BUS-1
BUS-2
BAY4

BAY6

BAY8
BAY2

BAY4

BAY8
BAY3

BAY7
BUS-2

FEEDER2 FEEDER4 FEEDER2 FEEDER4

FOR ECONOMICAL& RELIABULITY PURPOSE THIS SYSTEM ADOPTED IN 800KV SYSTEM
FEEDER 8 FEEDER 1 FEEDER 2

1-52 CB 2-52 CB

8-52 CB 3-52 CB

FEEDER 7
MESH / RING FEEDER 3
LAYOUT
7-52 CB 4-52 CB

6-52 CB 5-52 CB

FEEDER 6 FEEDER 5 FEEDER 4

BUSBAR SYSTEMS ADOPTED IN APTRANSCO
BUSBAR CONFIGUARATION NAME OF THE SUBSTATION BAY VOLTAGE LEVEL
SINGLE BUS SYSTEM 1. 220KV SIVARAMPALLY 220KV BUS
2. 220KV NARKETPALLY 220KV BUS
SINGLE BUS WITH 1. 220KV SHAPURNAGAR 220KV BUS
SECTIONALISER 2. 220KV CHANDRAYANA GUTTA 220KV BUS
SINGLE BUS & AUX BUS 1. 220KV YEDDUMAILARAM 132 KV BUS
SYSTEM 2. 220KV GHANAPUR 132 KV BUS
DOUBLE BUS SYTEM 1. 220KV GACHIBOWLI 220KV BUS
2. 220KV GHANAPUR 220KV BUS
DOUBLE BUS WITH 1. 220KV MALKARAM 220KV BUS
SECTIONALISER 2. 220KV TALLAPALLY 220KV BUS
DOUBLE BUS & AUX BUS 1. 400KV MAMIDIPALLY 220KV BUS
SYTEM 2. 400KV KALAPAKA 220KV BUS
DOUBLE BUS WITH AUX 1. 400KV KALAPAKA 400KV BUS
BUS & SECTIONALISER
ONE & HALF BREAKER 1. 400KV MAMIDIPALLY & VEMAGIRI 400KV BUS (4 CTs)
SYSTEM 2. 400KV KHAMMAM & NUNNA 400KV BUS (5 CTs)
(APTRANSCO BAYS IN PGCIL)
ONE & HALF BREAKER 1. 400KV NELLORE 400KV BUS
SYSTEM WITH
SECTIONALISER
DOUBLE BUS & DOUBLE 1. NTPC RAMAGUNDAM 400 KV DICHPALLY
BREAKER SYSTEM FEEDER OF APSEB
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation

Main Engineered Auxiliary Auxiliary

Equipment items Equipment System

Civil Structure
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Main Equipment
¾ Circuit Breaker (CB)
¾ Instrument Transformer (CT/CVT/EMVT/PT)
¾ Surge Arrester (LA)
¾ Isolator (ISO)
¾ Transformer & Reactor
¾ Bus Support Insulator (BPI)
¾ Line Traps (WT/LT)
¾ Control & Protection system (C&R)
¾ Power Line Carrier Communication system (PLCC)
 BUS
BUS ISOLATOR

8952
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Main Equipment

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CT

3
LINE ISOLATOR
89

WAVE/ LINE TRAP

UUU

UUU
3
WT CVT

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

LA

LIGHTENING/SURGE ARRESTOR
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation

Main Engineered Auxiliary Auxiliary

Equipment items Equipment System

Civil Structure
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Engineered items
1. Busbar Materials
A. Strung Bus Conductor (ACSR).
B. Rigid Bus Conductor (AL Tube).
C. Clamps & Connectors.
D. String Insulator & Hardware.
2. Earthing Materials
A. Main Earthing Materials (Rod or Flat).
B. Earth Pits.
3. Cables & accessories
A. LT Power & Control Cable
B. HT Power Cable
C. Cable terminations, gland, lugs, ties, marker etc.
D. Cable Supporting Materials.
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation

Main Engineered Auxiliary Auxiliary

Equipment items Equipment System

Civil Structure
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Auxiliary Equipment
¾ LTAC Switchgear Panel
¾ AC Distribution Board
¾ Battery & Battery Charger
¾ DC Distribution Board
¾ Auxiliary LT Transformer
¾ Lighting Transformer
¾ Main Lighting Distribution Board
¾ Emergency Lighting Distribution Board
¾ Diesel Generator
¾ UPS
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation

Main Engineered Auxiliary Auxiliary

Equipment items Equipment System

Civil Structure
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Auxiliary System
1. Illumination system
A. Indoor
I. Control Room Building
II. Diesel Generator Building
III.Fire Fighting Pump House Building.
IV. Store Room Building
V. Repair Bay
B. Outdoor Switchyard
2. Fire Fighting and Fire Detection System
3. Air Conditioning and Ventilation System
4. Generator & AMF System
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation

Main Engineered Auxiliary Auxiliary

Equipment items Equipment System

Civil Structure
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Substation Structures
¾ Main Column and Beam structures
¾ Equipment supporting structures

Substation Civil
¾ Foundation for gantry column & Equipment
¾ Foundation for Transformer / Reactor
¾ Control Room Building / DG, FFPH Building
¾ Outdoor Switchyard Cable Trench
¾ Surface Drainage
¾ Roads
¾ Fencing and Gate
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

A Typical Sub-Station content wise cost structure.

