A Research Proposal

On
A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ENHANCED IMAGE
COMPRESSION BASED ON HARD THRESHOLDING AND SCALING
TECHNIQUES

1. Introduction :
The digital image and its usage have increased enormously as the capability and utility of computers
and networks have been increased rapidly. Against this background, there is a need for improving image
compression algorithms. The compression techniques fall in to two broad categories: information preserving
and lossy. The fist category methods allow an image to be compressed and decompressed without losing
information. It is useful in image archiving (as in the storage of legal and medical records). The second
category methods provide higher levels of data reduction but results in a less than perfect reproduction of the
original image. It is useful in applications such as TV broadcasting, video conferencing etc., in which certain
amount of error is an acceptable tradeoff for increased compression performance. Redundant data can be
discarded in an image without degrading the image quality to an acceptable level. It was noticed that
unsatisfied Compression Ratio (CR), more number of digits in compressed image and less Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio (PSNR) are found to be limitations in present scenario.

2. Problem statement :
With the advanced developments in technologies, the amount of information that is handled by
computers has grown exponentially over the decades. Hence storage and transmission of the digital image
component of multimedia systems is a major problem. One of the possible remedy for this is to compress the
information so that the storage space and transmission time can be reduced.
Image compression is challenging due to several factors including unsatisfied compression ratio, less
peak signal to noise ratio, more number of digits in compressed image, mean square error and structural
similarity. All the image compression algorithms strive to remove the statistical redundancy and exploit
perceptual irrelevancy while reducing the amount the amount of data as much as possible.

3. Novelty :
With the continuing growth of multimedia technology, demand for image transmission and storage is
increasing rapidly. Image compression is the major concern in digital domain. As the image is compressed
more and more, less amount of storage space is required in transferable real time systems such as High
Definition Television (HDTV), digital storage is a big challenge where high degree of image compression as
well as data compression is necessary. In the present scenario, a study and analysis of the performance of an
image compression technique based on the principle of compression by different coding, thresholding and

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 scaling techniques are attempted. The picture quality parameters such as Compression Ratio (CR), Peak
Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Structural Similarity (SSIM) and Energy Ratio
(ER) are used to measure the validity and effectiveness of compression. Since the image compression is
recognized as an enabling technology, it has not yet emerged as a widely accepted resource framework that
offers a holistic view about the major research questions, methodologies, techniques and applications of
image compression. Hence it is quite evident that there is a wide scope for research in image compression.

4. Objectives :
Image compression offers ways to represent an image in a more compact way, so that images can be
stored in a compact manner and can be transmitted faster. The main objectives of the proposed research are:
 To find a suitable filter to de-noise the various types of images such as gray scale image, histogram image,
color image and different file format of images without disturbing the edge.
 To decrease the number of digits in transformed coefficients of de-noised image based on different scaling
and thresholding techniques.
 To estimate the picture quality parameters such as Compression Ratio (CR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio
(PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Structural Similarity (SSIM) and Energy Ratio (ER) that are used to
measure the validity and effectiveness of compression using entropy coding techniques.
 To evaluate and compare the performance of compression and decompression algorithms which are
applicable to various types of images and different file formats.

5. Literature Review :
Science and technology alone are not going to magically solve all the problems of the developing
nations, but they are the critical components of the development. The literature survey on image
compression techniques are specified below: Authors in [19] analyzed that Huffman coding technique which
is basically used to remove the redundant bits in data by analyzing different characteristics like Peak Signal
to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) Bits Per Pixel (BPP) and Compression Ratio (CR) for the
various input image of different size. Authors in [17] analyzed that Haar Wavlet Transform (HWT) image
compression using Run Length Coding (RLC) provides better Compressed Ratio (CR) without losing the
parameter Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), quality of the image using less bandwidth. Authors in [7, 9,
11] specified the various de-noising techniques that are used to de-noise an image by applying various
filtering techniques which includes Gaussian filter, Median filter, Average filter to produce a de-noised
image as output. Authors in [2,4,13] specified that the entropy coding that is used to compress the image is
the RLC coding which is the most appropriate coding technique prior to other compressing techniques for
producing a good compression ratio with applying efficient scaling and thresholding techniques. Authors in
[1,5,16] specified that Discrete Cosine Transform provides a good transformed matrix on which wide
scaling methods are applied followed by efficient coding gives an appropriate compressed output by
reducing the redundancy of digits. Authors in [3,8,10,14] specified how medical images can be greatly
compressed for storing large medical records by appropriate techniques of compression. Authors in
[6,12,15,18] specified that how efficiently wavelet transforms can be used for transforming an image before

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 filtering and a survey of data compression of various types of images like gray scale images, color images
and different file format of images like JPEG,PNG,GIF etc.,

6. Research Methodology:
Image compression plays a key role in many applications. Many researchers have been working in
this area for the betterment of the overall performance of effective transmission of digital data over
multimedia networks.
The Proposed research focus on Quantitative analysis which specifies how others have approached
on this area, the assumptions that are leading to the way something is investigated and Qualitative analysis
specifies why the existing models are being targeted and how they can be solved by the new methodologies
and Empirical analysis and statistical assessments helps for preparing the test bed models to assess the scope
of the contribution of the new models and assessing how far the contributed models are optimal over
existing standard solutions. The Tool that can be used for simulation purpose is MATLAB. An overview of
my research ideology is shown in the following block diagram specifying the optimist compression model
for images:

Input Transformation Scaling Entropy

Image Filter Technique & Coding
Thresholding

+
Inverse Entropy Compressed
Noise Transformation Decoding Output image
Technique