A B C D E F G H
6%6% 13%
13% 4%
4%
16%
16%
27
27%

5%5%
7%7%
22%
22%
A > Transformer / Reactor----------------------------------------- 27%
B > EHV Circuit Breaker, CT, CVT, LA, Isolator, BPI------- 22%
C > Control, Protection & PLCC----------------------------------- 7%
D > Medium Voltage Switchgear---------------------------------- 5%
E > Cables, AC/DC Aux., Lighting, Busbar etc.--------------- 16%
F > Structures---------------------------------------------------------- 6%
G > Civil------------------------------------------------------------------ 13%
H > Erection------------------------------------------------------------- 4%
 NORMS OF PROTECTION FOLLOWED BY UTILITIES
FOR TRANSMISIION LINES & DISTRIBUTION LINES ( FEEDER / LINE PROTECTION )

Sr.No VOLTAGE MAIN- 1 PROTECTION MAIN-2 PROTECTION/ BACKUP PROTECTION

1. 11 KV LINES 2 O/L + E/F ( 51 + 51N ) -
2. 33 KV LINES 3 O/L + E/F ( 51 + 51N ) -
3. 66 KV LINES SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR DIRECTIONAL O/L & E/F RELAYS WITH HIGH
4. 132 KV LINES NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P+ 21N) SET ( 67 + 67N )
NON SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR
5. 220 KV LINES NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P+ 21N)
6. 400 KV LINES NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21) OR LINE
+ in BUILT DEF RELAY(67N) DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (87L) WITH 67N
7. 765 KV LINES NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21) OR LINE
+ in BUILT DEF RELAY(67N) DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (87L) WITH 67N
IF MAIN-1 & MAIN-2 ARE NUMERICAL RELAYS, BOTH SHOULD BE SEPARATE MEASURING PRINCIPLES (CHARECTERESTICS), MODELS
AND ALGORITHAMS (SHOULD NOT BE DUPLICATED) AND ALL FEATURES SHOULD BE AVAILABLE IN BOTH SCHEMES AND BOTH RELAYS
SHOULD BE 100% REDENDENCY IN ALL ASPECTS ( COMPLEMENTARY TO EACH OTHER ) . DISSIMILAR CARRIER SCHEMES ARE TO BE
SELECTED ( POTT & PUTT or BLOCK & UNBLOCK). OTHER WISE MAIN-2 MAY BE DIFFERENT MAKE OR PHASE COMPARISION
PROTECTION/LINE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION WITH BACKUP DISTANCE PROTECTION IS TO BE ADOPTED. BOTH M1 & M2 SHOULD
CONTAIN DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (67N) WITH DIRECTIONAL COMPARISION PICKUP SCHEME AS INBUILT FUNCTION.
ZONE-1: 80% OF MAIN LINE
ZONE-2: 100% OF MAIN LINE + 50% OF SHORTEST LINE AT OTHER END
ZONE-3: 100% OF MAIN LINE + 100% OF SHORTEST LINE AT OTHER END
ZONE-4: 100% OF MAIN LINE + (100% OF SHORTEST LINE + 20% OF LONGEST LINE) AT OTHER END.
 NORMS OF PROTECTION FOLLOWED BY UTILITIES
FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS & AUTO TRANSFORMERS
T BACK UP
CAPACITY VOLTAGE Y MAIN-1 MAIN-2
PROTECTION ADDITIONAL SPECIAL
S.No IN RATIO IN
P
MVA KV PROTECTION HV LV PROTECTION PROTECTION
E

1 7.5 & 16 66 / 11

2 WINDING TRANSFORMER (STAR/STAR) ICT / AUTO TFR

3 OVER LOAD + 1 EARTH FAULT

(PRINCPLE : CIRCULATING CURRENT)

87 TL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
3OL+1 EL

( LOW IMPEDANCE PERCENTAGE BIASED PHASE SEGREGATED

BUCHHOLZ,

NIL
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

64REF IS 1-PH HIGH IMPEDANCE

7.5 , 16 & (51)

87TH IS 3-PH HIGH IMPEDANCE

2 66 / 33 OLTC OSR
25
OIL TEMP

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
RELAY ( 51 )
7.5 , 16 ,

EARTH FAULT RELAY ( 51P + 67N)

3 132 / 11 WDNG TEMP

3 OVER LOAD + 1 DIRECTIONAL

HV REF (64)
25 & 31.5
16 , 31.5 50 &
4 80 132 / 33

5 31.5, 50 220 / 33
31.5, 50 & BUCHHOLZ
6 100 220 / 66
HV & LV OVER FLUX
PRINCIPLE: MERZ PRICE)

7
100, 200 &
400 / 132
REF 64 3 OL + OLTC OSR
250 PRV/PRD
1 DIR EL
87 TH / 64 REF

(51P + 67N) OIL TEMP OVER LOAD

8 100 & 160 220 / 132
WDNG TEMP ALARM RELAY
315, 500 & 3 DIR OL 3 DIR OL +
9 630 400 / 220 (HIGHSET) (HIGHSET)
+ + NEUTRAL
1000 & 1500 765 / 400 1 DIR EL 1 DIR EL CURRENT E/F
10 (HIGHSET) RELAY
(HIGHSET)