Reconstructed
image

Fig: Block diagram of Image Compression model for proposed research

The proposed methodology initially de-noise the image by using suitable filtering techniques like Gaussian
filter, median filter, adaptive median filter etc., as the noise is an unwanted signal that interferes with the
original signal and degrades the visual quality of digital image. The filtered image is transformed in to a
frequency domain representation by using suitable image transformation techniques like Discrete Cosine
Transform, Discrete Wavelet transform, Harr transform etc., and the so called transformed image is applied
with suitable scaling and thresholding techniques to reduce the redundancy and also to reduce the number of
non zero digits in the digital image, followed by applying entropy coding techniques like Run Length
Coding, Huffman Coding, Arithmetic Coding etc., which produces Compressed output image and which is
used to estimate the picture quality parameters such as Compression Ratio (CR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

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 (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) etc., The compressed output is followed by entropy decoding and
applying inverse transformation technique which gives reconstructed output image.

7. Research time plan :

The above research ideology can be carried out in six phases:

8. Possible outcome :
The above proposed techniques may provides a better and efficient image compression which
provides very good effectiveness and efficiency of picture quality parameters like Compression Ratio (CR),
Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) ), Structural Similarity (SSIM) and Energy
Ratio (ER).The problem of redundancy can be reduced to an acceptable level which enables for effective
transmission of images with high speed and less storage capacity.

9. References:
[1]. Afshan Mulla, Jaypal Baviskar, Amol Baviskar & Chirag Warty 2014,‘Image Compression Scheme
Based on Zig-Zag 3D-DCT and LDPC Coding’, 978-1-4799-3080-7 , IEEE, pp.254-262.
[2]. Akhtar, MB, Qureshi, AM & Qamar-ul-Islam 2011, ‘Optimized Run length coding for jpeg Image
Compression used in Space Research Program of 1ST’, IEEE, pp.253-259.
[3]. Alagendran B & Manimurugan S 2012, ‘A Survey on Various Medical Image Compression
Techniques’, IJSCE , ISSN: 2231-2307, vol.2, no.1, pp.155-162.
[4]. Amritpal Singh & Singh, VP 2013, ‘An Enhanced Run Length Coding for JPEG Image Compression’,
International Journal of Computer Applications (ISSN:0975 - 8887), vol.72, no. 20, pp.154-159.
[5].Ankur Saxena & Felix C. Fernandes 2013, ‘DCT/DST-Based Transform Coding for Intra Prediction in
Image/Video Coding’, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 22, no. 10, pp.143-148.

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[6]. Beylkin G, Coifinan R & Rokhlin V 1991, ‘Fast wavelet transforms and numerical algorithms’,
Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol.44, no.2, pp. 141-183.
[7]. Chandrika Saxena & Deepak Kourav 2014, ‘Noises and Image De- noising Techniques: A Brief
Survey’, IJETAE, vol. 4, no.3.
[8]. Ferni Ukrit, M & Umamageswari, A 2011, ‘A Survey on Lossless Compression for Medical Images’,
International Journal of Computer Applications, (0975 – 8887), vol.31, no.8, pp.254-262.
[9]. Jappreet Kaur, Manpreet Kaur, Poonamdeep Kaur & Manpreet Kaur 2012, ‘Comparative Analysis of
Image De-noising Techniques’, IJETAE, vol.2, no.6, pp.234-242.
[10]. Jyotsna Patil & Sunita Jadhav 2013, ‘A Comparative Study of Image De-noising Techniques’,
IJIRSET, vol. 2, no.3, pp.252-259.
[11]. Komal Gupta, Ram Lautan Verma, & Md. Sanawer Alam 2013, ‘Lossless Medical Image
Compression using Predictive Coding and Integer Wavelet Transform based on Minimum Entropy
Criteria’, IJAIEM, vol.2, no.8, pp.354-362.
[12]. Mozammel Hoque, M, Chowdhury & Amina Khatun 2012, ‘Image Compression Using Discrete
Wavelet Transform’, IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, vol. 9, no.4, pp.231-237.
[13]. Nagarajan, A & Alagarsamy, RK 2011, ‘An Enhanced Approach in Run Length Encoding Scheme
(Earun Lengthe)’, IJET, pp.241-247.
[14]. Ramesh, SM & Shanmugam, A 2010, ‘Medical Image Compression using Wavelet Decomposition
for Prediction Method’, (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol.
7, no. 1, pp.242-248.
[15]. Ranjeet, K, Kumar, A & Rajesh K Pandey, ‘An efficient compression System for ECG signal using
QRS periods and CAB technique based on 2D DWT and Huffman Coding’.
[16]. Rao, KR & Yip, P 1990, ‘Discrete Cosine Transforms - Algorithms, Advantages, Applications’,
Academic Press.
[17]. Rashmita Sahoo, Sangita Roy & Sheli Sinha Chaudhuri 2014, ‘Haar Wavelet Transform Image
Compression using Run Length Encoding’, International Conference on Communication and Signal
Processing, 97S-1-4799-335S-7114 IEEE April 3-5.
[18]. Ritu Puneet & Sharma, ‘A Review of Data Compression Technique’, IJCST, vol.2, no. 4, pp.251-256.
[19]. Rachit Patel ,Virendra Kumar, Vaibhav Tyagi ,Vishal Asthana “A fast and improved Image
Compression technique using Huffman coding”, 2016 International Conference on Wireless
Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), 23-25 March
2016,10.1109/WiSPNET.2016.7566549.

Submitted by,
P.Lokeshwara Reddy
Department of ECE.